Human Development A Lifespan View 1ALL POSSIBLE TEST AND ESSAY ANSWERS,100% CORRECT

Human Development A Lifespan View 1ALL POSSIBLE TEST AND ESSAY ANSWERS Chapter 06 TRUE/FALSE 1 : Concrete operational thinkers are unable to reverse their thinking. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 2 : W ...

Human Development A Lifespan View 1ALL POSSIBLE TEST AND ESSAY ANSWERS Chapter 06 TRUE/FALSE 1 : Concrete operational thinkers are unable to reverse their thinking. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 2 : When engaging in deductive reasoning, one draws conclusions from facts. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 3 : When engaging in elaboration, one embellishes on information in order to make it more memorable. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 4 : Goal identification and effective strategy selection are examples of cognitive self-regulation. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 5 : Psychometricians specialize in the biology of the brain. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 6 : Gardners types of intelligence include intrapersonal, naturalistic, and musical. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 7 : Sternberg argues that instruction is MOST effective when it is geared to a childs weaknesses. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 8 : Binet originally introduced the concept of the intelligence quotient: IQ = MA/CA x 100. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 9 : The correlation between a childs IQ and those of their biological parents gets stronger as the child gets older. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 10 : Culture-fair tests contain numerous items that refer to cultural concepts. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 11 : Stereotype threat is the self-fulfilling prophecy in which knowledge of stereotypes leads to anxiety and reduced performance. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 12 : By definition, a child with a learning disability must have some kind of sensory impairment. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 13 : The three key symptoms of ADHD are hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 14 : By sounding out novel words, children store information about words in working memory that can be used for direct retrieval. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 15 : Increases in working memory size can positively impact reading comprehension. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 16 : The knowledge-transforming strategy involves a determination of how best to organize your written project to convey a point. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 17 : Japanese parents are more likely than American parents to believe that genetic factors determine mathematical ability. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 18 : Good teachers value tutoring, emphasize mastery of topics, and effectively manage their classrooms. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 19 : During their elementary school years, the average child gains about eight pounds and two to three inches a year. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 20 : Several studies have linked participation in sports with antisocial and delinquent behavior. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A MULTIPLE CHOICE 21 : Deena used to think that everyone else liked the same people she liked. She now realizes that different people have different opinions toward others. Piaget would suggest that Deena has recently become a thinker. A : preoperational B : formal operational C : concrete operational D : sensorimotor Correct Answer : C 22 : As a Piagetian, Faye would believe that a concrete operational childs ability to reverse thought is due to their acquisition of: A : language. B : mental operations. C : self-efficacy. D : convergent thinking. Correct Answer : B 23 : Matthew notices that his son Damian is having a great time playing near the kitchen sink. When Matthew asks Damian what he is doing, Damian responds, It is fun to look at two different- size glasses, imagine water pouring back and forth between them, and knowing that the amount of water stays the same even though the glass shapes differ. Piaget would describe Tates comments as indicating that he has acquired: A : animism. B : egocentrism. C : irreversibility. D : a mental operation. Correct Answer : D 24 : The main limitation of concrete operational thinking is that such thought is limited to: A : hypothetical situations. B : tangible, real-life examples. C : emotional issues. D : long-term memories. Correct Answer : B 25 : Which phrase reflects a basic ability available only to a formal operational thinker? A : Realistically speaking ... B : Hypothetically speaking ... C : Speaking from experience, I ... D : Speaking on behalf of others, I ... Correct Answer : B 26 : A formal operational thinker and a concrete operational thinker are both presented with three beakers containing red liquid and are told that some combination of the liquids will produce a green liquid. How would the manner in which the formal thinker solves the problem MOST likely differ from that of the concrete thinker? A : Formal thinkers would do the problem entirely in their head and not actually pour any liquid. B : The formal thinkers approach would be significantly more haphazard. C : Formal thinkers would apply both animism and centration when solving the task. D : Formal thinkers would be more systematic when combining the liquids and eliminating combinations. Correct Answer : D 27 : Who is MOST likely to be a formal operational thinker? A : Linda, who thinks nickels are worth more than dimes because they are bigger B : Sonia, who has just mastered conservation C : Bob, who is capable of using and understanding symbols D : Luis, who can use combinatorial reasoning Correct Answer : D 28 : Will won tickets to the Country Music Expo by listing all the possible words that could be created from the words COUNTRYRULES. This is an example of: A : combinatorial reasoning. B : animism. C : functional fixedness. D : object permanence. Correct Answer : A 29 : A concrete operational thinker and a formal operational thinker are given the following logical statements: (1) If you drop a 20-pound bowling ball on your foot, it will tickle. (2) You drop a 20-pound bowling ball on your foot. What reaction would you expect? A : Only the concrete operational thinker would conclude that your foot would tickle. B : Only the formal operational