GCE Physical Education H555/01: Physiological factors affecting performance Advanced GCE Mark Scheme for Autumn 2021

GCE Physical Education H555/01: Physiological factors affecting performance Advanced GCE Mark Scheme for Autumn 2021 Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations GCE Physical Education H555/01: Physiological factors a ...

GCE Physical Education H555/01: Physiological factors affecting performance Advanced GCE Mark Scheme for Autumn 2021 Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations GCE Physical Education H555/01: Physiological factors affecting performance Advanced GCE Mark Scheme for Autumn 2021Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations OCR (Oxford Cambridge and RSA) is a leading UK awarding body, providing a wide range of qualifications to meet the needs of candidates of all ages and abilities. OCR qualifications include AS/A Levels, Diplomas, GCSEs, Cambridge Nationals, Cambridge Technicals, Functional Skills, Key Skills, Entry Level qualifications, NVQs and vocational qualifications in areas such as IT, business, languages, teaching/training, administration and secretarial skills. It is also responsible for developing new specifications to meet national requirements and the needs of students and teachers. OCR is a not-for-profit organisation; any surplus made is invested back into the establishment to help towards the development of qualifications and support, which keep pace with the changing needs of today’s society. This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and students, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which marks were awarded by examiners. It does not indicate the details of the discussions which took place at an examiners’ meeting before marking commenced. All examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills demonstrated. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the published question papers and the report on the examination. © OCR 2021H555/01 Mark Scheme Oct 2021 1. Annotations Annotation Description Annotation Description Tick Knowledge and understanding / indicates AO1 on Q9 Cross Example/Reference / indicates AO2 on Q9 Benefit of doubt Development / indicates AO3 on Q9 Too vague Level 1 response on Q9 Repeat Level 2 response on Q9 Indicates sub-max reached where relevant Level 3 response on Q9 Noted but no credit given Level 4 response on Q9 Significant amount of material which doesn’t answer the question Blank page  Sub-maxes are indicated with S; the guidance section of the mark scheme shows which questions these are relevant to.  KU/EG/DEV used instead of ticks on the extended response question to indicate where knowledge or development points from the indicative content have been made.  On this extended response question, one KU/EG/DEV does not necessarily equate to one mark being awarded; the marking is based on a levels of response mark scheme which awards a level and mark holistically based upon the quality of the response overall against the levels descriptors.H555/01 Mark Scheme Oct 2021 Section A Question Answer Mark Guidance 1 Two marks for: 1. Hip 2. Shoulder 2 AO1 x 2 2 Two marks for: 1. (ATP-PC/Phosphocreatine system): creatine kinase 2. (Aerobic system): ATPase / glycogen phosphorylase / GPP / GP / phosphofructokinase / PFK / lipase 2 AO1 x 2 Accept first answer only 3 Two marks for: 1. (active) ask performer to move injured body part (without assistance) 2. (passive) someone else OR first-aider moves injured body part (through full range of motion) 2 AO1 x 2 4 Two marks for: 1. Microscopic tears in muscle OR delayed onset of muscle soreness 2. eccentric muscle contractions e.g. downhill running / plyometrics 2 AO1 x 1 AO2 x 1 5 Two marks for: 1. (sagittal) somersault/ tumble turn in swimming 2. (transverse) pirouette / spin / pivot / arm action to throw discus 2 AO2 x 2 NB. If a skill has been named that moves through more than one plane - the joint or part of body that moves through the plane stated must be identified. E.g. Golf swing is TV for transverse unless rotation of trunk/body is identified)H555/01 Mark Scheme Oct 2021 Section B Question Answer Mark Guidance 6 (a) Four marks for: Joint Movement Agonist Type of Contraction of agonist Antagonist