Which model of health is most likely used by a person who does not believe in preventive health care?
a. Clinical model
b. Role performance model
c. Adaptive model
d. Eudaimonistic model - ANSWER ANS: A
The clinical
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Which model of health is most likely used by a person who does not believe in preventive health care?
a. Clinical model
b. Role performance model
c. Adaptive model
d. Eudaimonistic model - ANSWER ANS: A
The clinical model of health views the absence of signs and symptoms of disease as indicative of health. People who use this model wait until they are very sick to seek care.
A person with chronic back pain is cared for by her primary care provider as well as receives acupuncture. Which model of health does this person likely favor?
a. Clinical model
b. Role performance model
c. Adaptive model
d. Eudaimonistic model - ANSWER ANS: D
The eudaimonistic model embodies the interaction and interrelationships among physical, social, psychological, and spiritual aspects of life and the environment in goal attainment and creating meaning in life. Practitioners who practice the clinical model may not be enough for someone who believes in the eudaimonistic model. Those who believe in the eudaimonistic model often look for alternative providers of care.
A state of physical, mental, spiritual, and social functioning that realizes a persons potential and is experienced within a developmental context is known as:
a. growth and development.
b. health.
c. functioning.
d. high-level wellness. - ANSWER ANS: B
Health is defined as a state of physical, mental, spiritual, and social functioning that realizes a persons potential and is experienced within a developmental context.
Which of the following best describes a client who has an illness?
a. Someone who has well-controlled diabetes
b. Someone with hypercholesterolemia
c. Someone with a headache
d. Someone with coronary artery disease without angina - ANSWER ANS: C
Someone with a headache represents a person with an illness. An illness is made up of the subjective experience of the individual and the physical manifestation of disease. It can be described as a response characterized by a mismatch between a persons needs and the resources available to meet those needs. A person can have a disease without feeling ill. The other choices represent disease.
Which US report is considered a landmark document in creating a global approach to health?
a. The 1990 Health Objectives for the Nation: A Midcourse Review
b. Healthy People 2020
c. Healthy People 2000
d. The U.S. Surgeon General Report - ANSWER ANS: C
Healthy People 2000 and its Midcourse Review and 1995 Revisions were landmark documents in which a consortium of people representing national organizations worked with US Public Health Service officials to create a more global approach to health.
Which of the following represents a method of primary prevention?
a. Informational session about healthy lifestyles
b. Blood pressure screening
c. Interventional cardiac catheterization
d. Diagnostic cardiac catheterization - ANSWER ANS: A
Primary prevention precedes disease or dysfunction. It includes health promotion and specific protection and encourages increased awareness; thus, education about healthy lifestyles fits this definition. Blood pressure screening does not prevent disease, but instead identifies it.
Which of the following represents a method of secondary prevention?
a. Selfbreast examination education
b. Yearly mammograms
c. Chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer
d. Complete mastectomy for breast cancer - ANSWER ANS: B
Screening is secondary prevention because the principal goal of screenings is to identify individuals in an early, detectable stage of the disease process. A mammogram is a screening tool for breast cancer and thus is considered a method of secondary prevention.
1. Which of the following statements about ethnic minorities in the United States is accurate?
a. It is estimated that the percentage of ethnic minorities will decrease during the next 30 years.
b. It is estimated that ethnic minorities will increase to one in two by 2050.
c. The increasing population of refugees has been a significant contributor to the increase in ethnic minorities.
d. The increasing population of ethnic minorities has helped decrease the health disparities faced by this population. - ANSWER ANS: B
It is estimated that the number of ethnic minorities will increase to one in two by 2050. In 2010, it was estimated that 33% of the population was from an ethnic minority. The increasing population of immigrants has been a significant contributor to the increasing populations of major ethnic groups. The increasing populations of ethnic groups is one factor that is producing disparities in health status and access of the health care system.
A person states, My grandmother is the decision maker in our family. Which of the following is being described by the person?
a. Culture
b. Race
c. Ethnicity
d. Values - ANSWER ANS: A
Culture, as an element of ethnicity, refers to integrated patterns of human behavior that include the language, thoughts, communications, actions, customs, beliefs, values, and institutions of racial, ethnic, religious, or social groups. The term ethnicity encompasses more than a cultural practice, which is what is being described by the person; it focuses on differences in meanings, values, and ways of living. Race is associated with power and indexes the history or ongoing imposition of ones groups authority above another. Values are beliefs about the worth of something and serve as standards that influence behavior and thinking.
The nurse recommended to a 50-year-old woman that she schedule a routine mammogram. Which of the following would be the most important factor in this womans decision to schedule this exam?
a. Race
b. Ethnicity
c. Cultural values
d. Value orientation - ANSWER ANS: C
Cultural values guide actions and decision-making that facilitates self-worth and self-esteem. They shape human behaviors and determine what individuals will do to maintain their health status, how they will care for themselves, and others who become ill, and where and from whom they will seek health care. Race is associated with power and indexes the history or ongoing imposition of ones groups authority above another. Ethnicity focuses on differences in meanings, values, and ways of living. Value orientations reflect the personality type of a particular society.
