GCE
Physical Education
H555/01: Physiological factors affecting performance
Advanced GCE
Mark Scheme for Autumn 2021
Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations
GCE
Physical Education
H555/01: Physiological factors a
...
GCE
Physical Education
H555/01: Physiological factors affecting performance
Advanced GCE
Mark Scheme for Autumn 2021
Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations
GCE
Physical Education
H555/01: Physiological factors affecting performance
Advanced GCE
Mark Scheme for Autumn 2021Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations
OCR (Oxford Cambridge and RSA) is a leading UK awarding body, providing a wide range of
qualifications to meet the needs of candidates of all ages and abilities. OCR qualifications
include AS/A Levels, Diplomas, GCSEs, Cambridge Nationals, Cambridge Technicals,
Functional Skills, Key Skills, Entry Level qualifications, NVQs and vocational qualifications in
areas such as IT, business, languages, teaching/training, administration and secretarial skills.
It is also responsible for developing new specifications to meet national requirements and the
needs of students and teachers. OCR is a not-for-profit organisation; any surplus made is
invested back into the establishment to help towards the development of qualifications and
support, which keep pace with the changing needs of today’s society.
This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and students, to indicate the requirements
of the examination. It shows the basis on which marks were awarded by examiners. It does not
indicate the details of the discussions which took place at an examiners’ meeting before marking
commenced.
All examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in
candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills
demonstrated.
Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the published question papers and the report
on the examination.
© OCR 2021H555/01 Mark Scheme Oct 2021
1. Annotations
Annotation Description Annotation Description
Tick Knowledge and understanding / indicates AO1 on Q9
Cross Example/Reference / indicates AO2 on Q9
Benefit of doubt Development / indicates AO3 on Q9
Too vague Level 1 response on Q9
Repeat Level 2 response on Q9
Indicates sub-max reached where relevant
Level 3 response on Q9
Noted but no credit given Level 4 response on Q9
Significant amount of material which doesn’t answer
the question
Blank page
Sub-maxes are indicated with S; the guidance section of the mark scheme shows which questions these are relevant to.
KU/EG/DEV used instead of ticks on the extended response question to indicate where knowledge or development points from the indicative content
have been made.
On this extended response question, one KU/EG/DEV does not necessarily equate to one mark being awarded; the marking is based on a levels of
response mark scheme which awards a level and mark holistically based upon the quality of the response overall against the levels descriptors.H555/01 Mark Scheme Oct 2021
Section A
Question Answer Mark Guidance
1 Two marks for:
1. Hip
2. Shoulder
2
AO1 x 2
2 Two marks for:
1. (ATP-PC/Phosphocreatine system): creatine kinase
2. (Aerobic system): ATPase / glycogen phosphorylase / GPP / GP /
phosphofructokinase / PFK / lipase
2
AO1 x 2
Accept first answer only
3 Two marks for:
1. (active) ask performer to move injured body part (without assistance)
2. (passive) someone else OR first-aider moves injured body part
(through full range of motion)
2
AO1 x 2
4 Two marks for:
1. Microscopic tears in muscle OR delayed onset of muscle soreness
2. eccentric muscle contractions e.g. downhill running / plyometrics
2
AO1 x 1
AO2 x 1
5 Two marks for:
1. (sagittal) somersault/ tumble turn in swimming
2. (transverse) pirouette / spin / pivot / arm action to throw discus
2
AO2 x 2
NB. If a skill has been named that
moves through more than one
plane - the joint or part of body that
moves through the plane stated
must be identified. E.g. Golf swing
is TV for transverse unless rotation
of trunk/body is identified)H555/01 Mark Scheme Oct 2021
Section B
Question Answer Mark Guidance
6 (a) Four marks for:
Joint Movement Agonist Type of
Contraction
of agonist
Antagonist
Elbow Extension Triceps
brachii
Concentric Biceps
brachii
4
AO3 x 4
6 (b) Four marks from:
1. (Pocket) valves – (one-way valves) that prevent backflow of blood
2. Muscle/ skeletal pump - skeletal muscles contract squeezing veins
3. Smooth muscle - in walls of veins contracts / venoconstriction
4. Respiratory pump - pressure differences in thoracic to abdominal cavity
during breathing
5. Gravity helps blood from above heart return to heart
4
AO1 x 4
NB: Mark first four answers only.
