WGU C168 Actual Exam Critical Thinking

Which of the following statements best defines critical thinking? - ANSWER Thinking about thinking in order to make thinking better Critical Thinking involves _________________ one's own thinking - ANSWER analyzing, e ...

Which of the following statements best defines critical thinking? - ANSWER Thinking about thinking in order to make thinking better Critical Thinking involves _________________ one's own thinking - ANSWER analyzing, evaluating, and improving Which of the following is not a bad habit of thought? - ANSWER reasoning from assumptions that are not one's own Which term means the tendency to view everything in relationship to oneself? - ANSWER egocentrism In thinking through a problem, the critical thinker does all of the following except: - ANSWER gathers information that supports his/her presuppositions Another term for critical thinking is: - ANSWER second-order thinking Hiding or distorting evidence illustrates which of the following? - ANSWER weak-sense thinking Critical thinking values ________ of thought over ______ of thought. - ANSWER depth/speed Bringing an unbiased perspective to all relevant viewpoints exemplifies which of the following? - ANSWER fair-mindedness The ability to reconstruct others' viewpoints exemplifies which of the following traits? - ANSWER intellectual empathy To admit flaws in one's own thinking is an expression of: - ANSWER intellectual integrity The opposite of intellectual conformity is: - ANSWER intellectual autonomy Which of the following is not a characteristic of second-order thinking? - ANSWER It relies on intuition. Which of the following is not among the suggested beginning tactics for improving your thinking? - ANSWER Handle multiple problems per day. Which of the mind's basic functions evaluates the extent to which life's events are either positive or negative? - ANSWER feeling The elements of reasoning are also known as the: - ANSWER parts of thinking and fundamental structures of thought The mind drawing conclusions on the basis of reasons defines which process? - ANSWER Inferring and Reasoning Which elements of reasoning are operative when we think through a problem? - ANSWER All eight elements What is the term for the goal or desired outcome of our reasoning? - ANSWER Purpose Which of the following is something we take for granted as true in our reasoning? - ANSWER Assumption What is said to follow from our reasoning? - ANSWER implications Theories are examples of: - ANSWER concepts In reasoning, we make __________ based on ___________. - ANSWER Inferences/assumptions Distinctions between the elements of reasoning are_______ not ________. - ANSWER Relative/Absolute Which of the following statements is correct? - ANSWER The standards of critical thinking must be applied to the elements as the critical thinker learns to develop intellectual traits. Which of the following best describes activated ignorance? - ANSWER Mentally taking in and actively using false information In some cases, the conclusions we draw are based on assumptions that operate at a(n) ________ level. - ANSWER Unconscious What are the three kinds of implications that may be involved in any situation? - ANSWER Possible, probable, necessary Thinking that is easily understood reflects which of the intellectual standards? - ANSWER Clarity Reasoning that is specific, exact and sufficiently detailed is said to be: - ANSWER Precise These questions have more than one answer, with some answers better than others. - ANSWER Questions of judgment "Is basketball or ice hockey more fun to watch?" is a: - ANSWER question of preference In constructing questions of judgment, which of the following is NOT part of the process? - ANSWER Developing questions that have only one answer Paul and Elder's "Dimensions of Decision-Making" suggest all of the following steps, except: - ANSWER Merge problems and decisions into a comprehensive decision whenever possible. In analyzing causation, looking for a causal factor that is present in one situation but absent in another, similar, situation is called the: - ANSWER single difference method A scientist discovered that all laboratory hamsters that had been eating lettuce developed Salmonella poisoning. This is an example of causation by: - ANSWER common factor A mechanic ruled out failures in 10 different engine parts before finding the problem in the carburetor. This is an example of: - ANSWER process of elimination In strategic thinking, recognizing when your thinking is irrational or flawed is which component? - ANSWER Identification In strategic thinking, engaging and challenging your own thinking is which component? - ANSWER Intellectual action To analyze the logic of an article, one can apply: - ANSWER Elements of Reasoning "Reasoning can only be as sound as the ________________ it is based on." - ANSWER information Actively using information that is false, although we mistakenly think it is true, is an example of: - ANSWER Activated Ignorance A common problem with applying the critical thinking standard of clarity to information is: - ANSWER the information isn't clear The implicit beliefs that support our explicit reasoning about something are: - ANSWER assumptions An unsupported claim is what critical thinking experts refer to as a(n): - ANSWER Opinion Of the five key factors Jefferson Flanders identifies in evaluating research, which one best addresses tracing the origins of the information? - ANSWER Transparency Which of the following statements falsely represents Paul and Elder's views of the news media? - ANSWER Events can be viewed and interpreted from one objective point-of-view. Which of the following statements about Uncritical Persons (as defined by Paul and Elder) is false? - ANSWER They are skilled in manipulation. Citing majority sentiment or popular opinion as the reason for supporting a claim is an example of: - ANSWER appeal to popularity Dismissing an argument by attacking the person who offers it rather than by refuting its reasoning is an example of: - ANSWER ad hominem fallacy A research study is an example of which kind of evidence? - ANSWER Quantitative Which kind of evidence describes the meaning (i.e., the why and how) of something? - ANSWER Qualitative Which of the following represents a difficulty with surveys as evidence? - ANSWER The wording of survey questions may be subject to differing interpretations; survey responses may not reflect respondents' true beliefs, and surveys have built-in biases. Strong analogies entail comparisons between things that have _________ and lack _________. - ANSWER Relevant similarities/relevant differences Which of the following terms describes a plausible alternative explanation for why a particular outcome happened? - ANSWER Rival cause Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, and analyzing _________. - ANSWER Quantitative data Which of the following graphical forms is well suited to summarizing time series data? - ANSWER Line graph Which of the following terms expresses the value which appears most frequently in a series of values? - ANSWER Mode It is impossible to interpret the significance of a percentage without knowing the _________ on which it is based. - ANSWER Absolute numbers Which report of risk reduction conveys a more significant treatment effect? - ANSWER Relative An effective approach to correcting egocentric myopia would be to: - ANSWER consider points of views that conflict with ours