thinker would conclude that your foot would tickle. C : Both would conclude that your foot would tickle. D : Both would conclude that your foot would never tickle after having a 20-pound bowling ball dropped on it. Correct Answer : B 30 : Which describes one of the major criticisms of Piagets theory concerning formal operational thought? A : Adolescent thinking is not as irrational as Piaget predicted. B : The belief that only males could think abstractly was sexist. C : Adolescents do not appear as cognitively competent as Piaget thought. D : Piaget argued that cognitive development continues to advance into old age, while research has found little change after age 20. Correct Answer : C 31 : What is one of the more questionable aspects of Piagets theory? A : It places too much emphasis on biology as the mechanism of change. B : It does not account for variability in performance. C : It overestimates the intelligence of adults. D : It overvalues the influence of the sociocultural environment. Correct Answer : B 32 : Who would be MOST likely to emphasize the important role that changes in memory efficiency plays in cognitive development? A : Jerry, who is a social-learning theorist B : Elaine, who is a socio-biologist C : George, who is Piagetian D : Newman, who is an information-processing theorist Correct Answer : D 33 : Working memory is BEST described as being: A : temporary and limited in capacity. B : permanent and limited in capacity. C : temporary and unlimited in capacity. D : permanent and unlimited in capacity. Correct Answer : A 34 : If you are reading this test question for the first time, it is: A : currently stored in sensory memory. B : currently stored in long-term memory. C : currently stored in working memory. D : not currently stored in any memory system. Correct Answer : C 35 : Which MOST accurately describes long-term memory? A : Temporary and limited capacity B : Permanent and limited capacity C : Temporary and unlimited capacity D : Permanent and unlimited capacity Correct Answer : D 36 : When 80-year-old Marques is asked about his life, he is able to vividly recall his high school graduation party that occurred 60 years ago. Where was this information stored just before it was recalled by Marques? A : Sensory memory B : Working memory C : Short-term memory D : Long-term memory Correct Answer : D 37 : The first memory strategy acquired by MOST children is: A : chunking. B : use of abstraction. C : verbal elaboration. D : rehearsal. Correct Answer : D 38 : Metamemory is defined as an individuals: A : intuitive understanding of memory. B : level of semantic memory. C : sensory memory speed. D : short-term memory capacity. Correct Answer : A 39 : Birgit is really into womens soccer and is able to remember all of the professional teams because she has mentally sorted them by division. This indicates that Birgit is using to help her recall the information. A : divergent thinking B : organization C : abstract thinking D : rehearsal Correct Answer : B 40 : During , information is always embellished. A : rehearsal B : elaboration C : metacognition D : combinatorial reasoning Correct Answer : B 41 : Long-term memory is to working memory as is to . A : organized; unorganized B : permanent; temporary C : weigh station; destination D : biology; psychology Correct Answer : B 42 : Francisco is having a hard time remembering that Madison is the capital of Wisconsin. He also knows that his dad will be upset if Francisco flunks his test of state capitals. Suddenly, Francisco sees a connection between these two events and realizes that he can recall the capital of Wisconsin by remembering that his dad will be mad at him if he cant remember (mad at son = Madison). In this example, Francisco is clearly using to aid in his memory. A : rehearsal B : centration C : elaboration D : irreversibility Correct Answer : C 43 : The BEST example of metamemory would involve knowing that: A : whales are mammals, not fish. B : a 10-word list of unfamiliar foreign words will be harder to recall than a 20-word list of familiar words. C : 10 + 20 = 30. D : foreign words come from another country. Correct Answer : B 44 : Theresa has just come to realize that in order to learn, she must focus her attention on her teacher, not her classmates. This indicates an advance in Theresas skills. A : divergent thinking B : scaffolding C : sensory memory D : metacognitive knowledge Correct Answer : D 45 : and are key elements of effective metacognitive knowledge. A : Egocentrism; convergent thinking B : Centration; animism C : Goal selection; strategy monitoring D : Divergent thinking; a lack of object permanence Correct Answer : C 46 : Eugene has discovered that in order to be successful in college, he must both pay attention to his instructor and take good notes. If Eugene is successful at engaging in both of these behaviors, he is demonstrating effective: A : abstract thinking. B : cognitive self-regulation. C : over-regularization. D : one-to-one principle understanding. Correct Answer : B 47 : Which provides the BEST example of cognitive self-regulation? A : Having a short-term memory for a phone number you just heard B : Realizing that some inanimate object may be capable of self-movement C : Deciding that using flashcards helps memorization of vocabulary terms D : Knowing that 4 + 4 = 8 Correct Answer : C 48 : Which behavior is LEAST associated with a cognitive self-regulation process? A : Selecting effective strategies for learning spelling words B : Relying on the same strategies one used in third grade for a sixth-grade social studies test C : Identifying goals for studying for an upcoming math test D : Monitoring ones own learning strategies Correct Answer : B 49 : When asked to describe his specialization, Alfred says, I am mainly interested in developing ways of measuring intelligence and personality factors. Given this description, Alfred is MOST likely a: A : classical conditioning theorist. B : Freudian. C : psychometrician. D : social-learning theorist. Correct Answer : C 50 : If a person believes in general intelligence, then he or she believes that: A : some people are smart, no matter the situation, task, or problem. B : whether people are smart depends on the situation, task, or problem. C : intelligence cannot be assessed psychometrically. D : fourth-graders will be smarter than third-graders. Correct Answer : A 51 : Which BEST describes the hierarchical view of intelligence? A : It consists entirely of general intelligence. B : It consists entirely of broad categories of intelligence. C : It consists entirely