New Mexico Midterm Study Guide latest updated

Two factors that dominate New Mexico's long history is its often inhospitable living conditions and isolation from the outside world. - ANSWER true The smallest of New Mexico's land form provinces is the - ANSWER The ...

Two factors that dominate New Mexico's long history is its often inhospitable living conditions and isolation from the outside world. - ANSWER true The smallest of New Mexico's land form provinces is the - ANSWER The Rocky Mountains The N.M. region has_______important river systems. - ANSWER five Three-quarters of the moisture received in N.M. during an average years occurs during the the months of - ANSWER June-September In regards to elevation, N.M. is generally considered to be a land of - ANSWER high elevation. Humans likely first arrived in N.M. some time between - ANSWER 12,000-50,000 years ago. The first humans to arrive in N.M. were primarily - ANSWER big game hunters. The two prominent archaeological sites in N.M. for early humans can be found in what part of the state? - ANSWER Eastern As the early group of hunter's game became extinct, a new age of native inhabitants in N.M. after 8000 B.C. known as the - ANSWER Archaic period. During the new emerging Desert Culture, the desert dwellers likely became early farmers sometime between - ANSWER 4,000-2,500 B.C. The Mogollon Culture existed in - ANSWER Southwestern New Mexico By 300 B.C., the Mogollon Culture had mastered the agricultural cultivation of - ANSWER corn. squash. Kidney Beans. *All the above. The earliest permanent structures built by the Mogollon Culture were - ANSWER pit houses. Who were the ancestors of modern Pueblo peoples in New Mexico? - ANSWER the Mogollons The earliest period of Anasazi culture is know as the - ANSWER Basketmaker Culture. The Anasazi began making above ground adobe structures during the - ANSWER Development Pueblo Culture. By the time of the Developmental Pueblo Culture, the Anasazi were skilled at - ANSWER pottery making. farming. hunting with a bow and arrow. all the above. The Anasazi built their largest multi-storied "apartment houses" or Pueblos at - ANSWER Gila Cliff Dwellings. Chaco Canyon. Mesa Verde. Zuni-Acoma. The major cause for Anasazi decline after 1100 A.D. was - ANSWER drought. By the 1500's, the former Anasazi peoples had relocated to two major population centers in New Mexico, the - ANSWER the upper Rio Grande Valley and the Acoma-Zuni area. What were the three primary crops traditionally grown by Pueblo people? - ANSWER corn, beans, and squash When the Spaniards arrived, they found __________________ Pueblo Indian Villages. - ANSWER seventy five to eighty The Pueblo People believed in spirits, including the - ANSWER clouds. thunder. wind. *all the above. What were the purposes of the Pueblo peoples' Kachina religious practices? - ANSWER to bring rain for crops and good health for people, just as many people pray for such things All Pueblo Native Americans speak the same language. - ANSWER False Among the nomadic Athabascan people to enter New Mexico around 1200 A.D. included - ANSWER the Navajo. the Jicarllia Apache. the Mescalero Apache. all the above. The first of the Athabascan peoples in New Mexico to abandon complete nomadic life and become more settled were the - ANSWER The first of the Athabascan peoples in New Mexico to abandon complete nomadic life and become more settled were the What is the traditional Navajo home called? - ANSWER hoga Which of the following is not one of the Apache nations of New Mexico? - ANSWER Ute Nation In most Athabascan peoples, religious rites were conducted by a - ANSWER Shaman. This Spaniard was probably the first European to enter the Southwest region that New Mexico is now a part of and his report sparked interest in intitial Spanish exploration of New Mexico. - ANSWER Cabeza de Vaca Who led the first major Spanish expedition into the lands that today are called New Mexico? - ANSWER Francisco Vasquez de Coronado The Fabled "Seven Cities of Gold" in New Mexico were known to the Spanish as - ANSWER Cibola. The first Native settlement in New Mexico encountered by the Coronado expedition in 1540 was - ANSWER Zuni. The Native settlement that the Coronado expedition subdued and spent the first winter in New Mexico in 1540 was - ANSWER Tiguex. The