6 (c) (i) Three marks for:
1. A = 14 breaths/min
2. B = 0.5 litres
3. C = 3 litres
3
AO3 x 3
6 (c) (ii) Three marks for:
1. More efficient gas exchange at alveoli / saturation of haemoglobin
2. More efficient transport of oxygen
OR greater number / density of RBCs
3. More efficient use of oxygen at muscles
OR better able to meet demands for oxygen OR more myoglobin /
mitochondria OR higher aerobic capacity
3
AO1 x 3H555/01 Mark Scheme Oct 2021
6 (c) (iii) Three marks from (sub-max 2 for during exercise):
(during exercise)
1. proprioceptors detect motor activity / movement (in joints/muscles)
2. send messages to respiratory control centre / RCC / inspiratory centre
3. increased stimulation of diaphragm / respiratory muscles
(during recovery)
4. proprioceptors detect that movement has stopped / reduced
5. reduced stimulation of diaphragm / external intercostals / respiratory
muscles
3
AO1 x 3
Accept point 2 anywhere in the
answer, but only credit once.
6 (d) Three marks from:
1. (additional) volume of oxygen needed to return body to pre-exercise
state
2. alactacid and lactacid OR fast and slow debt components
3. aerobic energy production during recovery
4. (oxygen used to) break down of lactic acid / replenishment of oxymyoglobin
5. (aerobic energy used to) resynthesise ATP / replenish muscle
phosphagen or PC
3
AO1 x 3H555/01 Mark Scheme Oct 2021
Question Answer Mark Guidance
7 (a) Four marks for:
1. Interval training
2. under conditions of low oxygen
3. (benefit) increased RBCs/ haemoglobin volume OR increased oxygencarrying capacity of blood OR increased number/ density of
mitochondria OR increased buffering capacity OR increased aerobic
capacity/ VO2 max
4. (risk) disruption to training OR decreased immune system OR
increased risk of infection OR dehydration OR benefits are lost quickly
4
AO1 x 2
AO3 x 2
Accept only 1 benefit and 1 risk.
7 (b) (i) Two marks for:
1. A has greater aerobic capacity
2. B has greater strength endurance
2
AO3 x 2
7 (b) (ii) Four marks for:
1. (age) from early 20s onwards VO2 max decreases
OR A may be younger (than B)
2. Due to reduced elasticity in heart / blood vessels / lungs
OR reduced efficiency in inspiring / transporting oxygen
3. (gender) females tend to have lower VO2 max
OR B may be female
4. Due to lower muscle mass / higher percentage body fat / smaller lung
volumes / lower stroke volume / cardiac output
OR lower haemoglobin levels
4
AO2 x 4 N.B credit reduced efficiency in
inspiring/transporting oxygen once
only.
Accept opposites.H555/01 Mark Scheme Oct 2021
7 (c) Six marks for:
1. (Preparatory phase) 6 – 12 weeks before start of competition season /
e.g. July/August for hockey pre-season
2. (objective) general conditioning / aerobic / strength / mobility training
(all sports)
3. (objective) sport-specific training / e.g. basketball skills and drills
4. (Transition) 4 – 6 weeks after end of season / e.g. June for hockey
transition season
5. (objective) active rest / recovery / recuperation / variance (all sports)
6. (objective) low-intensity / aerobic work / non-specific activities, e.g.
footballer does cycling / swimming activities
6
AO2 x 6
Look for application to the named
sport, although objectives may be
quite general.
7 (d) Four marks from:
1. Poor coaching / poor technique / poor biomechanical / postural training
2. e.g. poor tackling technique in rugby OR poor lifting technique in gym
3. Incorrect equipment / clothing / footwear
4. e.g. use of tennis racquet that is too heavy OR cricket helmet does not
fit correctly impairing vision
5. Inappropriate overload / overtraining / lack of variance
6. e.g. overuse injuries such as tennis elbow / tendonitis / shin splints
when running
4
AO1 x 2
AO2 x 2
Mark first two risk factors only.