of specific skills. D : It consists of general intelligence, categories, and specific skills. Correct Answer : D 52 : Who is BEST associated with a theory of multiple intelligences? A : John Carroll B : Alfred Binet C : Howard Gardner D : Jean Piaget Correct Answer : C 53 : Tyree is extremely good at identifying the motivations and intentions of the people he meets. According to Gardner, Tyree would MOST likely score very well on a test of intelligence. A : intrapersonal B : bodily-kinesthetic C : logical-mathematical D : interpersonal Correct Answer : D 54 : Which of these is NOT a recommendation by Gardner for schools? A : Schools should foster all intelligences. B : Teachers should capitalize on the strongest intelligences of individual children. C : Schools should focus on the idea that general intelligence is a single factor, is stable, and will not change due to environmental influences. D : Instruction should try to engage as many different intelligences as possible to gain a much richer understanding of the topic by all students. Correct Answer : C 55 : Ginny is an architect commissioned to design a renovation plan for a decrepit, medieval- themed, private school set in a rural environment. She is excellent at picturing what an existing building would look like with certain modifications. This ability is probably MOST reflective of a high level of intelligence. A : personal B : bodily-kinesthetic C : spatial D : intrapersonal Correct Answer : C 56 : Omega scored very high on a measure of emotional intelligence. This means that Omega would definitely: A : score high on a traditional test of general intelligence. B : be described as very dysphoric. C : have the ability to effectively use his emotions to help solve problems. D : score low on a test of naturalistic intelligence. Correct Answer : C 57 : According to Sternberg, ability is MOST heavily focused on problem analysis. A : analytical B : creative C : practical D : familial Correct Answer : A 58 : Which cooking-related behavior is the BEST indicator of a high level of analytical ability? A : Knowing that the reason a cake did not turn out well could be the lack of a key ingredient, the stove being too hot, or bad eggs B : Being able to create a cake flavor that has never before existed C : Realizing that if you follow the directions on a cake box, the cake will turn out okay D : Visualizing what a cake will look like before it is baked Correct Answer : A 59 : The ability to deal adaptively with novel situations and problems is BEST associated with ability. A : analytical B : creative C : practical D : familial Correct Answer : B 60 : Albert just thought of a novel way to consider the relationship between matter and the speed of light. According to Sternberg, this action BEST exemplifies ability. A : familial B : practical C : creative D : analytic Correct Answer : C 61 : ability involves the realization that a solution will actually work. A : Analytical B : Creative C : Practical D : Familial Correct Answer : C 62 : Julia loves to cook. While she is capable of reciting a large number of complete recipes and she often comes up with flamboyant dishes, the truth of the matter is that none of her recipes ever tastes very good, and she is always putting the uneaten leftovers in the refrigerator after evening dinners with her family. This indicates that on this task, Julia would rate poorly in ability. A : analytical B : creative C : practical D : intrapersonal Correct Answer : C 63 : Binet and Simon developed the first objective intelligence test in order to: A : rank-order the intellectual capacities of different races. B : identify children who would need special help in school. C : help the military select soldiers for important tasks. D : test their theory of intelligence. Correct Answer : B 64 : Binet and Simon originally developed the concept of mental age as a criterion for helping them distinguish: A : children with high IQs from children with low IQs. B : children who would be able to learn in school from those who needed special instruction. C : white children from black children. D : economically disadvantaged children from the select few who previously attended school. Correct Answer : B 65 : Newt has a mental age of 10. That means Newt: A : is 10 years old. B : has an IQ of 100. C : is a genius. D : passed test problems that an average 10-year-old would pass. Correct Answer : D 66 : Whose intelligence test was the first to use the concept of an intelligence quotient? A : Alfred Binet B : Howard Gardner C : Jean Piaget D : Lewis Terman Correct Answer : D 67 : Tabithas intelligence quotient is 100. She is 12 years old, so her mental age must be . A : 6 B : 10 C : 12 D : 24 Correct Answer : C 68 : If the following children all have a mental age of 10, who has the highest IQ? A : Sheldon, who is 5 years old B : Leonard, who is 10 years old C : Rajesh, who is 20 years old D : Penny, who is 25 years old Correct Answer : A 69 : On modern tests of intelligence, IQ scores are determined: A : by comparing a childs score with the average score of other children of the same age. B : by using the same IQ calculation as on the original Stanford-Binet exam. C : based on a childs gender and race. D : by subtracting a childs chronological age from their mental age. Correct Answer : A 70 : The typical correlation between a childs IQ test score and their classroom grade is about . A : +.2 B : +.4 C : +.6 D : +.8 Correct Answer : C 71 : IQ scores are: A : good predictors of school success and occupational success. B : good predictors of school success but bad predictors of occupational success. C : bad predictors of school success but good predictors of occupational success. D : poor predictors of school success and occupational success. Correct Answer : A 72 : Self-discipline is , but than IQ test scores. A : good predictor of school success; not a better predictor of school success B : good predictor of school success; often an even better predictor of school success C : poor predictor of school success; a better predictor of occupational success D : poor predictor of school success; a better predictor of school success Correct Answer : B 73 : The basic premise of a hereditary view concerning the nature of intelligence is that: A : the more closely related two individuals are, the more positively correlated their scores will be. B : the correlation between biological siblings IQ scores will be about 0.0. C : parents IQ scores are not very predictive of childrens IQ scores. D : experience plays a major role in determining a persons IQ score. Correct