Elbow Extension Triceps brachii Concentric Biceps brachii 4 AO3 x 4 6 (b) Four marks from: 1. (Pocket) valves – (one-way valves) that prevent backflow of blood 2. Muscle/ skeletal pump - skeletal muscles contract squeezing veins 3. Smooth muscle - in walls of veins contracts / venoconstriction 4. Respiratory pump - pressure differences in thoracic to abdominal cavity during breathing 5. Gravity helps blood from above heart return to heart 4 AO1 x 4 NB: Mark first four answers only. 6 (c) (i) Three marks for: 1. A = 14 breaths/min 2. B = 0.5 litres 3. C = 3 litres 3 AO3 x 3 6 (c) (ii) Three marks for: 1. More efficient gas exchange at alveoli / saturation of haemoglobin 2. More efficient transport of oxygen OR greater number / density of RBCs 3. More efficient use of oxygen at muscles OR better able to meet demands for oxygen OR more myoglobin / mitochondria OR higher aerobic capacity 3 AO1 x 3H555/01 Mark Scheme Oct 2021 6 (c) (iii) Three marks from (sub-max 2 for during exercise): (during exercise) 1. proprioceptors detect motor activity / movement (in joints/muscles) 2. send messages to respiratory control centre / RCC / inspiratory centre 3. increased stimulation of diaphragm / respiratory muscles (during recovery) 4. proprioceptors detect that movement has stopped / reduced 5. reduced stimulation of diaphragm / external intercostals / respiratory muscles 3 AO1 x 3 Accept point 2 anywhere in the answer, but only credit once. 6 (d) Three marks from: 1. (additional) volume of oxygen needed to return body to pre-exercise state 2. alactacid and lactacid OR fast and slow debt components 3. aerobic energy production during recovery 4. (oxygen used to) break down of lactic acid / replenishment of oxymyoglobin 5. (aerobic energy used to) resynthesise ATP / replenish muscle phosphagen or PC 3 AO1 x 3H555/01 Mark Scheme Oct 2021 Question Answer Mark Guidance 7 (a) Four marks for: 1. Interval training 2. under conditions of low oxygen 3. (benefit) increased RBCs/ haemoglobin volume OR increased oxygencarrying capacity of blood OR increased number/ density of mitochondria OR increased buffering capacity OR increased aerobic capacity/ VO2 max 4. (risk) disruption to training OR decreased immune system OR increased risk of infection OR dehydration OR benefits are lost quickly 4 AO1 x 2 AO3 x 2 Accept only 1 benefit and 1 risk. 7 (b) (i) Two marks for: 1. A has greater aerobic capacity 2. B has greater strength endurance 2 AO3 x 2 7 (b) (ii) Four marks for: 1. (age) from early 20s onwards VO2 max decreases OR A may be younger (than B) 2. Due to reduced elasticity in heart / blood vessels / lungs OR reduced efficiency in inspiring / transporting oxygen 3. (gender) females tend to have lower VO2 max OR B may be female 4. Due to lower muscle mass / higher percentage body fat / smaller lung volumes / lower stroke volume / cardiac output OR lower haemoglobin levels 4 AO2 x 4 N.B credit reduced efficiency in inspiring/transporting oxygen once only. Accept opposites.H555/01 Mark Scheme Oct 2021 7 (c) Six marks for: 1. (Preparatory phase) 6 – 12 weeks before start of competition season / e.g. July/August for hockey pre-season 2. (objective) general conditioning / aerobic / strength / mobility training (all sports) 3. (objective) sport-specific training / e.g. basketball skills and drills 4. (Transition) 4 – 6 weeks after end of season / e.g. June for hockey transition season 5. (objective) active rest / recovery / recuperation / variance (all sports) 6. (objective) low-intensity / aerobic work / non-specific activities, e.g. footballer does cycling / swimming activities 6 AO2 x 6 Look for application to the named sport, although objectives may be quite general. 