FOUNDATIONS OF MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELING

FOUNDATIONS OF MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELING Edited by ARTIS J. PALMO, ED.D. Bethlehem Counseling Associates, P.C. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania WILLIAM J. WEIKEL, PH.D. Professor Emeritus and Private Practice Morehead Stat ...

FOUNDATIONS OF MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELING Edited by ARTIS J. PALMO, ED.D. Bethlehem Counseling Associates, P.C. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania WILLIAM J. WEIKEL, PH.D. Professor Emeritus and Private Practice Morehead State University Morehead, Kentucky DAVID P. BORSOS, PH.D. Assistant Professor of Psychology Chestnut Hill College Chestnut Hill, Pennsylvania With a Foreword by Edwin L. Herr, ED.D. Published and Distributed Throughout the World by CHARLES C THOMAS • PUBLISHER, LTD. 2600 South First Street Springfield, Illinois 62794-9265 This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced in any manner without written permission from the publisher. All rights reserved. © 2011 by CHARLES C THOMAS • PUBLISHER, LTD. First Edition, 1986 Second Edition, 1996 Third Edition, 2006 Fourth Edition, 2011 ISBN 978-0-398-08635-0 (hard) ISBN 978-0-398-08636-7 (paper) ISBN 978-0-398-08637-4 (ebook) Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2010042536 With THOMAS BOOKS careful attention is given to all details of manufacturing and design. It is the Publisher’s desire to present books that are satisfactory as to their physical qualities and artistic possibilities and appropriate for their particular use. THOMAS BOOKS will be true to those laws of quality that assure a good name and good will. Printed in the United States of America MM-R-3 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Foundations of mental health counseling / edited by Artis J. Palmo, William J. Weikel, David P. Borsos ; with a foreword by Edwin L. Herr. — 4th ed. p. cm. Includes biographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-398-08635-0 (hard)—ISBN 978-0-398-08636-7 (pbk.)—ISBN 978-0-398-08637-4 (ebook) 1. Mental health counseling—Practice. 2. Mental health counseling. I. Palmo, Artis, J. II. Weikel, William J. III. Borsos, David P. [DNLM: 1. Counseling—methods. 2. Mental Health. WM 55] RC466.F68 2011 616.89’14—dc22 2010042536 CONTRIBUTORS Dr. Casey Barrio Minton is Associate Professor of Counseling and Counseling Program Coordinator at the University of North Texas. A National Certified Counselor and Applied Suicide Inter - vention Skills Training (ASIST) Trainer, she specializes in crisis intervention, has experience working with adolescents and adults across mental health counseling settings, and has served as director of the Counseling & Human Development Center, a university-based mental health counseling training center. Dr. Minton is active on research teams regarding suicide and crisis, has published multiple journal articles regarding crisis and counselor preparation, and is co-author of a book regarding counselor preparation. She is an active member of state and national counseling associations, where she serves as President-Elect of Chi Sigma Iota (CSI) International, on the Executive Council for the Association for Assessment in Counseling and Education (AACE), and as co-chair of the AACE Task Force regarding CACREP Assessment and Evaluation Guidelines. Dr. Minton is an editorial review board member for Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation and the Journal of Professional Counseling, and she serves as an ad hoc reviewer for Counselor Education & Supervision. Dr. David P. Borsos is a licensed psychologist in Pennsylvania. He has treated a wide variety of clinical cases in his 25-year career. These include the “normal” outpatient mood and anxiety disorders, as well as some intense work with addictions and acting-out psychotics staying in community living arrangements. His professional interests these days revolve around integrating the various theories of counseling into a more unified field and teaching others how to do effective therapy. To this end, Dr. Borsos teaches as an assistant professor in the Master’s Program in Clinical and Counseling Psychology at Chestnut Hill College. Here he finds great pleasure in bringing new counselors into the field through such courses as Counseling Techniques, Theories, Psychopathology, Group Counseling, Supervision and other treatment-oriented courses. He also serves as the administrative coordinator for the program. Dr. Borsos looks forward to the day when all v vi Foundations of Mental Health Counseling counselors and therapists are equally effective and efficient and when going to counseling is as accepted by the public as getting a flu shot. Lisa A. Brenner, Ph.D. is a Board Certified Rehabilitation Psychologist, an Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation at the University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, and Director of Education for the VA VISN 19 Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC). Dr. Brenner is also the Director of Training for the MIRECC Psychology Post-Doctoral Fellowship program. Her primary area of research interest is traumatic brain injury (TBI) and comorbid psychiatric disorders. Dr. Brenner serves as Member at Large on two national boards: APA Division 22 and the VA Psychology Training Council. She is a member of the Colorado Brain Injury Advisory Board and has consulted with the Colorado Department of Human Services to improve care for persons with TBI receiving treatment in the community mental health system. Dr. Brenner is also a member of the research team at Craig Hospital. She is the Principal Investigator (PI) on grants entitled Use of a TBI Screen in a Veteran Mental Health Population: Prevalence, Validation and Psychiatric Outcomes (Colorado Brain Injury Trust Fund, Office of Behavioral Health and Housing) and Executive Dysfunction and Suicide in Psychiatric Outpatients and Inpatients (VA Merit Review), and a Co-PI on A Longitudinal Study of Deployment-Related Mild TBI: Incidence, Natural History, and Predictors of Recovery in Soldiers Returning from OIF/OEF (Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs - Intramural TBI InvestigatorInitiated Research Award) and Health and Wellness Intervention for Individuals with TBI (National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research). Dr. Brenner has numerous peer-reviewed publications and recently co-authored a book chapter entitled “Deployment-Acquired TBI and Suicidality: Risk and Assessment.” JoLynn Carney, Ph.D. is Associate Professor of Counselor Education in the Department of Counseling Education, Counseling Psychology, and Rehabilitation Services at the Pennsylvania State University. She is a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor who has experience working in community mental health agencies, private practice, and schools. She has been a trustee on a number of boards of directors that service at-risk youth, has served on state-counseling boards, works closely with local school districts, and is a recipient of several service awards from various professional groups. Dr. Carney is the current President-Elect of Chi Sigma Iota International, is chapter faculty advisor, and has served as Regional Chapter Facilitator for the North Atlantic Region. Her research and publishing focus on intervention/prevention aspects of youth violence and adolescent suicide. Contributors vii Her scholarly work also includes wellness programming and counselor-training techniques. A significant focus is on the psychophysiological influence of chronic bullying on youth. She currently serves on editorial boards of nationally recognized counseling journals, publishes, and runs local, regional, and national trainings/workshops in her areas of expertise. Stephen Feit, Ed.D., LCPC, NCC, ACS is a Professor of Counseling and past Chair of the Counseling Department at Idaho State University. His areas of interest include Supervision, Professional Identity, and Doctoral Student Career Development. Professionally, he has been President of the Association for Counselor Education and Supervision, a division of the American Counseling Association (ACA). He also is a past Chair of the ACA Ethics Committee. He currently is serving as the Interim Dean of the Kasiska College of Health Professions at Idaho State University. Marc A. Grimmett, Ph.D. is an associate professor and coordinator for clinical mental health counseling in the counselor education program at North Carolina State University. He earned his doctorate in Counseling Psychology from the University of Georgia and is a Licensed Psychologist. Dr. Grimmett completed a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of South Carolina Counseling and Human Development Center, where his training focused on culturally competent counseling, marriage and family therapy, substance abuse counseling, and sexual abuse counseling. He has more than 10 years of professional mental health experience working in different settings, including university counseling, community mental health, and substance abuse treatment centers, as well as in-home counseling services and private practice. Dr. Grimmett’s research focuses on multiculturalism, social justice, and the early career development of African American boys. Dr. Peter Gutierrez is a clinical/research psychologist with the VA VISN 19’s Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center and Associate Professor in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine. A licensed psychologist in Colorado, he is an expert in adolescent and young adult suicide assessment, veteran suicide, and psychosocial interventions for suicidal veterans. He is the Principle Investigator on a grant-funded study investigating the impact of medication packaging changes on decreasing accidental and intentional overdoses in high-risk psychiatric patients. He is jointly directing a pending grant-funded military suicide research consortium. Dr. Gutierrez served on the U.S. Army Suicide Reduction and Prevention Research Strategic Planning viii Foundations of Mental Health Counseling Workgroup, as the Soldier Identification and Case Management Expert Lead. He is a past President of the American Association of Suicidology and recipient of their Shneidman Award for outstanding research contributions in suicidology. He is co-author of the 2008 book Adolescent Suicide: An