Answer : A 74 : Which data suggest the strongest link between heredity and intelligence? A : Identical twins whose IQ scores correlate at the +.9 level B : Fraternal twins whose IQ scores correlate at the +.9 level C : Biological siblings whose IQ scores correlate at the +.9 level D : Adoptive siblings whose IQ scores correlate at the +.9 level Correct Answer : A 75 : Which evidence BEST demonstrates an environmental impact on intelligence? A : A high correlation between the IQ scores of identical twins B : A low correlation between the IQ scores of strangers C : The rapid increase in average WISC scores seen during the past 25 years D : The stability of WISC scores seen during the past 25 years Correct Answer : C 76 : The fact that children with higher IQ scores tend to come from homes that provide them with cognitively challenging materials such as puzzles and books BEST supports the theory that: A : intelligence and poverty are highly positively correlated events. B : environmental factors impact intelligence. C : genes determine intelligence. D : identical twins are more intellectually similar than any random set of siblings. Correct Answer : B 77 : In the United States, Americans tend to score highest on intelligence tests. A : European B : African C : Asian D : Hispanic Correct Answer : C 78 : Which statement concerning ethnicity and intelligence is MOST accurate? A : The recent discovery of a smart gene has led most to believe that intelligence has a strong genetic component. B : Even if ethnic groups differ significantly in intelligence, the difference could be the result of environmental factors. C : Being economically disadvantaged is related to ethnicity but not to intelligence. D : If intelligence differences within an ethnic group are due to genetics, then intelligence differences between the group and other ethnic groups must be due to genetics. Correct Answer : B 79 : Which of these is NOT an example of how test-taking skills can have a negative effect on test scores? A : Tests underestimate a childs intelligence if a childs culture encourages children to solve problems by collaborating with others and discourages them from excelling as individuals. B : Many economically disadvantaged children are wary of questions posed by unfamiliar adults and often answer test questions by saying, I dont know, a strategy that guarantees an artificially low test score. C : Asking an economically disadvantaged child to answer a question using Ravens Progressive Matrices results in lower test scores because of differential cultural values. D : When given extra time to feel at ease with an examiner, economically disadvantaged children respond less often with I dont know and their test scores improve. Correct Answer : C 80 : Dr. Azikiwe is devising an intelligence test containing items that relate to experiences common to all people around the world. Dr. Azikiwe is MOST likely attempting to develop a(n): A : test of multiple intelligences. B : intelligence quotient. C : spatial intelligence test. D : culture-fair intelligence test. Correct Answer : D 81 : The term stereotype threat is BEST associated with the concept of: A : the self-fulfilling prophecy. B : convergent thinking. C : cognitive dissonance. D : obedience. Correct Answer : A 82 : Morris, a 17-year-old African American, is taking an intelligence test during his senior year of high school. Which of his current thoughts would indicate that he is experiencing stereotype threat? A : I wonder if my Asian friends do better than everyone else. B : If I dont do well, my mom and dad will be very disappointed. C : As an athlete, a good score on this will open up a lot of scholarship opportunities, so I must do well even though I am not that smart. D : If I do badly on this test, they may think that all black kids are stupid, and this thought is making me nervous and negatively impacting my performance. Correct Answer : D 83 : By traditional definition, how many of these eight-year-old children would be considered gifted: Naomi, IQ 100; Heidi, IQ 120; Kate, IQ 140; Al, Gisele 160? A : one B : two C : three D : four Correct Answer : B 84 : In recent years, the definition of gifted has: A : broadened to include all IQ tests. B : broadened to include areas like dance and music. C : narrowed to include only those in the top 5 percent of their graduating class. D : narrowed to include only scores from the Stanford-Binet test. Correct Answer : B 85 : Exceptional talent is the product of: A : both nature and nurture. B : nature. C : nurture. D : education. Correct Answer : A 86 : Which is NOT a prerequisite for exceptional talent in childhood? A : Support from parents B : Childs passion for the subject C : Early instruction D : Talented parents Correct Answer : D 87 : Alicia is a gifted child. Compared to her peers, Alicia MOST likely: A : is more socially inept. B : is physically larger. C : has fewer emotional problems. D : is less mature. Correct Answer : C 88 : Intelligence is to creativity as is to . A : correct thinking; divergent thinking B : componential; contextual C : spatial intelligence; musical intelligence D : universe; stars Correct Answer : A 89 : Which characteristic is LEAST associated with gifted children? A : Divergent thinking B : Passion about learning C : Above average cognitive ability D : Physical strength Correct Answer : D 90 : Which child is MOST likely to be gifted? A : Julie, a 2-year-old, who chooses the birthday party gift bag with the most toys. B : Geri, a 7-year-old, who scores 100 on intelligence tests. C : Sarah, a 5-year-old, who is smart and loves to learn. D : Piper, a 10-year-old, who is emotionally troubled. Correct Answer : C 91 : A child with outstanding divergent thinking skills would definitely have a lot of: A : anxiety. B : originality. C : knowledge. D : friends. Correct Answer : B 92 : Who would MOST likely do the BEST job of playing a game in which the goal was to list as many novel ways to use a banana as possible? A : Apa, who is a very good divergent thinker. B : Phurba, who is a very good convergent thinker. C : Lhakpa, who is a preoperational thinker. D : Edmund, who is a concrete operational thinker. Correct Answer : A 93 : Which activity BEST exemplifies a test of divergent thinking? A : Naming all the state capitals B : Listing the possible uses of a marshmallow C : Identifying the exact distance from the Earth to the Moon D : The test question you are currently reading Correct Answer : B 94 : What advice would you give to a teacher trying to encourage creativity in their students? A : Emphasize rote