Which of the following actions demonstrates a health care professional providing culturally competent care?
a. Encouraging the person to take medications as prescribed
b. Asking the person to describe his folk healing methods
c. Demonstrating the proper way to administer an insulin injection
d. Assisting the person with discussing his health problems with the family - ANSWER ANS: B
It is very important for health care providers to be aware of how people interpret their health issues or illnesses to be capable to provide culturally competent care. A culturally competent health care professional should be able to consistently and thoroughly recognize and understand the differences in his or her culture and that of the patient or client, to respect the persons values and beliefs, and adjust the approach of delivering care to meet each persons needs and expectations. Asking the person to describe his folk healing methods is the only action that demonstrates the health care professional seeking input from the person into the care that is received.
A person reports that she has been seeking care from an acupuncturist to help relieve the chronic pain that she has been experiencing. Which of the following statements would be the most appropriate response from the nurse?
a. You should have told me that the current treatments were helping your pain.
b. Tell me more about your treatments from the acupuncturist.
c. Tell me why you decided to not to continue with your treatment plan.
d. You should not be seeing an acupuncturist while receiving professional care. - ANSWER ANS: B
Through a culturally sensitive assessment process, nurses can determine what specific remedies individuals are using and whether their continued use would interfere with the prescribed method. The nurse asking the person to describe the treatments from the acupuncturist allows the nurse to learn this information. The other responses demonstrate an ethnocentric perspective by the nurse, viewing the treatments from the acupuncturist as inferior to professional care.
When providing an educational session about the Arab American population, which of the following information would be included?
a. The largest group of Arab Americans was refugees in the 1960s.
b. The largest groups of Arab Americans are from Palestine and Iraq.
c. Members of the Arab American population are most likely to live in rural communities.
d. Members of the Arab American population are more likely to have college degrees than Americans at large. - ANSWER ANS: D
Members of the Arab American population are more likely to have college degrees (+45%) than Americans at large (28%). About 94% of Arab Americans live in metropolitan areas. The largest groups of Arab Americans are the Lebanese, Syrians, and Egyptians. Arab Americans came to the United States in three immigration waves; the last occurred in the 1960s and consisted of many professionals, entrepreneurs, and skilled and semiskilled laborers.
A health care professional is caring for an Arab American individual. Which of the following cultural practices of this ethnic minority should be considered when planning care?
a. This ethnic culture tends to be future oriented.
b. Religion plays an important role in this culture.
c. Traditional cultural practices are infrequently used during a health crisis.
d. Members of this culture tend to have smaller families. - ANSWER ANS: B
Religion plays an important part in Arab culture, and there are dietary rules and prescribed rituals for praying and washing. Arab Americans are present oriented and view the future as uncertain. During a health crisis, many Arab Americans seek out their family, community, and traditional values and cultural practices. Arab American families are, on average, larger than nonArab American families.
A nurse is determining which family assessment tool would be best to implement with a family when planning home visits for health promotion. Which of the following criteria should the nurse use to evaluate these tools?
a. The number of questions asked on the assessment tool
b. The linkages of the assessment to Healthy People 2020
c. The amount of involvement that the family has in completing the tool
d. The capability of the tool to assess goals and outcomes - ANSWER ANS: C
Useful health-promotion family assessments involve listening to families, engaging in participatory dialogue, recognizing patterns, and assessing family potential for active, positive change.
Which of the following best describes the nurses role in health promotion and disease prevention?
a. Educating about home safety measures
b. Identifying areas for family improvement
c. Implementing the nursing process using a systems perspective
d. Acting as a role model for the family - ANSWER ANS: D
The nurses role in health promotion and disease prevention is best described as acting as a role model for the family. Implementing the nursing process, identifying areas for family improvement, and educating about home safety measures are all part of the nurses role but do not describe the comprehensive role of the nurse.
Which of the following theories is an attempt to explain families as a set of interacting individuals with patterns of living that influence health decisions?
a. Feminist theory
b. Systems theory
c. Developmental theory
d. Resiliency theory - ANSWER ANS: B
Systems theory is an attempt to explain patterns of living among the individuals who make up the family system.
A nurse is assessing how a family will transition and adapt after their youngest child leaves for college. By using this framework, which of the following perspectives is the nurse implementing?
a. Risk-factor
b. Structural-functional
c. Open systems
d. Developmental - ANSWER ANS: D
Duvall and Miller identified stages of the family life cycle and critical family developmental tasks, through a developmental perspective. This conceptual model helps to anticipate family events and discusses how families complete basic family tasks as they transition through these events.
