Pathophysiology Final Study Guide Patho Section 1 VERIFIED ANSWERS 100% CORRECT

Cell & Tissue Function/Dysfunction Atrophy: decrease in size of cells. Hypertrophy: increase in cell size. Hyperplasia: increase in number of cells. Metaplasia: mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell ...

Cell & Tissue Function/Dysfunction Atrophy: decrease in size of cells. Hypertrophy: increase in cell size. Hyperplasia: increase in number of cells. Metaplasia: mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type. Dysplasia: cells vary in size & shape within a tissue. Anaplasia: undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear & cell structure. Neoplasm: tumor. Cell Damage Ischemia: oxygen deficit due to respiratory or circulatory problems. Hypoxia: reduced oxygen in tissue. Oxygen Deficit: decreased energy production, loss of Na pump ↑ intracellular Na. Temperature: inactivation of some enzymes, damages organelles, protein coagulation, disruption of cell membrane. Micro-organisms Abnormal Metabolites: caused by genetic disorders or altered metabolism. Nutritional Deficits Cell Death Apoptosis:programmed cell death controlled by genetics. Necrosis:lysis of a cell, cell components leak into blood. Liquification:dead cells liquefy due to release of enzymes. Coagulation:cell proteins are altered or denatured causing coagulation. Caseous:form of coagulation necrosis, thick, yellowish, cheesy. Fat: fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids. Tissue Damage from Chemicals Exogenous: from environment. Endogenous: from inside the body, Tissue Damage from Physical Agents Hypothermia: vasoconstriction, ↑ blood viscosity, hypovolemic shock ↓ blood pressure. Hyperthermia: causes general vasodilatation, decrease in circulating blood volume. Radiation: primarily affects actively dividing cells Biological Agents Insects/Animals: direct injection of toxin, transmission of infectious agent, allergic reaction to insect proteins. Food Poisoning Normal Defenses of the Body 1 st Line Defense Physical Barriers: unbroken skin, mucous membranes, nasal hair, clots. Fluids: may contain enzymes or chemicals:saliva, tears, gastric, sweat. 2 nd Line Defense-non-specific Phagocytosis:neutrophils & macrophages engulf cells, debris, foreign mat. Inflammation: automatic response to cell injury. 3 rd Line Defense-specific defense produced by Antibodies Cell Mediated Immunity Cellular Defenses Mast Cells: located in tissue & release histamine & bradykinin. Macrophages: monocytes that enter tissue & act as phagocytes. Interferons: small proteins made by lymphocytes to prevent virus replication. White Blood Cells Granulocytes Neutrophils: work by phagocytosis. Basophils: release histamine leading to inflammation. Eosinophils:combat the effects of histamine. Agranulocytes Monocytes:can enter tissue to become macrophages which function as phagocyte. Lymphocytes: B & T Acute Inflammation Vascular Response: vasodilatation & increased capillary permeability. Cellular Response: migration of inflammatory cells through chemotaxis to injury site to destroy ineffective organism, remove damaged cells, released inflammation mediators. Exudate Serous: watery, mostly fluids, some proteins and WBC’s. Fibrinous: thick, sticky, high fibrin content. Purulent: thick, yellow-green, contains leukocytes, cell debris & microorganisms. Abscess: Pocket of purulent exudates or pus in a solid tissue. Local Effects of Inflammation-Cardinal Signs of Inflammation Redness & Warmth: due to increased blood flow to area. Swelling: shift of protein & fluid into interstitial space. Pain: pressure on free nerve endings, chemical mediators irritate nerves. Loss of Function: edema may restrict movement. Systemic Effects of Inflammation Mild Fever: due to resetting of hypothalamic thermoregulatory set point, release of endogenous pyrogens. Malaise Fatigue Headache Anorexia Treatment of Inflammation: drugs may decrease capillary permeability, reduce number of leukocytes & mast cells. Types of Healing Resolution: minimal tissue damage, cells can repair themselves. Regeneration: damaged tissue is replaced by identical tissue. Replacement: functional tissue replaced by scar or fibrous tissue.