memorization. B : Provide them with items from standardized IQ tests and help them work through each problem. C : Encourage them to explore possibilities and not worry about getting the correct answer. D : Since creative ability appears to be innate, there is not a lot you can do. Correct Answer : C 95 : By definition, intellectual disability involves both below-average intelligence and: A : low standardized IQ scores. B : a known genetic defect. C : poor adaptive behaviors. D : emotional problems. Correct Answer : C 96 : By traditional definition, how many of these 16-year-old children could be classified as intellectually disabled (Note: all IQ scores based on Stanford-Binet test results.): Hikaru, IQ 120; Leonard, IQ 100; Pavel, IQ 80; James, IQ 60? A : one B : two C : three D : four Correct Answer : A 97 : Which statement BEST describes the impact of various factors (e.g., biomedical, social) on intellectual disability? A : Some factors affect intellect and other factors affect daily functioning. B : These factors affect adults with intellectual disabilities differently than children with intellectual disabilities. C : Certain factors guarantee an intellectual disability and others just contribute to its severity. D : No individual factor guarantees an intellectual disability, but the risk for intellectual disability grows as more of these factors are present. Correct Answer : D 98 : Which child MOST likely has a learning disability? A : Charlie, who has difficulty learning to read. B : Paula, who has experienced a poor learning environment. C : Andrew, who has Down syndrome. D : Glen, who has Muscular Dystrophy. Correct Answer : A 99 : The definition of a learning disability always includes: A : mild intellectual disability. B : attention deficit. C : a sensory problem. D : normal intelligence. Correct Answer : D 100 : Yaakov has a problem. Though he is of normal intelligence and does well in most classes, he struggles tremendously in math. Yaakov is MOST likely suffering from: A : an intellectual disability. B : attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. C : a learning disability. D : Down syndrome. Correct Answer : C 101 : Many children with developmental dyslexia have problems converting: A : spoken sound into memories. B : memories into words. C : numbers into letters. D : printed letters into sound. Correct Answer : D 102 : What is the MOST common type of learning disability? A : Mathematical B : Developmental dyslexia C : Down syndrome D : ADHD Correct Answer : B 103 : Children with developmental dyslexia benefit from two kinds of instruction. Which of these reflects one of these types of instruction? A : Training in phonological awareness B : Instruction in vocabulary C : Training in memory development D : Instruction in social skills Correct Answer : A 104 : Which characteristic appears to be one of the MOST critical elements underlying mathematical learning disabilities in youngsters? A : Mild intellectual disability B : Visual impairments C : Undetected reading problems D : An impairment in counting and retrieving arithmetic facts from memory Correct Answer : D 105 : If asked to list key symptoms for ADHD, you should avoid saying: A : inarticulation. B : hyperactivity. C : inattention. D : impulsivity. Correct Answer : A 106 : Which action BEST exemplifies an impulsive child? A : Not concentrating on their homework B : Shouting out an answer when they are supposed to raise their hand before answering C : Fidgeting in their chair while eating D : The inability to read a simple book despite significant intervention Correct Answer : B 107 : Which statement concerning the diagnosis of ADHD is TRUE? A : About 20% of school-age children are diagnosed with ADHD. B : Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD than girls. C : Racial minority status is a good predictor of being diagnosed with ADHD. D : Most children outgrow symptoms of ADHD. Correct Answer : B 108 : What is the causal relationship between food additives, sugar consumption, and ADHD? A : Both have been shown to be major causes of ADHD. B : Only food additives have been shown to be a major cause of ADHD. C : Only sugar consumption has been shown to be a major cause of ADHD. D : Neither are major causes of ADHD. Correct Answer : D 109 : One myth concerning ADHD is that: A : it is typically outgrown in adolescence. B : its symptoms can be treated using stimulants. C : it can involve both hyperactivity and impulsivity. D : it is currently significantly underdiagnosed. Correct Answer : A 110 : The drug Ritalin, which is often prescribed for children with ADHD, is a type of: A : antidepressant. B : stimulant. C : antipsychotic. D : hallucinogen. Correct Answer : B 111 : Who is MOST likely to be diagnosed with, and treated for, ADHD? A : African American children B : Hispanic American children C : European American children D : There are no racial/ethnic differences in the rate of diagnosis. Correct Answer : C 112 : In reading, the process of identifying a unique pattern of letters is called: A : intonation. B : phonological awareness. C : word recognition. D : divergent thinking. Correct Answer : C 113 : Takeo is a Japanese individual trying to learn English. The first time he sees the word psychology, he has no idea what this combination of letters means. Takeos difficulties are BEST described as centering on: A : divergent thinking. B : word recognition. C : intonation. D : syntax. Correct Answer : B 114 : In reading, is defined as the ability to extract meaning from a sequence of words. A : phonological awareness B : animism C : intonation D : comprehension Correct Answer : D 115 : is defined as the ability to hear the distinctive sounds of letters. A : Phonological awareness B : Elaboration C : Syntax D : Comprehension Correct Answer : A 116 : A native English speaker is given the following sentence, Cat at makeup potato breath. Which aspect of reading BEST explains the difficulty the speaker is MOST likely to experience when reading the sentence? A : A lack of comprehension B : A lack of phonological awareness C : A lack of word recognition D : A lack of object constancy Correct Answer : A 117 : If you lacked phonological awareness, you would have great difficulty in: A : believing that a rocking chair cannot move on its own. B : writing the word cat even if you knew how it was spelled. C : understanding that words are symbolic representations of objects. D : hearing the difference between the words putt and butt. Correct Answer : D 118 : Which child is BEST characterized as having a phonological awareness