WGU C785 Latest Exam Study Guide Answered 100% Correct

What is the basic structure of an amino acid? What do they look like? - ANSWER amino group (NH2 or NH3), carboxyl group (COO or COOH), alpha carbon (C), and variable group How do you identify the 3 different types of ...

What is the basic structure of an amino acid? What do they look like? - ANSWER amino group (NH2 or NH3), carboxyl group (COO or COOH), alpha carbon (C), and variable group How do you identify the 3 different types of side chains: non-polar/hydrophobic, polar, and charged? - ANSWER Non-polar/hydrophobic - end with CH or "can't have" water. Polar - end with OH, SH, or NH. Charged - end with a charge what kinds of bonds do each of the 3 different types of side chains make? - ANSWER ionic, hydrophobic/non-polar, charged What are the 4 levels of protein structure? - ANSWER Primary - linear structure, Secondary - Folded into helix or pleated sheet caused by hydrogen bonding, tertiary - 3D structure caused by side chain interactions, quaternary - 1+ amino acid chains combine = multiple subunits MUST have 1+ subunit What enviormental change breaks each type of bond? - ANSWER hydrophobic - temperature change, ionic - salt or decreased pH, hydrogen - temperature, change in pH, disulfide - reducing agents what type of amino acid side chain leads to protein aggregration? - ANSWER hydrophobic bonds how do environmental changes affect protein folding? - ANSWER Extreme temp can cause hydrogen bonds to break apart = malformation of protein folding how do mutations affect protein structure? - ANSWER Can cause structure to change. Protein loses form = loses function. May form a different protein. What is an electron? - ANSWER Negatively charged atom on outer ring for bonding What is energy: - ANSWER Power derived fro chemical interaction what are covalent bonds? - ANSWER chemical bond, atoms share 1+ valence electrons what is an ionic bond? - ANSWER bond between positive and negative what is a hydrogen bond? - ANSWER weak bond between positive and negative with an amino? - ANSWER piece of amino acid, NH2 or NH3 what is a carboyxl? - ANSWER piece of amino acid, COO or COOH What is hydrophobic? - ANSWER Doesn't like water, end with CH what is hydrophilic? - ANSWER Water Lovering, end with OH, NH, or SH what is disulfide bond? - ANSWER strongest bond between reduction agents, formed between SH's. what are zwitterions? - ANSWER amino with positive and negative charges = overall charge of zero what is a polypeptide - ANSWER polymer of amino acids What is dehydration synthesis? - ANSWER Process of forming peptide bonds what is hydrolysis? - ANSWER adding water to destroy bonds what is an alpha helix? - ANSWER twisted secondary structure, formed by hydrogen bonds what is a beta sheet? - ANSWER folded second structure shape, formed by hydrogen bonds what is denaturation? - ANSWER loss of shape duet o interruption of chemical bonds; occurs via extreme salt, temp, pH what is aggregation? - ANSWER clumping of inner or outer cellular proteins caused by misfolded proteins leading to diseases such as Alzheimers, ALS, Parkinson's how do enzymes catalyze reactions? - ANSWER bind with substrates to decrease activation energy required and decrease reaction rate how do enzymes affect reaction rate and activation energy? - ANSWER decrease activation energy and decrease reaction rate what are the 4 steps of the enzymatic cycle? - ANSWER enzyme recognizes substrate, substrate attracts the enzyme; enzyme-substrate complex is formed; enzyme-product complex formed; product is released, enzyme recycled how do environmental changes affect enzymes? - ANSWER High heat, pH change, high salt concentration, and reducing agents can cause an enzyme to lose its form/lose function what is a competitive inhibitor? - ANSWER Mimics substrate and takes its place on the active binding site what is a noncompetitive inhibitor? - ANSWER Binds to allosteric site causing active site to change shape = preventing substrate from binding with enzyme what molecules increase/build up or decrease given a specific inhibitor? A -> (enzyme 1) -> B -> (enzyme 2) -> C -> (enzyme 3) -> D. Pretend Enzyme 2 is inhibited. - ANSWER Inhibitor would cause a build up for product B, decrease product C. Enzyme 3 and product D would not be created. what is substrate? - ANSWER the substance on which an enzyme acts what is a product? - ANSWER result of a reaction what is an intermediate? - ANSWER products produced in an enzyme pathway before final product what is an active site? - ANSWER location where substrate binds with enzyme what is enzyme specificity? - ANSWER Enzymes bind with certain substrate or type of substrate to create a certain reaction what is induced fit? - ANSWER Enzyme changes shape in enzyme-substrate complex to facilitate formation of enzyme-product complex what is kinase? - ANSWER Enzyme, adds phosphate group via phosphorlation what is phosphatase? - ANSWER enzyme, removes phosphate group via dephosphorylation with is an allosteric site? - ANSWER secondary site on an enzyme an inhibitor binds to via non-competitive inhibition what is competitive inhibition? - ANSWER enzyme substrate and inhibitor complex compete to bind with enzyme's active site. no product formed when inhibitor binds with enzyme. what is non-competitive inhibition? - ANSWER inhibitor binds to allosteric site, not active site. Changes shape of active site, preventing substrate from binding and making product what is feedback inhibition? - ANSWER End product sends feedback to beginning of enzyme pathway inhibiting 1st enzyme via noncompetitive inhibition what nucleotides/bases are used in DNA? what are their abbreviations/full names? - ANSWER C - cytosine, G - guanine, A - adenine, T - thyamine what nucleotides/bases are used in RNA? - ANSWER C - cytosine, G - guanine, U - uracil, A - adenine which nucleotides base-pair together in DNA? - ANSWER T-A, G-C which nucleotides base-pair together in RNA? - ANSWER U-A, G-C how to we make complementary DNA? (i.e. coding to temple et reverse) - ANSWER Taking coding DNA, write in reverse, then pair them up to make template. Template DNA, write in reverse, then pair up to make coding how do we make mRNA? - ANSWER template DNA to mRNA by switching back and forth OR coding DNA to mRNA by switching out T's for U's which strand of DNA is complementary to mRNA? - ANSWER Template DNA how do we make protein? - ANSWER DNA -> RNA -> Protein which type of nucleotide sequence is used and in which direction? - ANSWER RNA is used 5' to 3' what is the relationship between mRNA and tRNA? - ANSWER tRNA is complementary to mRNA how does mRNA splicing allow use to create multiple proteins from a single gene/mRNA? - ANSWER Alternative splicing allows for all introns to be cut and some exons = multiple proteins form from same MRNA what factors increase gene expression? - ANSWER Decreased methylation, increased acetylation, Widely spaced neucleosomes, exposed promoter, use of transcription factors, use RNA polymerase what factors decrease gene expression? - ANSWER Increased methylation/decreased acetylation, tightly packed nucleosomes, hidden promoter, no transcription factors, no RNA polymerase what steps do you take to determine what type of mutation occurred between a normal and mutated DNA/RNA sequence? - ANSWER look between the two strands, determine what changed, name the mutation What are the types of mutations? - ANSWER silent, missense, nonsense, frameshift what type of DNA damage does each repair pathway fix? - ANSWER base excision - single nucleotide, nucleotide excision repair - multiple nucleotides, missmatch - mistakes made in DNA replication, homologous recombination/nonhomologous end joining - double stranded breaks