Practical example must match risk
factor.H555/01 Mark Scheme Oct 2021
Question Answer Mark Guidance
8 (a) Three marks for:
1. Height of centre of mass
2. Size of base / area of support
3. Position of line of gravity
3
AO1 x 3
Mark first three answers only
8 (b) Four marks for:
1. Ball travelling in straight line has linear motion
2. (application of) a direct force / through CoM
3. Swerving ball has angular motion
4. (application of) an eccentric force / torque / not through CoM
4
AO2 x 4
8 (c) (i) Four marks for:
1. Weight / W – vertically down from CoM
2. Reaction / R – vertically up from ground on both wheels which equal
weight
3. Air resistance / AR – backwards from CoM
4. Friction / F – forwards from ground on both wheels
4
AO3 x 4
8 (c) (ii) Four marks from:
1. Skater brings arms or legs in (close to longitudinal axis of rotation)
2. Reducing moment of inertia
3. Increasing angular velocity
4. Principle of conservation of angular momentum
5. AM = MI x AV
4
AO2 x 4H555/01 Mark Scheme Oct 2021
8 (d) Five marks from:
1. Ski jumper adopts an aerofoil shape
2. Creates an angle of attack / angle of 17°
3. Air travels further over top of ski jumper
4. Air travels faster / at higher velocity over top of ski jumper
5. Lower pressure above the ski jumper or creates a pressure gradient
6. Air moves from area of high to low pressure
7. Lift force created
5
AO2 x 5
Accept opposites for points 3-5H555/01 Mark Scheme Oct 2021
Section C
Question Answer Guidance
9* Level 4 (17–20 marks)
• detailed knowledge and excellent understanding (AO1)
• well-argued judgements which are well supported by relevant practical
examples (AO2)
• detailed analysis and critical evaluation (AO3)
• very accurate use of technical and specialist vocabulary
• there is a well-developed line of reasoning which is clear and logically
structured. The information presented is relevant and substantiated.
At Level 4 responses are likely to include:
• detailed knowledge of Newton’s laws of motion, accurately applied to the vertical
jump
• accurate definition of concussion, together with a range of ways that concussion
can occur in sports
• detailed explanation with some evaluation of the 6 R’s
• at the top of this level excellent knowledge is shown in all three areas, and
criticisms/abuses of the 6 R’s may be present
• AO1, AO2 and AO3 all covered well in this level.
Level 3 (12–16 marks)
• good knowledge and clear understanding (AO1)
• judgements will be present but may not always be supported by
relevant practical examples (AO2)
• good analysis and critical evaluation (AO3)
• generally accurate use of technical and specialist vocabulary
• there is a line of reasoning presented with some structure. The
information presented is in the most-part relevant and supported by
some evidence.
At Level 3 responses are likely to include:
• good knowledge of Newton’s laws of motion, concussion and the 6 R’s
• good application of Newton’s laws, together with some examples of ways that
concussion may occur in sport
• a good explanation of the 6 R’s
• at the upper end of this level there must be some credit for AO3
• Two parts of the question may have been answered better than the other
Level 2 (7-11 marks)
• limited knowledge and understanding (AO1)
• judgement given but often unsupported by relevant practical examples
(AO2)
• some evidence of analysis and critical evaluation (AO3)
• technical and specialist vocabulary used with limited success
• the information has some relevance and is presented with limited
structure. The information is supported by limited evidence.
At Level 2 responses are likely to include:
• limited knowledge of Newton’s laws of motion, concussion and the 6 R’s
• some evidence of application of Newton’s laws to the vertical jump and/or some
examples of how concussion may occur in sport
• limited explanation of the 6 R’s
• One part of the question may have been addressed much more strongly than
the others.
