WGU Pathophysiology Exam Questions with correct Answers

Which types of tissue most often develop tumors? - ANSWER Epithelial and connective tissues What are the following benign tumors? - ANSWER Papilloma - A wart Lipoma - begins in the fatty tissue Myoma - Fibroid Chon ...

Which types of tissue most often develop tumors? - ANSWER Epithelial and connective tissues What are the following benign tumors? - ANSWER Papilloma - A wart Lipoma - begins in the fatty tissue Myoma - Fibroid Chondroma - Tumor of cartilage cells What are sarcomas? - ANSWER They are tumors that can be found anywhere and begin in connective tissue What are the early signs of lymphoma - ANSWER Fevers and night sweats What is radiation therapy - ANSWER When seeds are implanted into a malignant prostate and then irradiated, this is called radiation therapy. This is used to reduce damage to healthy tissue Name what is a vesicle, pustule, macule, papule, excoriation - ANSWER Vesicle - Small fluid filled elevation of skin (e.g. blister) Pustule - (elevation of the skin containing white blood cells and cell debris) Macule - A spot that is not raised or depressed. (such as a freckle) Papule - A firm raised area of the skin (such as a pimple) Excoriation (scratch in the skin) Define the following: Laceration Fissure Ulcer Superficial burn Superficial partial thickness burn - ANSWER Laceration - Rough jagged wound Fissue - Crack in the skin Ulcer - Store with disintegration and death of affected tissue Superficial burn involves the epidermal layer of the skin Superficial partial thickness burn appears with blisters and pain at the burn site What are shingles and how are they treated - ANSWER Shingles are painful vesicular lesions caused by varicella. The normal treatment is antiviral medications and costicosteroids to decrease pain. What is Tissue destruction involving only the epidermal layer of the skin - ANSWER superficial. What are two signs of allergic skin reactions - ANSWER Pruritus (itching) and urticarial (hives) What are three autoimmune diseases involving the skin? - ANSWER Pemphigus, scleroderma and lupus erythematosus are all autoimmuse diseases involving the skin. Damage to what can disturb equilibrium? - ANSWER Semicircular canals in the ear How can otitis media be prevented? - ANSWER By placing a myingotomy tube in the ear What results in progressive hearing loss? - ANSWER Presbycusis What can alleviate age-related hearing loss? - ANSWER Speaking in clear, low-pitched tones What are treatment of joint disorders - ANSWER FALK (fixation of screws, arthrocentesis, laproscopic repairs, kyoplasty) What are the different types of arthritis - ANSWER (GROS) Gout - higher levels of uric acid form crystals that accumulate in the joints, causing pain and inflammation. • Septic arthritis - may result from an invasive procedure; invading organisms are usually carried to the joint by the blood stream. • Osteoarthritis - most often in weight-bearing joints, like hips and knees; may be the results of aging and repeated trauma. • Rheumatoid arthritis - inflammation and overgrowth of synovial fluid causes severe pain; joints stiffen and become useless. What is mysathenia gravis? - ANSWER chronic muscular fatigue caused by defect at the neuromuscular junction. How is GERD treated? - ANSWER Antacids and using medication that decreases the production of HCL What characterizes chronic pancreatitis - ANSWER Severe pain and blood test shows elevated serum amylase. Pancreatitis impacts the digestive process by leading to enzyme imbalances How do you test for viral hepatitis - ANSWER Testing blood serology What is required for blood clotting? - ANSWER Vitamin K What type of reaction would arise if a RH negative patient experiences a second exposure to RH positive blood? - ANSWER An Antigen-antibody reaction could arise if a Rh negative patient experiences a second exposure to Rh positive blood What are blood diseases - ANSWER (HALT) Hemophilia (bleeding disorder caused by deficiency of a clotting factor), Aplastic anemia (bone mare failure decreased red cell production), Leukemia (increase in WBC), Thalassemia (hereditary disorders causing impaired hemglobin synthesis) What are three recommendations for the treatment of hypertension? - ANSWER • Diet modification • Prescribed diuretics • Exercise on a regular basis What does H. pylori cause? - ANSWER Gastrointestinal disorder called peptic ulcer What is shock - ANSWER Confusion, anxiety, hypertension What is atrophy - ANSWER Decrease in the size of a muscle due to disuese What are strains vs sprains - ANSWER Strains pain and stiffness by overuse Sprains pain and swelling by tearing of ligaments What is muscular dystrophy - ANSWER Deterioration of muscles that have intact nerve function What are strong, painful muscle contractions - ANSWER cramps How do you describe shoulder joint dislocation - ANSWER Acuetly painful in the arm and chest area and often results in the arm being longer than the mate What might cause abdominal pain and elevated bilirubin? - ANSWER Inflammation of the gallbladder Amylase, lipase for trypsin, nucleases - ANSWER Digests starch, digest nucleic acids, digest fats, digests protein How can hepatitis be diagnosed - ANSWER serology and serum chemistry are used for diagnosis What are two signs of hepatitis - ANSWER Jaundice and loss of appetite are two signs of hepatitis What two diseases may require blood trasnfusions - ANSWER Leukemia and pernicious anemia If a mothers RH is negative and fathers