Integrated Approach to the Assessment of Risk and Protective Factors. Dr. Gutierrez is an associate editor of the premier journal in the field—Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, and he regularly reviews for numerous other journals. Previously, Dr. Gutierrez served on the Illinois Suicide Prevention Strategic Planning Task Force convened by the Illinois Department of Public Health. He ran the Adolescent Risk Project, a school-based suicide screening and assessment program at an urban high school for seven years. Laura K. Harrawood, Ph.D., LCPC, LMFT, NCC has worked in numerous adjunct faculty positions while maintaining an active private practice. Her clinical work has focused on adult childhood survivors of abuse, mood disorders, grief and loss, as well as couple and family relational issues. Currently, she is Assistant Professor of Counseling at Idaho State University, where she teaches courses in the Mental Health Counseling program as well as the Marriage, Couple, and Family program. She is also active in the clinical supervision of Master’s, Doctoral, and post-degree students. In addition, she is professionally involved in the Idaho Counseling Association and the Idaho Association for Counselor Education and Supervision. Laurie Shepherd Johnson is Professor of Counseling and Director of the Graduate Programs in Counseling at Hofstra University in New York. Since 2001, she has also held the Sheelagh Murnaghan Visiting Professorship at Queens University in Belfast, Northern Ireland, where she has taught, consulted, and conducted research on systemic approaches to conflict resolution and reconciliation in this conflict traumatized society. Dr. Johnson also worked as a faculty associate for the United Nations University Institute on Conflict Resolution and Ethnicity studying ethnic conflict in war-torn states. As part of her research on dialogue and narrative approaches toward reconciliation and post-traumatic healing in conflict societies, she has been working most recently on a project with the Quaker Community in West Belfast that is aimed at promoting cross-community contacts between paramilitary families. She pursued a Fulbright Scholarship to continue her work in Cyprus, another nation traumatized by conflict, starting in 2006. In summer 2004, she presented a workshop at the International Institute on Peace Education in Istanbul on “Creating Safe Places for CrossCommunity Dialogue in Divided Societies” and she completed a comparative study of Northern Ireland and Cyprus, which was presented Contributors ix in Jerusalem in June 2005. Dr. Johnson is certified in bereavement/thanatology and ARC Disaster Mental Health Services. She worked in disaster mental health relief efforts at Ground Zero and has provided bereavement support to the families and children bereaved by the 9/11 World Trade Center terrorist attacks since that time. Don C. Locke is Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Counselor Education at North Carolina State University. He retired in 2007 following a 42-year career in education. His counselor education career focused on multicultural counseling with special attention to African Americans. He published six books and more than 100 articles during his career. He currently enjoys retirement in the mountains of Western North Carolina. Dr. Susan C. McGroarty is Assistant Professor of Psychology at Chestnut Hill College. She has a B.A. and Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania. Susan’s scholarly interests include Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, diversity, health psychology, and therapist well-being. She has considerable clinical expertise working with children, adolescents and adults in a private practice setting, and she has also conferred with community groups and organizations on issues related to post-traumatic stress and diversity. She serves on the Diversity Committee of NJPA. She is a licensed psychologist and is a member of APA, NJPA, AFTA, and SPSSI. Dr. Jane E. Myers is Professor of Counselor Education at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, a National Certified Counselor, a National Certified Gerontological Counselor, and a Licensed Professional Counselor. She is a Fellow of the American Counseling Association and a Charter Fellow of the Chi Sigma Iota Academy of Leaders for Excellence. She is a past President of the American Counseling Association and two of its divisions, the Association for Assessment in Counseling and the Association for Adult Development and Aging, for which she was founding President. Dr. Myers also served as Chair of the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) and was the second President of Chi Sigma Iota. In 2003, she was selected for inclusion in Leaders and Legacies in Counseling, a book that chronicles the contributions of the 25 individuals selected as among the most significant leaders in the counseling profession over the last century. Dr. Myers developed a model and curriculum resources for the infusion of gerontological counseling into counselor education, coauthored the national competencies for training gerontological counselors, and co-produced eight training videotapes in gerontological x Foundations of Mental Health C