Which of the following would be described as a family structural component?
a. Income earner of the house
b. Socialization for the family
c. Immunization of infants
d. Launching of children - ANSWER ANS: A
Structural components of the family refer to family roles and relationships.
A nurse is collecting data for a family assessment using Gordons functional health patterns. The nurse learns that the family has no books in the home to read to the preschool-age children. To which of the following functional health patterns does this information pertain?
a. Roles-relationship
b. Cognitive-perceptual
c. Health-perceptionhealth-management
d. Self-perceptionself-concept - ANSWER ANS: B
The cognitive-perceptual pattern identified characteristics of language, cognitive skills, and perception that influence desired or required family activities. The availability of books in the home for preschool age children impacts this functional health pattern.
A nurse who is using Gordons functional health patterns is planning to assess its roles-relationships pattern. Which of the following questions would be most appropriate for the nurse to ask?
a. What is the familys philosophy of health?
b. What does the family do to have fun?
c. How are problems in the family resolved?
d. Who decides when and how children go to sleep? - ANSWER ANS: C
How problems in the family are resolved relates to assessment of the roles-relationships pattern. The familys philosophy of health relates to the health perception-health management pattern. What the family does to have fun relates to the activity-exercise pattern. The decision concerning when and how children go to sleep relates to the sleep-rest pattern.
A nurse is employed by a local health department. Which of the following would be one of her primary responsibilities?
a. Providing appropriate treatment for the flu to an elderly man
b. Providing education to the community about prevention of the flu
c. Ensuring that the family members of the man with the flu get tested for the flu
d. Ensuring that the family members of the man with the flu receive the flu vaccine - ANSWER ANS: B
The role of the community health nurse is to promote the health of the population. It is not limited to any particular individual or group of individuals. It is important that the nurse view the community structure as a population and consider existing health services. Therefore, the primary responsibility of this nurse is to the community she serves by providing education about flu prevention.
A parish nurse is concerned about the number of parishioners who smoke. How would the parish nurse best address this issue?
a. Ban smoking on parish property.
b. Invite local experts to participate in a health fair at the parish.
c. Find literature about smoking cessation.
d. Hand out free nicotine-replacement systems. - ANSWER ANS: B
Nurses interact with communities to promote health. They supply educational information to at-risk groups to develop health-oriented skills as well as encourage behavior change. As such, nurses act as advocates collaborating with other disciplines and agencies. The success of health promotion programs depends on support from prominent community members. Therefore, arranging for a health fair and inviting local experts to participate is the best way for the nurse to address the smoking issue at her parish.
Partnering with school-based clinics and local pediatric dentists so that children can have access to preventive dental care is an example of a(n):
a. codependent function.
b. independent function.
c. interdependent function.
d. dependent function. - ANSWER ANS: C
Collaboration with community members and interdisciplinary teamwork functions crucial to effective community health are considered interdependent functions. Partnering with school-based clinics and local dentists is a collaborative effort to improve the communitys health.
Which of the following health concerns should the nurse have as a priority when planning care for a community?
a. The limited recreational areas identified through a windshield survey
b. The high crime rate reported in the town records
c. The absence of health clinics on the local bus route
d. The lack of grocery stores within walking distance identified by the community - ANSWER ANS: D
As a community liaison, the nurse establishes priorities for programming and matches resources with needs determined by a community-needs assessment. The goal is to maintain the communitys vision. Nurses concerns should be based on the communitys concerns. Therefore, the lack of grocery stores identified by the community should take first priority.
A nurse who is new to the area wants to get a feel for the community she will be working with. Which of the following would be the best way for the nurse to start learning about the community?
a. Driving around the neighborhood
b. Going door to door asking people about the community
c. Searching online to obtain population statistics
d. Talking to the police captain at the local police department - ANSWER ANS: A
Community nurses assess communities by observation, interview, and measurement. Driving around and observing the community uses ones senses to obtain information about the community, its health problems, and its strengths. This type of assessment (driving around and observing) gives the nurse an idea of how the community functions.
A community believes many people in that community lead sedentary lives because they lack safe areas in which to exercise. What action should the nurse take in order to confirm or reject these beliefs?
a. Walk around the neighborhood.
b. Interview members of the community.
c. Obtain town morbidity and mortality rates.
d. Go to the town hall to obtain the number of parks in the community. - ANSWER ANS: B
The nurse has generated a hypothesis (people lead sedentary lives because of a lack of safe areas). To explore this hypothesis, the nurse should follow it up with interviews and measurement data. In this situation, town statistics would not be sufficient to address the hypothesis. The nurse needs to interview members of the community to determine how they perceive it.
