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NUR 2063 Exam 3 Focused Review LATEST 2022

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Ch. 2 Homeostasis, Allostasis, and Adaptive Responses to Stressors • Electrolyte pools- bones act as an electrolyte pool and store calcium magnesium, and phosphate ions; shift of electrolytes into ... electrolyte pools will decrease plasma electrolyte concentration and shift of electrolytes from an electrolyte pool into the extracellular fluid will increase the plasma electrolyte concentration Ch. 7 Neoplasia • Metastasis- process by which cancer cells escape their tissue of origin and initiate new colonies of cancer in distant sites Ch. 9 Inflammation and Immunity • Passive vs active immunity- Passive: transfer of preformed antibodies against specific antigen from a protected or immunized individual to an unprotected or nonimmunized individual; types: mother to fetus: IgG- can cross placenta, mother to infant: IgA- from breast milk, serotherapy- direct injections of antibodies (human or animal); active: a protected state owing to the body’s immune response as a result of active infection or immunization, types: immunizations- vaccines • Immunoglobulins- antibodies; two identical light polypeptide chains joined to identical heavy polypeptide chains by disulfide bonds; five different classes: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, & IgE • Ch. 11 Malignant Disorders of White Blood Cells • Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)- characterized by malignant granulocytes that carry the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph+); does not respond well to chemotherapy: poor overall survival time; Blast stage CML- poor prognosis: 3 to 4 months; treatment- bone marrow transplant • Age of onset for multiple myeloma- median age 65 years • Malignant Disorders of WBCs- may be nonspecific signs & symptoms • Ch. 13 Alterations in Oxygen Transport • Anemia- occurs from a manifestation of diseases; a deficit of RBCs; leads to hypoxia • Polycythemia- excess of RBCs; increases blood viscosity & volume; leads to hypertension • Erythropoietin- is stimulated from the kidney secretion hormone to stimulates RBC production • Acute blood loss- type of anemia; may be from trauma or secondary to a disease process; symptoms develop with activity at 20% loss of blood volume (tachycardia and postural drop in BP), and increase in severity with continued blood loss; shock and death can occur with 50% loss of circulating volume; treatment: blood volume replacement therapy with crystalloids, colloids, and fresh whole blood; prognosis: excellent with treatment unless blood loss is severe • Ch. 14 Alterations in Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation [Show More]

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