• maximum of 8 marks to be awarded for AO1 with no application
Level 1 (1–6 marks)
• basic knowledge and little understanding (AO1)
• little or no attempt to give opinion or judgement (AO2)
• little relevant analysis or critical evaluation (AO3)
• little or no attempt to use technical and specialist vocabulary
• the information is basic and communicated in an unstructured way.
The information is supported by limited evidence and the relationship
to the evidence may not be clear.
At Level 1 responses are likely to include:
• basic knowledge of Newton’s laws of motion and concussion.
• 6 R’s may be described with little or no explanation
• description of one or two ways that a concussion may occur
• some inaccurate or irrelevant information may be present
• mainly AO1 content.
(0 marks) No response or no response worthy of credit.H555/01 Mark Scheme Oct 2021
9* 20 marks
Indicative content:
AO1 - KU AO2 – EG AO3 - DEV
(Newton’s laws of motion)
1. A body continues in a state of rest or uniform
velocity unless acted on by an external force
Jumper will remain on floor until an external /
unbalanced force acts
Gravity is external force that prevents constant
velocity upwards
2. Law of inertia Greater the mass of jumper greater the inertia Force must be greater than weight to cause jumper
to leave floor
3. A body’s rate of change in momentum is
proportional to the size of the force applied
and acts in the direction that the force is applied
The greater the force applied to the ground, the
greater the acceleration
The force must be applied directly downwards to
produce a vertical jump/ acceleration is vertically
upwards
4. Law of acceleration The greater the acceleration or change in
momentum the higher the performer will jump
AO2 greater action force applied = greater change
in momentum
F = ma / momentum = mass x velocity
5. For every action (force) there is an equal and
opposite reaction (force)
The jumper applies an action force into the ground
6. Law of reaction The ground provides an equal and opposite force to
the jumper
(concussion and its possible causes)
7. A (traumatic) brain injury Disturbance of brain function
8. direct impact e.g. punch in boxing / kick to head in kick boxing Impact of brain on inner lining of cranium
9. blow to head / whiplash e.g. clash of heads in rugby / football
e.g. whiplash following a dominant tackle in rugby
May or may not result in unconsciousness
10. contact with ground e.g. fall in horse racing / off high bar in gymnasticsH555/01 Mark Scheme Oct 2021
(Explain and evaluate 6 R’s)
11. (Recognise) be aware of / signs / symptoms of
concussion/ that the situation / incident may result
in concussion
Symptoms include headaches / dizziness / nausea /
impaired balance and hearing
Parents / players / coaches / officials all have role to
play
Signs or symptoms may not be obvious
12. (Remove) take player off field of play
immediately
Stop play immediately / do not wait for next
stoppage in game / ball out of play
Legal obligation of officials / coaches to players in
their care
But player may deny concussion / want to stay on
field
13. (Refer) player to a qualified healthcare
professional for evaluation
Head injury assessment / HIA a part of the game of
rugby (and other sports)/ e.g. scans
At lower levels healthcare professionals may not be
immediately available
Monitor for signs of deterioration for at least 24
hours
While asleep player should also be closely
monitored
14. (Rest) abstain from exercise until symptom-free Player should abstain from alcohol / work / school /
physical exertion
15. (Recover) Player must allow fully recovery or be
symptom-free before returning to play / training
Named specific treatments, e.g. graduated return to
play / GRTP programme
Adults 1-week minimum recovery in RU
OR U18s 2-weeks minimum recovery in RU
16. (Return) Player must be symptom-free to return
to play
Written authorisation from healthcare professional
Player must follow minimum timescale for recovery
Player has completed graduated return to play
programme
17. Abuse of concussion laws in sport / rugby union Use of HIA to allow player to get extra treatment for
other injuries without making an official substitution
Intimidation of healthcare professionals to enable
player to return to field and play on
In football once a player is substituted they cannot
return to pitch, so incentive to leave player on pitch
to see if player is OK / can run off injury before
removing
18. Ease of 6Rs protocol Easy to remember / learn / educate / advertise / use
6Rs protocolOCR (Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations)
The Triangle Building
Shaftesbury Road
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