RH is positive then what may result - ANSWER RH incompatibility What directly impairs the delivery of oxygen to body tissues - ANSWER Is an effect of anemia What inhibits coagulation of the blood - ANSWER Vitamin K deficiency What are characterized by pain and swelling, warmth and redness around the site or location and is typically diagnosed by an ultrasound or MRI. - ANSWER Thrombosis or blood clots What do calcium-channel blockers do? - ANSWER help to control hypertension by inhibiting calcium ions from entering cardiac muscle cells. How are epidemics defined - ANSWER Epidemics are defined by age, gender, heredity, living conditions, social habits and preexisting illnesses. What are treatments for frequent otitis media and chronic sore throat? - ANSWER Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy What are three pathological responses of the lymphatic system - ANSWER elephantiasis, splenomegaly, and infectious mononucleosis What has the best survival rates for multiple myeloma - ANSWER Chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant have the best survival rates What do self antigens trigger - ANSWER autoimmune hypersensitivity triggers those How are myocardial infarctions diagnosed? - ANSWER ECG readings, troponin levels, and creatine kinase levels. Increased blood flow does what - ANSWER Backups up into pulmonary circulation and causes shortness of breath How can Atherosclerosis be diagnosed - ANSWER by a lab test known as CRP. What are signs of congestive heart failure - ANSWER increased fatigue, shortness of breath, and edema of extremities. What can be exemplified by frequent fainting, low blood pressure and low body temperature. - ANSWER hypotension What is a cause of lower extermity edemy and elevated blood pressure - ANSWER Renin What are the different respiratory breathing patterns? - ANSWER • Kussmaul- deep rapid respirations characteristic of acidosis as seen in diabetic patients. • Hyperpnea- an abnormal increase in the depth and rate of breathing. • Dyspnea- a subjective feeling of difficult or labored breathing. What can often improve and prolong the quality of life for those with COPD. - ANSWER External oxygen What can slow or reverse the progression of COPD - ANSWER smoking cessation What is characterized by damaged areas on the nerve conducting cells slowing the transmission of nerve impulses - ANSWER Multiple sclerosis What is used record a human's brain waives to diagnose neurologic diseases. - ANSWER EEG What is used to view pictures of tissue and bones of the brain and surrounding areas. - ANSWER CT Meningitis can be characterized - ANSWER Characterized by headache, stiff next, nausea, and vomiting. How is Renal colic treated - ANSWER pain analgesics What is manifestation of uncontrolled diabetes and alcoholism and shows itself in pain and numbness of the extremities - ANSWER peripheral neuropathy An accumulation of excess fluid in a patient with chronic renal failure promotes what? - ANSWER hypertension How is Parkinson's disease treated - ANSWER dopamine replacement therapy. What is a surgical procedure aimed at shattering renal calculi. - ANSWER Lithotripsy White blood cells in the urine is indictative of pyuria - ANSWER Pyuria is indiactive because of that If a patient is suffering from chronic renal failure, vomiting and fatigue, the recommended treatment is - ANSWER Hemodialysis What can be a cause of hypertension for a patient with chronic renal failure. - ANSWER Sodium retention The principle behind kidney dialysis is - ANSWER that molecules move from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration. Kidney dialysis is intended to - ANSWER remove urea from the blood and to remove nitrogenous waster products from the blood. Low cardiac output can - ANSWER strain the kidney and lead to organ dysfunction. Diabetes mellitus is defines as - ANSWER disease process in which there is a hyposecretion of the insulin hormone. Ketones are abnormal constituents of urine that indicate - ANSWER diabetes mellitus or starvation. Type 2 diabetes is best tested by - ANSWER hemoglobin A 1.c. and fasting blood glucose. Hypothyroidism is characterized by - ANSWER lethargy, irritability, difficulty eating, and dry hair and skin. is a treatment of anemia in someone with chronic renal failure. - ANSWER Erythopoietin A child with impaired cognitive function MAY HAVE - ANSWER thyroxine and triodothryrone deficiencies. Increased production of the parathyroid hormone causes - ANSWER Calcium is released from the bone due to it Medications to suppress thyroid function are necessary if a patient presents - ANSWER with exophthalmos, strained appearance to the face, extreme nervousness, and a goiter. What is a hormone given to augment labor? - ANSWER Pitocin What is often accompanied by skeletal fractures - ANSWER Hyperparathyroidism is How can Testicular torsion be diagnosed - ANSWER H&P How is gonorrhea diagnosed - ANSWER Testicular torsion Benign prostatic hypertrophy is treated by - ANSWER laser and ultrasound and by transurethral prostatectomy when urinary function is threatened. What can inhibit a females ability to conceive - ANSWER Weight, menstrual history, and the degree of athleticism Menopause is described as - ANSWER as a lack of menses for 6 months. What are two disorders that may occur during pregnancy - ANSWER placenta previa and gestational diabetes. vaginal secretions of yellow or green frothy vaginal discharge means what - ANSWER Trichomoniasis Hypertension and proteinuria