7 (d) Four marks from: 1. Poor coaching / poor technique / poor biomechanical / postural training 2. e.g. poor tackling technique in rugby OR poor lifting technique in gym 3. Incorrect equipment / clothing / footwear 4. e.g. use of tennis racquet that is too heavy OR cricket helmet does not fit correctly impairing vision 5. Inappropriate overload / overtraining / lack of variance 6. e.g. overuse injuries such as tennis elbow / tendonitis / shin splints when running 4 AO1 x 2 AO2 x 2 Mark first two risk factors only. Practical example must match risk factor.H555/01 Mark Scheme Oct 2021 Question Answer Mark Guidance 8 (a) Three marks for: 1. Height of centre of mass 2. Size of base / area of support 3. Position of line of gravity 3 AO1 x 3 Mark first three answers only 8 (b) Four marks for: 1. Ball travelling in straight line has linear motion 2. (application of) a direct force / through CoM 3. Swerving ball has angular motion 4. (application of) an eccentric force / torque / not through CoM 4 AO2 x 4 8 (c) (i) Four marks for: 1. Weight / W – vertically down from CoM 2. Reaction / R – vertically up from ground on both wheels which equal weight 3. Air resistance / AR – backwards from CoM 4. Friction / F – forwards from ground on both wheels 4 AO3 x 4 8 (c) (ii) Four marks from: 1. Skater brings arms or legs in (close to longitudinal axis of rotation) 2. Reducing moment of inertia 3. Increasing angular velocity 4. Principle of conservation of angular momentum 5. AM = MI x AV 4 AO2 x 4H555/01 Mark Scheme Oct 2021 8 (d) Five marks from: 1. Ski jumper adopts an aerofoil shape 2. Creates an angle of attack / angle of 17° 3. Air travels further over top of ski jumper 4. Air travels faster / at higher velocity over top of ski jumper 5. Lower pressure above the ski jumper or creates a pressure gradient 6. Air moves from area of high to low pressure 7. Lift force created 5 AO2 x 5 Accept opposites for points 3-5H555/01 Mark Scheme Oct 2021 Section C Question Answer Guidance 9* Level 4 (17–20 marks) • detailed knowledge and excellent understanding (AO1) • well-argued judgements which are well supported by relevant practical examples (AO2) • detailed analysis and critical evaluation (AO3) • very accurate use of technical and specialist vocabulary • there is a well-developed line of reasoning which is clear and logically structured. The information presented is relevant and substantiated. At Level 4 responses are likely to include: • detailed knowledge of Newton’s laws of motion, accurately applied to the vertical jump • accurate definition of concussion, together with a range of ways that concussion can occur in sports • detailed explanation with some evaluation of the 6 R’s • at the top of this level excellent knowledge is shown in all three areas, and criticisms/abuses of the 6 R’s may be present • AO1, AO2 and AO3 all covered well in this level. Level 3 (12–16 marks) • good knowledge and clear understanding (AO1) • judgements will be present but may not always be supported by relevant practical examples (AO2) • good analysis and critical evaluation (AO3) • generally accurate use of technical and specialist vocabulary • there is a line of reasoning presented with some structure. The information presented is in the most-part relevant and supported by some evidence. At Level 3 responses are likely to include: • good knowledge of Newton’s laws of motion, concussion and the 6 R’s • good application of Newton’s laws, together with some examples of ways that concussion may occur in sport • a good explanation of the 6 R’s • at the upper end of this level there must be some credit for AO3 • Two parts of the question may have been answered better than the other Level 2 (7-11 marks) • limited knowledge and understanding (AO1) • judgement given but often unsupported by relevant practical examples (AO2) • some evidence of analysis and critical evaluation (AO3) • technical and specialist vocabulary used with limited success • the information has some relevance and is presented with limited structure. The information is supported by limited evidence. At Level 2 responses are likely to include: • limited knowledge of Newton’s laws of motion, concussion and the 6 R’s • some evidence of application of Newton’s laws to the vertical jump and/or some examples of how concussion may occur in sport • limited explanation of the 6 R’s • One part of the question may have been addressed much more strongly than the others. • maximum of 8 marks to be awarded for AO1 with no application Level 1 (1–6 marks) • basic knowledge and little understanding (AO1) • little or no attempt to give opinion or judgement (AO2) • little relevant analysis or critical evaluation (AO3) • little or no attempt to use technical and specialist vocabulary • the information is basic and communicated in an unstructured way. The information