Hunter-gatherer
a member of a nomadic group whose food supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plant foods.
Neolithic Revolution
the shift from hunting of animals and gathering of food to the keeping of anima
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Hunter-gatherer
a member of a nomadic group whose food supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plant foods.
Neolithic Revolution
the shift from hunting of animals and gathering of food to the keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis around 8,000 BC
Pastoralism
A type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter.
Urbanization
the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban
Population increase
Increase in the number of people who inhabit a territory or state
Specialization
when countries focus on the things that their resources allow them to do best
Metallurgy
the science and technology of metals
Tools (wood, metal, bronze, iron)
equipment used to help make a task easier
Civilization
a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations)
Barbarian
a crude uncouth ill-bred person lacking culture or refinement
Patriarchal Society
male-dominated society
Silt
mud or clay or small rocks deposited by a river or lake
Mesopotamia
the land between the Tigris and Euphrates
Code of Hammurabi
the set of laws drawn up by Babylonian king Hammurabi dating to the 18th century BC, the earliest legal code known in its entirety
Babylonia
an ancient kingdom in southern Mesopotamia
Tigris and Euphrates
Rivers in the Fertile Crescent
Irrigation
a way of supplying water to an area of land
Sumer
an area in the southern region of Babylonia in present-day Iraq
Phoenicia
An ancient seafaring civilization located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea
Theocracy
a political unit governed by a deity (or by officials thought to be divinely guided)
Oligarchy
a political system governed by a few people
Polytheism
belief in multiple Gods
Monotheism
belief in a single God
Judaism
the monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Torah and in the Talmud
Egypt
located on the Nile; ruled by pharaohs; civilization based on geography
Pharaoh
Egyptian ruler who was believed to be the son of Re, the sun god, in human form. He had total authority over people and land.
Nubia
an ancient region of northeastern Africa (southern Egypt and northern Sudan) on the Nile
Persia
an empire in southern Asia created by Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BC and destroyed by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC
Achaemenid
558- 333B.C.E, first Persian Empire, founded by Cyrus who capitalized on weakening Syrian and Babylonian empires. Peak was under Darius
Parthian
a royal dynasty ruling Iran from 250 B.C.E-226 B.C.E, established themselves as lords of a powerful empire based in Iran that they extended to Mesopotamia.
Sassanid
Empire that developed in the Middle East in 227 CE, attempted to revive the glories of the Persian Empire (including a revival of the Persian religion Zoroastrianism)
Zoroastrianism
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