disorder? A : Willie, who squirms around in his seat and does not pay attention to what his teacher is saying. B : Korie, who has trouble understanding her teacher because many of the words she says sound alike. C : Sadie, who is deaf in her left ear. D : John, who is slightly intellectually disordered. Correct Answer : B 119 : Two big challenges to learning English versus other languages lie in the: A : large number of letters in the English alphabet and the inconsistent way letters are pronounced. B : inconsistent way letters are pronounced and the same sound is spelled. C : inconsistent way the same sound is spelled and long length of the average English word. D : long length of the average English word and the large number of letters in the English alphabet. Correct Answer : B 120 : Beginning readers tend to: A : only use the sound it out method. B : only use the retrieve the word directly from memory method. C : use the retrieve word from memory strategy first and the sound it out method second. D : use the sound it out strategy first and the retrieve word from memory method second. Correct Answer : D 121 : Researchers identified several factors that contribute to improved reading comprehension in children. Which factor was NOT on their list? A : Increased capacity of working memory B : Increased general knowledge C : Increased effectiveness in monitoring of comprehension D : Increased levels of divergent thinking Correct Answer : D 122 : Knowledge-telling and knowledge-transforming are types of strategies. A : reading B : speaking C : spelling D : writing Correct Answer : D 123 : Who would be MOST likely to use a knowledge-telling strategy when working on a school paper? A : Mary, who is in second grade B : Barry, who is in eighth grade C : Teri, who is a high school junior D : Kari, who is a college senior Correct Answer : A 124 : Which BEST describes a knowledge-telling strategy? A : Write anything and then check back to find main points. B : Write down themes first and facts second. C : Write down anything on the topics as it pops into memory. D : Decide on key information and write it first. Correct Answer : C 125 : When considering the theme paper his teacher just assigned, Theodore says to himself, Before I start writing, I need to decide what I am going to write about and come up with a general organizational plan. Given this description, Theodore appears to be using a strategy in planning his theme. A : componential subtheory B : knowledge-telling C : phonological awareness D : knowledge-transforming Correct Answer : D 126 : Which behavior indicates that Mandy is using a knowledge-transforming strategy when writing her psychology term paper? A : When she sounds out the letters to words that she does not know how to spell B : When she begins by writing down any ideas about psychology that pop into her mind C : When, before she writes anything, she decides that the point of the paper would be to show the differences and similarities between classical conditioning and operant conditioning D : When she considers how fun it would be to skip the paper and head to the beach Correct Answer : C 127 : Which strategy tends to be MOST common in young writers? A : Read a little, write a little, revise a lot B : Write a lot, revise a little, write a lot C : Write a little, revise a lot, write a little D : Write a lot, revise nothing Correct Answer : D 128 : One successful program for teaching writing, the Self-Regulated Strategy Development in Writing program, tells students that is a trick that good writers use. A : SOAP + STONE B : BIG + SMALL C : WORD + WORDS D : POW + TREE Correct Answer : D 129 : Which statement concerning math and culture is TRUE? A : American children score near the top on international tests assessing math. B : Japanese students spend significantly more time in school and have more homework than do children in the United States. C : American parents tend to set higher academic achievement standards than Asian parents. D : Japanese parents more likely tend to believe that heredity (not hard work) leads to mathematic success. Correct Answer : B 130 : Which statement is FALSE with regard to the difference in academic achievement between American and Asian children? A : Japanese students spend significantly more time in school and spend more of that time on academic content. B : American students have less homework to do than Japanese students. C : American parents tend to set higher academic achievement standards than Asian parents. D : Japanese parents are more likely to believe that hard work leads to academic success. Correct Answer : C 131 : Which characteristic is NOT typical of a school that produces high-achieving students? A : Highly involved parents B : Effective monitoring of teachers performance C : A well-defined goal of academic excellence D : A heavy emphasis on nonacademic activities Correct Answer : D 132 : You are a principal who is interviewing potential teachers for your school. Because your highest priority is student achievement, you should be MOST concerned that the teachers you hire: A : de-emphasize hands-on experience in the classroom. B : earned high grades in college. C : have good classroom management skills. D : discourage the practice of peer tutoring. Correct Answer : C 133 : A good teacher: A : takes responsibility for what their students learn. B : does not push for mastery of subject matter. C : will not repeat past material. D : relies on handouts and not lecturing. Correct Answer : A 134 : If Fiona is a typical 6-year-old, she would MOST likely: A : weigh about 45 pounds and be about 45 inches tall. B : weigh about 60 pounds and be about 45 inches tall. C : weigh about 45 pounds and be about 60 inches tall. D : weigh about 60 pounds and be about 60 inches tall. Correct Answer : A 135 : Which statement concerning sex differences in height at age 11 is MOST accurate? A : At age 11, females tend to be slightly taller than males. B : At age 11, females and males are exactly the same size. C : At age 11, males tend to be slightly taller than females. D : At age 11, males tend to be significantly taller than females. Correct Answer : A 136 : You are the parent of a normal-size 9-year-old boy. As such, how many calories should you ensure that your child consumes each day so that he maintains a normal rate of development? A : 600 calories B : 1,200 calories C : 2,400 calories D : 4,800 calories Correct Answer : C 137 : Which task would an average elementary school-age girl perform better than an average elementary school-age boy? A : Jumping over a bar B : Writing her name in cursive C : Hanging from the monkey bars D : Throwing a softball Correct Answer : B 138 : In which physical activity would the average 11-year-old prepubescent boy have a distinct advantage over an 11-year-old prepubescent girl? A : Tumbling B : Catching a ball C : Jumping rope D : Hanging from a bar by their hands Correct Answer : D 139 : Children who are active physically have better health, better self-esteem, and: A : better achievement in school. B : better musical abilities. C : better attention abilities. D : better caring attitudes toward others. Correct Answer : A 140 : Which statement about youth sports is TRUE? A : Participating in sports and cheerleading seems to significantly decrease involvement in delinquent behaviors. B : When teens find a sport stressful, they tend to compensate with greater effort. C : The greatest benefit of involvement is found with coaches who rely heavily on criticism and punishment. D : Sports involvement can lead to improved self-esteem. Correct Answer : D ESSAY 141 : The Smiths have two children. Their son Will is a 10-year-old concrete operational thinker. Their daughter Jada is a 14-year-old formal operational thinker. Describe three different situations in which Will and Jada would respond differently based on their current stages of thinking. Be sure to describe both the situation and the responses. Correct Answer : If you tell both children, “If you hit a glass with a feather, the glass will break.” Then you tell both children “You hit a glass with a feather.” The formal operational thinker will respond with “the glass will break” while the concrete operational thinker will be resistant to reaching conclusions that are contrary to known facts. If you give each child several crayons and tell them that one combination of colors will produce a purple color, the concrete operational thinker will begin mixing all of the colors in a haphazard way while the formal operational thinker will begin by trying out different color pair combinations and evaluating each one. If you give both children several puzzle pieces from two different puzzles and tell them that some of the puzzle pieces will go together to create a puzzle, the concrete operational thinker will begin haphazardly grabbing pieces and attempting to fit them together with no particular order. The formal operational thinker will begin by trying to identify similar pieces and fit those together, evaluating the process along the way. 142 : Describe the development of memory strategies, metacognition, and self-regulation during the early childhood years. Correct Answer : Children begin to use simple strategies fairly early. For example, 7- or 8-year- olds use rehearsal, a strategy of repetitively naming information that is to be remembered. As children grow older, they learn other memory strategies. One memory strategy is organization, which is structuring information to be remembered so that related information is placed together. Another memory strategy is elaboration, which is embellishing information to be remembered to make it more memorable. Their increased understanding of all cognitive processes parallels children’s growing understanding of memory. This knowledge and awareness of cognitive processes is metacognition. Metacognition makes it possible for self-regulation to develop. Self- regulation is skill at identifying goals, selecting effective strategies, and monitoring accurately. It is a characteristic of successful students. 143 : A local school board is holding a public hearing on a proposed plan to implement mandatory intelligence testing for all students. Write a statement to present to the board in favor of the proposed plan. Next, write a statement to present to the board against the proposed plan. Correct Answer : Statement in favor of the proposed plan: Intelligence tests offer an efficient and objective way to assess a student’s chances of succeeding in school. IQ scores predict school grades, scores on achievement tests, number of years of education, and occupational success. This information can be used to create individual learning plans that address every student’s strengths and weaknesses. Research results also support that intelligence is determined by both nature (heredity) and nurture. Children have greater IQ scores when their family and educational environments are intellectually stimulating. This proposed plan will simulate parental involvement and effective teaching in our schools. An increase in test scores during the twentieth century shows the impact of changing environmental conditions on intelligence, and our children will benefit from the higher quality of education delivered by our schools.Statement against the proposed plan: How intelligence is defined raises many questions about the validity of intelligence testing. By trying to select a specific one-size-fits-all intelligence test, the district will be making decisions on data that does not reflect the needs of all children. Economically disadvantaged children, minority group members, and children new to our culture will be biased against by the nature of the tests and testing practices. Additionally, stereotype threat will have a negative effect on the performance of some children in our schools. Students assigned a number as part of their identity will reference this “label” and self- fulfilling prophesies will influence their attitudes toward improvement. Finally, making curricular and financial decisions based on the results of one test shows disregard for other valuable abilities in our children. These abilities include divergent thinking, practicality, collaboration and social skills, as well as empathy, self-discipline, and a passion for subjects of interest. 144 : A newspaper headline reads, IQ scores of Asian students superior to those of students from the United States. Difference appears to be the result of differential education. Respond to the headline by describing data concerning both ethnic differences in intelligence and differences in educational practices between the United States and countries in Asia. Correct Answer : Asian Americans tend to have the highest scores on many intelligence tests. There are four major differences in educational practices between the United States and countries in Asia. By fifth grade, students in Japan spend 50% more time in school than American students do, and more of this time is devoted to academic activities than in the United States. Students in Japan spend more time on homework and value homework more than American students. American parents are more often satisfied with their children’s performance in school, while Japanese parents set much higher standards for their children. Japanese parents believe more strongly than American parents do that effort, not native ability, is the key factor in school success. 