Coronado Expedition was led astray in its quest for gold in Quivira by this Pawnee captive. - ANSWER El Turco. The Spanish considered the Coronado Expedition to be a solid success and they rewarded Coronado with wealth. - ANSWER False After the Coronado Expedition, the Spanish did not send another expedition back to New Mexico for - ANSWER fourty years. Which of the following Spanish led expeditions to New Mexico in the 1580s and 1590s? - ANSWER Fray Agustin. Fray Bernadino. Canstano de Sosa. *all the above. The first but short lived Spanish "colony" or settlement in New Mexico in 1590 was located at - ANSWER Santa Domingo What Spaniard led the first officially-sanctioned and true colonization expedition into New Mexico? - ANSWER Don Juan de Onate Where did the leader of the first colony in New Mexico eventually establish his capital - the first capital of the New Mexico territory? - ANSWER San Gabriel After the 1599 massacre of most of the citizens of Acoma Pueblo by Spanish soldiers and war dogs, the few surviving citizens were force marched to Santo Domingo. What happened to the survivors? - ANSWER sixty girls were permanently separated from their parents and family members to be sold 2000 miles south into slavery, twelve more children were given to Spanish priets, adults became slaves for twenty years, and the men among them had part of one foot cut off. Who did the King of Spain appoint as the first royal governor of New Mexico, and where did he make his capital? - ANSWER Pedro de Peralta, Santa Fe During the first decades of Spanish colonization and settlement, the Native Americans primary contact with Spanish culture came through the - ANSWER Spanish Catholic Missions. The medieval Spanish system of labor and tribute that subjected Natives to Spanish law and created hardship was the - ANSWER Encomienda. During the mid-1600s, the relationship between the Spanish religious and civil officials running the New Mexico colony were - ANSWER good. The Native Pueblo Peoples in New Mexico suffered terribly in New Mexico during the mid-1600s from - ANSWER the Spanish persecution of Native religion. The event that finally united the Pueblo Peoples in defiance and revolt of Spanish rule was - ANSWER a Spanish arrest of 47 Pueblo Medicine men. As a result of the decisive Spanish defeat at the hands of the Pueblo forces led by Pope in 1680, - ANSWER the Spanish were driven from New Mexico for 12 years, while initially Native leadership under Pope sought to wipe out Spanish influence and culture. During Don Diego de Vargas' first expedition to reconquer New Mexico in 1692, - ANSWER de Vargas was able to conduct a reasonably peaceful expedition that retook Santa Fe and received Native pledges of loyalty with only two casualties. During Don Diego de Vargas' second expedition to occupy New Mexico starting in 1693, - ANSWER de Vargas and Spanish were forced to retake Santa Fe by force and fought a three year campaign to finally defeat the Rio Grange Pueblos in 1696. What was one of the consequences of Spanish reconquest and colonization of the Pueblo Nations of the Rio Grande Valley after 1691? - ANSWER The Spanish continued to spread smallpox and other diseases, while increasing pressure was put upon the Pueblos by nomadic Navajo, Apache and other raiders. *all the above. The Pueblo Peoples lost several thousand residents who left to live with the Hopi rather than submit to Spanish rule. The Spanish became more tolerant of Native religion and no longer raided Kivas or destroyed objects of Pueblo faith. What was the primary cause for Pueblo population decline in the 18th Century? - ANSWER European diseases During the 1700s, the Spanish population in New Mexico - ANSWER grew steadily and by 1800 had doubled several times over to a number of 10,000 residents By the early 1700s, a new emerging European threat in North America greatly worried Spanish officials - what nation was it? - ANSWER France After the Pueblo Revolt, with the Spanish gone, the new availability of this animal changed the nature of life for both Pueblo Nations, and especially the Nomadic Tribes. - ANSWER horses After 1700, which of the following Nomadic Native tribes created havoc and destruction in both Pueblo and Spanish settlements in New Mexico? - ANSWER Apache *all the above. Navajo Comanche