TABLE OF CONTENTS
Top 20 Test Taking Tips 4
Blood Bank 5
Laboratory Practice 18
Chemistry and Urinalysis Tests 48
Chemistry 48
Urinalysis 58
Hematology 65
Immunohematology 80
Microbiology 91
Bacteriology 91
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Top 20 Test Taking Tips 4
Blood Bank 5
Laboratory Practice 18
Chemistry and Urinalysis Tests 48
Chemistry 48
Urinalysis 58
Hematology 65
Immunohematology 80
Microbiology 91
Bacteriology 91
Mycology 101
Parasitology 102
Virology 103
Immunology 104
Practice Test 109
Practice Questions 109
Answers and Explanations 117
Secret Key #1 - Time is Your Greatest Enemy 128
Pace Yourself 128
Secret Key #2 - Guessing is not Guesswork 129
Monkeys Take the Test 129
$5 Challenge 130
Secret Key #3 - Practice Smarter, Not Harder 131
Success Strategy 131
Secret Key #4 - Prepare, Don’t Procrastinate 132
Secret Key #5 - Test Yourself 133
General Strategies 134
Special Report: Additional Bonus Material 140
Top 20 Test Takign Tips
1. Carefully follow all the test registration procedures
2. Know the test directions, duration, topics, question types, how many questions
3. Setup a flexible study schedule at least 3-4 weeks before test day
4. Study during the time of day you are most alert, relaxed, and stress free
5. Maximize your learning style; visual learner use visual study aids, auditory learner use auditory study aids
6. Focus on your weakest knowledge base
7. Find a study partner to review with and help clarify questions
8. Practice, practice, practice
9. Get a good night’s sleep; don’t try to cram the night before the test
10. Eat a well balanced meal
11. Know the exact physical location of the testing site; drive the route to the site prior to test day
12. Bring a set of ear plugs; the testing center could be noisy
13. Wear comfortable, loose fitting, layered clothing to the testing center; prepare for it to be either cold or hot during the test
14. Bring at least 2 current forms of ID to the testing center
15. Arrive to the test early; be prepared to wait and be patient
16. Eliminate the obviously wrong answer choices, then guess the first remaining choice
17. Pace yourself; don’t rush, but keep working and move on if you get stuck
18. Maintain a positive attitude even if the test is going poorly
19. Keep your first answer unless you are positive it is wrong
20. Check your work, don’t make a careless mistake
Blood Bank
Determining donor eligibility
The following are explanations for determining if certain individuals would be able to donate whole blood at the present time:
• 21-year old woman who received a tattoo 14 months ago: She can donate whole blood at present; prospective donors are disqualified from giving blood within 12 months of receiving a tattoo because of hepatitis concerns
• 35-year old man who went on a trip to Nigeria 3 months ago: He cannot donate blood for one year because malaria is prevalent in Nigeria. If he was also born or lived in Nigeria, or had close contact with West Africans, then he is banned from ever donating because of Type O HIV.
• 33-year old woman with a hematocrit of 38%: She is allowed to donate whole blood because her hematocrit is within the normal range for an adult female of 38% to 46%; female anemia is a hematocrit of 36% or below. Also, her hemoglobin must be at least
12.5 g/dL to qualify.
• 48-year old man who received a blood transfusion 5 months ago: He must defer donation for one year after his transfusion in the USA, due to the possibility of hepatitis B, which can incubate six months. He cannot donate at all if he was transfused in the UK or West Africa.
Blood donor requirements and basic examinations
Basic examinations and requirements of blood donors are:
• Temperature: lower than 99.5°F
• Blood pressure: at least 80/50 mm/Hg and no higher than 180/100 mm/Hg
• Pulse: between 50 and 100 bpm, and if you are paced, few irregular beats
• Body weight: at least 110 lbs
• Hematocrit: at least 39% for males and 36% for females
• Hemoglobin: at least 12.5 g/dL
Donor exclusion periods
The following are exclusion periods for donors:
• Malaria: Wait three years after receiving antimalarials or living in a malaria-endemic country, and one year after travelling in a malaria-endemic country.
• Aspirin: 48 hours from last ingestion for platelet apheresis, but no deferral for whole blood donation
• Viral hepatitis: permanent exclusion
• Accutane use: one month after last use
• Body fluid exposure: one year following exposure, especially after jail detention, sex with a hepatitis carrier, blood transfusion, or a human bite
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• Clotting factor injections: The health historian excludes all “bleeders” except Factor V deficiency (parahemophilia or Owren's disease) who do not take anticoagulants
• Male prospective donor who had even one homosexual contact since 1977: permanent exclusion
Autologous donation
Autologous blood donation means the Blood Bank saves units of the patient's own blood for his/her exclusive personal use. Allogeneic blood donation means the patient receives blood from a donor. Providing no clerical error or freezer failure occurs, it is safer to receive an autologous transfusion than an allogeneic transfusion. A proper autologous donation means there is no delay for cross-matching, no possibility of transfusion reaction, and no disease transmission. However, autologous donation is expensive, time-consuming, and sometimes results in hypovolemia or anemia. Unnecessary autologous transfusion causes volume overload. The five kinds of autologous donation are: (1) preoperative autologous blood donation (PABD); (2) intraoperative blood salvage; (3) intraoperative hemodilution; (4) postoperative blood salvage; and (5) autologous self-stored blood banking.
Transfusion procedure and reactions
Always double-check the tag on the blood bag against the Blood Bank requisition before you release the unit to the nurse for transfusion. During the blood transfusion, check all of your patient's vital signs every 15 minutes, including body temperature, pulse, blood pressure, and respiration. If you observe any of these signs, then stop the transfusion immediately: hives; trembling (rigors); vomiting; flushed face; clammy skin; difficulty breathing (dyspnea); bloody urine (hematuria); fever; weak and rapid pulse; low blood pressure; or yellow jaundice. Ask the patient if he/she feels itching, lower back pain, nausea, anxiety, or chills. Keep the vein ope
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