145 : As an elementary school teacher, you are assigned a group of gifted students. You are asked to develop a plan that meets their learning needs. Describe three practices you would include in your daily activities to meet the needs of gifted students. Correct Answer : Traditionally, scores on intelligence tests defined giftedness. A score of 130 or greater was the criterion for being gifted. However, modern definitions of giftedness are broader and include exceptional talent in an assortment of areas, including art, music, creative writing, dance, and sports. Gifted children have several characteristics in common. First, their ability is substantially above average. To meet this need, lesson materials need to be challenging and engage higher levels of thinking. Second, they are passionate about their subject and have a powerful desire to master it. To meet this need, lessons must create opportunities for gifted students to explore their passions and provide ample time for students to reach their desired goals. Third, gifted children are creative in their thinking and use divergent thinking, coming up with novel thoughts and actions. To meet this need, gifted students need lessons that are not directed toward “right” answers and, instead, provide opportunity for multiple answers to be considered. Fourth, they have parent support as well as stimulating and challenging mentors. To meet this need, parents must be engaged in the process by clear communication and open doors to the classroom that invite parent participation. In addition, the teacher needs to be capable of handling the cognitive demands of a rich and intellectually stimulating leadership role in the classroom. Gifted children tend to be more mature than their peers and have fewer emotional problems; however, effective classroom management practices cannot be ignored when conducting lessons and exploration based activities. 146 : Describe why the statement Children with learning disabilities are identical to those with intellectual disability is false. In doing so, be sure to provide definitions of both cognitive categories. Correct Answer : Intellectual disability reflects substantial limitation in intellectual ability as well as problems adapting to an environment, both of which emerge before 18 years of age. Limited intellectual skill is defined as a score of 70 or less on an intelligence test. Adaptive behavior includes conceptual skills important for successful adaptation, social skills, and practical skills. Children with learning disability (1) have difficulty mastering an academic subject, (2) have normal intelligence, and (3) are not suffering from other conditions that could explain poor performance, such as sensory impairment or inadequate instruction. 147 : What are the main symptoms of ADHD? What causes this disorder and how is it MOST effectively treated? Correct Answer : The main symptoms of ADHD are hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity. Scientists believe that genes put some children at risk for ADHD by affecting the alerting and executive networks of attention and the brain structures that support those networks. Prenatal exposure to alcohol and other drugs can place children at risk for ADHD. Treatments include drug therapy and psychosocial treatments. ADHD requires ongoing monitoring and treatment. 148 : Describe the skills that elementary school-age children develop as they learn to read, comprehend, and write effectively. Correct Answer : Reading involves two important processes: word recognition and comprehension. In order to read, children need letter recognition and phonological awareness, which is the ability to distinguish sounds in spoken words. Comprehension is improved as children’s development allows for an increase in understanding words, recognizing words, working memory capacity, more general knowledge of the world, and reading experience. Beginning writers use a knowledge-telling strategy, which involves writing down information as it is retrieved from memory. During the elementary school years, children begin to use a knowledge-transforming strategy where they decide what information to include and how best to organize it for the point 149 : You have been asked to serve on a committee charged with providing a school district with advice on how to build the most effective school that will have the most effective teachers. What specific advice on these two topics would you provide to this committee? Correct Answer : Researchers have identified a number of characteristics of schools where students typically succeed. (1) Staff and students alike understand that academic excellence is the primary goal of the school and of every student in the school. (2) The school climate is safe and nurturing. (3) Parents are involved. (4) Progress of students, teachers, and programs is monitored. Students tend to learn the most when teachers (1) Manage the classroom effectively so that they can devote most of their time to instruction. (2) Believe that they are responsible for their students’ learning and that their students will learn when taught well. (3) Emphasize mastery of topics. (4) Teach actively. (5) Pay careful attention to pacing. (6) Value tutoring. (7) teach students techniques for monitoring and managing their own learning. 150 : As the parent of a third-grader, you are growing concerned about your daughters level of fitness and are considering putting her into an organized sports program. If your daughter is a typical American child, why would your concern over lack of fitness likely be warranted? Also, what are the pros and cons of placing a child into organized sports? Correct Answer : Fewer than half the children in the United States meet standards for fitness on a full battery of tests. Obesity has reached epidemic proportions among American children and adolescents. Additionally, physical education classes need to be longer and spend more time in vigorous activity. Our classrooms promote resting physically and need to include stints of physical activity. When children play sports, they get exercise and improve their motor skills. Sports can improve participants’ self-esteem, initiative, and social skills. However, several studies have linked adolescents’ participation in sports to delinquent and antisocial behavior.