HDFP Final Exam Questions & Answers

HDFP Final Exam Questions & Answers The term----------------describes the ability of an organism to enter, survive, and multiply in the host, - ✔✔infectivity while the------------------ of a disease indicates the com ...

HDFP Final Exam Questions & Answers The term----------------describes the ability of an organism to enter, survive, and multiply in the host, - ✔✔infectivity while the------------------ of a disease indicates the comparative ease with which the disease is transmitted to other hosts - ✔✔infectiousness ------------------can occur in various ways including physical contact, contaminated food, body fluids, objects, airborne inhalation, or through a vector organism - ✔✔Transmission vector organism - ✔✔a vector is any agent (person, animal, or microorganism) that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism Infection occurs when all of the following elements are present: - ✔✔an infectious agent, a source of the agent, a susceptible host to receive the agent, and most critically, a way for the agent to be transmitted from the source to the host. Infection = - ✔✔Dose × Site × Virulence × Time/ Level of Host Defense The infectious agent is the -------------------that can cause infection or disease. - ✔✔microorganism Endogenous source: - ✔✔the causative agent of the infection is present in the patient at the time of admission to the hospital but there are no signs of infection. • Exogenous source: - ✔✔infection occurs from introduction of microbes into or on the patient from an outside source. For example, the patient may acquire infectious agents from the hands of staff or from contaminated equipment and subsequently develop an infection. The infectious agent can be transmitted via tiny droplet nuclei (< 5 μm) containing microorganisms that remain suspended in the air and that can be carried by air currents greater distances than large droplets - ✔✔(e.g., measles, M. tuberculosis). mucous membranes - ✔✔(e.g., eyes, nose, mouth) or the respiratory tract - ✔✔(e.g., trachea, bronchi, lungs). In general, the following factors affect whether or not an infection occurs in a particular situation:lower fan power - ✔✔• Aerosol and droplet transmission dynamics • Nature of dust levels • Health and condition of individual's nasopharyngeal mucosal linings • Population density • Ventilation rate • Air distribution pattern • Humidity • Temperature • Susceptibility • Length of exposure • Number of infected people producing contaminated aerosols • Infectious-particle settling rate • Lipid or nonlipid viral envelope or microorganism cell wall • Surrounding organic material • UV radiation or antiviral chemical exposure • Vitamin A and D levels • Microorganism resistance to antibiotic or antiviral therapy • Type and degree of invasive procedures • Spatial considerations • Contact with carrier • Persistence of pathogens within hosts • Immunoepidemiology • Genetic factors Design of air-handling and air distribution systems must start during the ------------------. - ✔✔schematic design phase Hospital air-handling units (AHUs) require ----------------components than AHUs serving other types of buildings. - ✔✔More More recently, new codes and standards for energy conservation require 1----------------. Designers must use lower duct and air-handler velocities to accomplish this, resulting in ---------------2 and 3 - ✔✔1)lower fan power, 2) larger equipment and 3)ductwork. Align AHU and air distribution zones with smoke compartment zones. This minimizes the required number of ------------------- - ✔✔smoke dampers and simplify smoke damper control sequences. Smoke Barrier: - ✔✔"A continuous membrane, or a membrane with discontinuities created by protected openings, where such membrane is designed and constructed to restrict the movement of smoke." Smoke Compartment: - ✔✔"A space within a building enclosed by smoke barriers on all sides, including the top and bottom." Smoke Partition - ✔✔"A continuous membrane that is designed to form a barrier to limit the transfer of smoke." A reduction in the number of smoke dampers saves construction costs, and reduces required ___&____ over the life of the building. - ✔✔fan static and maintenance Consider the location of areas where the installation of ductwork or piping is prohibited (e.g., stairwells, exit access corridors) when locating --------------------------- - ✔✔chases and mechanical rooms. precision cooling - ✔✔is only sensitive cooling comfort cooling - ✔✔both sensitive and latent cooling a unique aspect of hospital HVAC systems is their role ----------------the spread of airborne contaminants that could cause infections. - ✔✔in mitigating Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs, ) - ✔✔also referred to as nosocomial infections Q Mortality rates from -----------are significant and affect the overall cost of health care delivery. - ✔✔HAIs HAIs occur in an estimated ----------of admitted patients; - ✔✔4% to 5%