Gen 499-Critical Thinking Exam-Dr Durm-with complete Solution

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The Sufficiency Principle - ANSWER The fourth criterion of a good argument requires that one who presents an argument for or against a position should attempt to provide relevant and acceptable premis ... es of the right kind, that together are sufficient in number and strength to justify the acceptance of the conclusion. Insufficient Sample/ Hasty Generalization/Fallacy of the Lonely Fact - ANSWER Drawing conclusion or generalization from too small a sample class. Unrepresentative Data - ANSWER Drawing a conclusion based on data from an unrepresentative or biased sample. Arguing from Ignorance - ANSWER Arguing for the truth (or falsity) of a claim because there is no evidence or proof to the contrary or because of the inability or refusal of an opponent to present convincing evidence to the contrary. Contrary-to-Fact-Hypothesis - ANSWER Treating a hypothetical claim as if it were a statement of fact by making a claim, without sufficient evidence, about what would have happened in the past if other conditions had been present or about an event that will occur in the future. Fallacy of Popular Wisdom - ANSWER Appealing to insights expressed in aphorisms or clichés, folk wisdom, or so-called common sense instead of to relevant evidence for a claim. Special Pleading - ANSWER Applying principles, rules or criteria to other persons or situations while failing or refusing to apply them to oneself or to a situation that is of personal interest, without providing sufficient evidence to support such an exception. Omission of Key Evidence - ANSWER Constructing an argument that fails to include key evidence that is critical to the support of the conclusion. Confusion of a Necessary with a Sufficient Condition - ANSWER Assuming that a necessary condition of an event is also a sufficient one. Casual Oversimplification - ANSWER Oversimplifying the casual antecedents of an event by specifying casual factors that are insufficient to account for the vent in question or by overemphasizing the role of one or more of those factors. Post Hoc Fallacy - ANSWER Assuming that a particular event, B (tomatoes), is caused by another event, A (head lice), simply because B follows A in time. Confusion of Cause and Effect - ANSWER Confusing the cause with the effect of an event. Neglect of a Common Cause (correlation) - ANSWER Failing to recognize that two seemingly related events may not be causally related at all, but rather are effects of a common cause. Domino Fallacy - ANSWER Assuming without appropriate evidence that a particular action or event is the first in a series of steps that will lead inevitably to a specific, usually undesirable consequence. Gambler's Fallacy (confusion with dependent and independent event) - ANSWER Arguing that because a chance event has had a certain run in the past, the probability of its occurrence in the future is significantly altered. The Rebuttal Principle - ANSWER This fifth criterion of a good argument requires that one who presents an argument for or against a position should include in the argument an effective rebuttal to all anticipated serious criticisms of the argument that may be brought against it or against the position it supports. If one is criticizing an opponents argument, one must not fail to give attention to the strongest features of that argument. Denying the Counterevidence - ANSWER Refusing to consider seriously or unfairly minimizing the evidence that is brought against one's argument or position. Ignoring the Counterevidence - ANSWER Arguing in a way that ignores or omits any reference to important available evidence that might be unfavorable to one's position, thus giving the false impression that there is no significant evidence against it. Raising Trivial Objections - ANSWER Attacking an opponent's position by focusing critical attention on a minor point in his or her argument, rather than on its strengths. [Show More]

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