NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 Graded A+ (2022/2023) Rasmussen University

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What are the functions of the kidneys? - ANSWER Regulation of blood pressure; regulating blood osmolarity; removal of toxins; blood filtration; activate vitamin D What are the clinical manifestatio... ns of benign prostatic hypertrophy? - ANSWER dribbling; difficulty initiating urine stream; hesitancy; urinary retention, decreased stream What substance controls the reabsorption of water from the collecting ducts? - ANSWER ADH- Anti Diuretic Hormone What is type 2 diabetes characterized as? - ANSWER peripheral tissue insulin resistance What are the clinical manifestations of Graves' disease? - ANSWER Exophthalmos (bulging eyes), goiter, enlarge thyroid, heat intolerance, anxiety- hyperthyroidism What processes occur during fasting? - ANSWER glucogenesis; glycogenesis What type of tissue is accessed to promote energy production in type 1 diabetes? - ANSWER adipose/ fat What are the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism? - ANSWER myxedema, fatigue, cold sensitivity, constipation, weight gain What are the clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism? - ANSWER Goiter, fatigue, weight loss, infertility, memory loss, hair loss, muscle pain What are the clinical manifestation of hyper para thyroidism? - ANSWER fatigue, body aches, bone pain, depression, headaches, memory loss What are the clinical manifestations of hypo para thyroidism? - ANSWER numbness, tetany, parathesis, muscle spasms What are the clinical manifestations of ketoacidosis? - ANSWER fruity breath, drowsiness, nausea, thirst, confusion, lethargy, vomiting What mechanisms control hormone release and regulation? - ANSWER negative feedback loop What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland? - ANSWER Growth Hormone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, LH, ACTH and endorphins What is diabetes insipidus? - ANSWER a disorder caused by inadequate amounts of ADH which causes excessive water loss clinical manifestations of diabetes insipidus - ANSWER polyuria, nocturia, continuous thirst, and polydipsia clinical manifestations of Cushings syndrome? - ANSWER Excessive secretion of cortisol causes redistribution of fat, "moon face", "buffalo" hump on the back and pendulous abdomen. - Facial skin is flushed (high blood pressure), skin covering abdomen develops stretch marks - • ndividual bruises easily and wound healing is poor - Approximately 1/2 develop mental status changes from irritability to severe psychiatric disturbance - Females may experience changes due to increased androgen levels clinical manifestations of secondary hypothyroidism - ANSWER Weakness. - Fatigue. - Cold intolerance. - Constipation. - Weight gain. - Depression. - Joint or muscle pain. - Brittle fingernails. clinical manifestations of primary hypothyroidism - ANSWER fatigue. - lethargy. - sensitivity to cold. - depression. - muscle weakness. clinical manifestations of primary aldosteronism - ANSWER hypertension and hypokalemia clinical manifestations of secondary aldosteronism - ANSWER High blood pressure. - Low level of potassium in the blood. - Feeling tired all the time. - Headache. - Muscle weakness. - Numbness. What is myxedema? - ANSWER severe hypothyroidism; non pitting edema What are the causes of hypothyroidism? - ANSWER Hashimoto's disease: most common when the immune system attacks the thyroid cells - after surgical or radioactive treatment for hyperthyroidism - head or neck radiation for cancer - iodine deficiency What are the three p's in diabetes? - ANSWER polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia What is the difference between primary and secondary endocrine disorders? - ANSWER Primary endocrine disease inhibits the action of downstream glands, malfunction of the hormone producing gland; Secondary endocrine disease is indicative of a problem with the pituitary gland. What is the cause of Cushing syndrome? - ANSWER Excessive corticosteroids What is acute gastritis? - ANSWER Transient inflammation of the gastric mucosa What is chronic gastritis? - ANSWER Chronic mucosal inflammatory changes leading to atrophy and intestinal metaplasia. This is mostly due to H. Pylori, but in some cases it can be autoimmune. What causes gastritis? - ANSWER Acute - circulatory disturbances (shock) and exposure to exogenous irritants (drugs [aspirin], alcohol, chemicals, lactose intolerance) Chronic - cause is unknown is probably mediated by immunologic mechanism or related to infection with H. pylori What is amenorrhea? - ANSWER - absence of menstruation What is metrorrhagia? - ANSWER - bleeding between periods What is dysmenorrhea? - ANSWER - painful periods Costal vertebral angle (CVA) - ANSWER angle formed by the 12th rib and the vertebral column on the posterior thorax, overlying the kidney; percuss for kidney tenderness What causes flank pain? - ANSWER kidney stones When is enuresis abnormal? - ANSWER after age 5 People with polycystic kidney disease should do what? - ANSWER increase fluid intake, measure blood pressure regularly What is polyuria? - ANSWER frequent urination Female Mutilation - ANSWER risks for uti, trouble urinating [Show More]

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