A nurse is interviewing members of a substance abuse unit at a local Veterans Administration (VA) hospital. Which of the following parts of a community is the nurse assessing?
a. Structure of a community
b. Subsystem of a community
c. Supra system of a community
d. Interaction of a community - ANSWER ANS: B
Structural parts of a community form subsystems within a larger supra system. A substance abuse unit of a local VA hospital is a subsystem of a larger system (the VA hospital and family of hospitals). The structure of a community system or subsystem forms a formal or informal arrangement of parts. As a result, because interviewing is a form of assessment, the nurse in this example is assessing the subsystem (substance abuse unit of a local VA hospital) of a community (the VA hospital and family of hospitals).
A nurse would like to assist Americans in improving their health. Which strategy would be most beneficial to improve the health of the American public?
a. Encourage Americans to stop smoking.
b. Lobby for state-of-the-art magnetic resonance imaging machines in all hospitals.
c. Provide free medications for Americans.
d. Offer free condoms to teenagers. - ANSWER ANS: A
The greatest opportunity to improve the health of the American people lies in addressing unhealthy, personal, behavioral risk factors. Intensive lifestyle changes can be effective not only in preventing chronic diseases, but also in reversing their progression and significantly reducing health care costs. Improvement of the publics health is more likely to come from behavior change than technology. Therefore, people deciding they are going to change their behavior and stop smoking are likely to lead to improvements in the health of the public.
A nurse is using a health education component when teaching about smoking cessation. Which of the following actions is the nurse implementing?
a. Setting a quit date for people in a smoking cessation class
b. Providing education regarding the benefits of smoking cessation
c. Allowing smokers to participate in a smoking cessation program only if they use the patch nicotine replacement system
d. Encouraging attendees of a smoking cessation program to participate in a research study - ANSWER ANS: B
Essential components of health education involve using teaching strategies, having learners maintain voluntary control over the decision to make changes in their actions, and focusing on behavior changes that have been found to improve heath. Providing smokers with the information regarding the benefits of smoking cessation allows them to make their own decision and provides them with information that is known to improve health.
Any combination of planned experiences based on sound theories that provide individuals, groups, and communities the opportunity to acquire the information and skills needed to make quality health decisions is known as health:
a. promotion.
b. counseling.
c. education.
d. knowledge. - ANSWER ANS: C
Any combination of planned experiences based on sound theories that provide individuals, groups, and communities the opportunity to acquire the information and skills needed to make quality health decisions is known as health education.
An overweight woman joins a support group to help her lose weight. During her first session, the nurse explains the components of a healthy diet and discusses with the woman how she can eat out and still maintain a healthy diet. She asks the woman what her goal is and emphasizes that she herself is the key to success. What is the nurse promoting through the use of this strategy?
a. Communication
b. Values
c. Advanced planning
d. Empowerment - ANSWER ANS: D
A goal of health education is empowerment. People who believe they can make a difference in their own health and who are included in decision making are more likely to make changes. By giving the woman the tools (education about a healthy diet) and involving her in the decision-making (set her own goal), the nurse empowers the woman to make a change in her eating habits.
Which of the following illustrates that the objectives of health education and counseling are being met?
a. Diabetic who attends a diabetes education program
b. Diabetic who watches a video about self-administration of insulin
c. Diabetic who starts taking his medications regularly
d. Diabetic who is admitted in diabetic ketoacidosis - ANSWER ANS: C
Health education encourages positive, informed changes in lifestyle behaviors that prevent acute and chronic disease, decrease disability, and enhance wellness. Two main objectives of health education and counseling are to change health behaviors and to improve health status. A diabetic who starts taking his medications regularly is an example of a behavior change intended to decrease disability.
Which of the following illustrates that the objectives of health education and counseling have been met?
a. Asthmatic who has a decrease in emergency department visits
b. Asthmatic who has been prescribed an albuterol inhaler
c. Asthmatic who attends an asthma education program
d. Asthmatic who visits the emergency department with an exacerbation - ANSWER ANS: A
Health education encourages positive, informed changes in lifestyle behaviors that prevent acute and chronic disease, decrease disability, and enhance wellness. Two main objectives of health education and counseling are to change health behaviors and to improve health status. An asthmatic with a decrease in emergency department visits is an improvement in health status, which is a reflection of behavior changes used to prevent acute exacerbations of a chronic disease.
A teenager, who lives at home with her parents and school-aged brother, has been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. Which of the following would be the most appropriate teaching goal for this family?
a. Increased energy level
b. Improved coping
c. Enhanced self-esteem
d. Facilitated family conversation - ANSWER ANS: B
The family plays an important role in health and illness. Understanding and intervening with the family is essential to promoting health and reducing risk. Health teaching includes all family members although the general teaching goal is the same for all, approaches and specific goals for each member will be different. An illness in one member of the family can alter the entire familys ability to cope. As a result, improved coping is the most appropriate goal.
A pregnant woman reports to the nurse that the first day of her last menstrual
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