is supported by limited evidence and the relationship to the evidence may not be clear. At Level 1 responses are likely to include: • basic knowledge of Newton’s laws of motion and concussion. • 6 R’s may be described with little or no explanation • description of one or two ways that a concussion may occur • some inaccurate or irrelevant information may be present • mainly AO1 content. (0 marks) No response or no response worthy of credit.H555/01 Mark Scheme Oct 2021 9* 20 marks Indicative content: AO1 - KU AO2 – EG AO3 - DEV (Newton’s laws of motion) 1. A body continues in a state of rest or uniform velocity unless acted on by an external force Jumper will remain on floor until an external / unbalanced force acts Gravity is external force that prevents constant velocity upwards 2. Law of inertia Greater the mass of jumper greater the inertia Force must be greater than weight to cause jumper to leave floor 3. A body’s rate of change in momentum is proportional to the size of the force applied and acts in the direction that the force is applied The greater the force applied to the ground, the greater the acceleration The force must be applied directly downwards to produce a vertical jump/ acceleration is vertically upwards 4. Law of acceleration The greater the acceleration or change in momentum the higher the performer will jump AO2 greater action force applied = greater change in momentum F = ma / momentum = mass x velocity 5. For every action (force) there is an equal and opposite reaction (force) The jumper applies an action force into the ground 6. Law of reaction The ground provides an equal and opposite force to the jumper (concussion and its possible causes) 7. A (traumatic) brain injury Disturbance of brain function 8. direct impact e.g. punch in boxing / kick to head in kick boxing Impact of brain on inner lining of cranium 9. blow to head / whiplash e.g. clash of heads in rugby / football e.g. whiplash following a dominant tackle in rugby May or may not result in unconsciousness 10. contact with ground e.g. fall in horse racing / off high bar in gymnasticsH555/01 Mark Scheme Oct 2021 (Explain and evaluate 6 R’s) 11. (Recognise) be aware of / signs / symptoms of concussion/ that the situation / incident may result in concussion Symptoms include headaches / dizziness / nausea / impaired balance and hearing Parents / players / coaches / officials all have role to play Signs or symptoms may not be obvious 12. (Remove) take player off field of play immediately Stop play immediately / do not wait for next stoppage in game / ball out of play Legal obligation of officials / coaches to players in their care But player may deny concussion / want to stay on field 13. (Refer) player to a qualified healthcare professional for evaluation Head injury assessment / HIA a part of the game of rugby (and other sports)/ e.g. scans At lower levels healthcare professionals may not be immediately available Monitor for signs of deterioration for at least 24 hours While asleep player should also be closely monitored 14. (Rest) abstain from exercise until symptom-free Player should abstain from alcohol / work / school / physical exertion 15. (Recover) Player must allow fully recovery or be symptom-free before returning to play / training Named specific treatments, e.g. graduated return to play / GRTP programme Adults 1-week minimum recovery in RU OR U18s 2-weeks minimum recovery in RU 16. (Return) Player must be symptom-free to return to play Written authorisation from healthcare professional Player must follow minimum timescale for recovery Player has completed graduated return to play programme 17. Abuse of concussion laws in sport / rugby union Use of HIA to allow player to get extra treatment for other injuries without making an official substitution Intimidation of healthcare professionals to enable player to return to field and play on In football once a player is substituted they cannot return to pitch, so incentive to leave player on pitch to see if player is OK / can run off injury before removing 18. Ease of 6Rs protocol Easy to remember / learn / educate / advertise / use 6Rs protocolOCR (Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations) The Triangle Building Shaftesbury Road Cambridge CB2 8EA