Abnormal Psychology, 9th Edition By Thomas Oltmanns, Robert Emery ( )

Abnormal Psychology Brief Contents Contents Preface Content Highlights New to This Edition Supplements About the Authors Chapter 1 Examples and Definitions of Abnormal Behavior Learning Objectives 1.1: Recogniz ...

Abnormal Psychology Brief Contents Contents Preface Content Highlights New to This Edition Supplements About the Authors Chapter 1 Examples and Definitions of Abnormal Behavior Learning Objectives 1.1: Recognizing the Presence of a Disorder 1.1.1: Features of Abnormal Behavior 1.1.2: Diagnosis and Definitions 1.2: Defining Abnormal Behavior 1.2.1: Harmful Dysfunction The DSM-5 1.2.2: Mental Health Versus Absence of Disorder 1.2.3: Culture and Diagnostic Practice 1.3: Who Experiences Abnormal Behavior? 1.3.1: Frequency in and Impact on Community Populations Lifetime Prevalence and Gender Differences Comorbidity and Disease Burden 1.3.2: Cross-Cultural Comparisons 1.4: The Mental Health Professions 1.4.1: Common Mental Health Professions 1.4.2: The Future of Mental Health Professions 1.5: Psychopathology in Historical Context 1.5.1: The Greek Tradition in Medicine 1.5.2: The Creation of the Asylum 1.5.3: Worcester Lunatic Hospital 1.5.4: Lessons from the History of Psychopathology 1.6: Methods for the Scientific Study of Mental Disorders 1.6.1: The Uses and Limitations of Case Studies 1.6.2: Clinical Research Methods Summary: Examples and Definitions of Abnormal Behavior Key Terms Chapter 2 Causes of Abnormal Behavior Learning Objectives 2.1: Brief Historical Perspective 2.1.1: The Biological Paradigm 2.1.2: The Psychodynamic Paradigm The Mind According to Psychoanalytic Theory The Id The Ego The Superego 2.1.3: The Cognitive-Behavioral Paradigm 2.1.4: The Humanistic Paradigm The Problem With Paradigms 2.2: Systems Theory 2.2.1: Holism 2.2.2: Causality 2.2.3: Developmental Psychopathology 2.3: Biological Factors 2.3.1: The Neuron and Neurotransmitters 2.3.2: Neurotransmitters and Psychopathology Mind–Body Dualism 2.3.3: Major Brain Structures 2.3.4: Cerebral Hemispheres, Major Brain Structures, and Psychopathology 2.3.5: Psychophysiology 2.3.6: Behavior Genetics Inheritance Family Incidence Studies and Adoption Studies Twin Studies Shared Environment Nonshared Environment Genetics and Psychopathology Genes AND Environment Gene–Environment Interaction Gene–Environment Correlation Epigenetics 2.4: Psychological Factors 2.4.1: Human Nature Evolutionary Psychology Natural Selection Sexual Selection Attachment Theory and Dominance attachment Theory Dominance 2.4.2: Temperament and Emotions Emotions 2.4.3: Learning and Cognition Modeling Cognitive Mechanism 2.4.4: The Sense of Self Identity Self-control Self-Esteem 2.4.5: Stages of Development 2.5: Social Factors 2.5.1: Close Relationships 2.5.2: Gender and Gender Roles 2.5.3: Prejudice, Poverty, and Society Summary: Causes of Abnormal Behavior Key Terms Chapter 3 Treatment of Psychological Disorders Learning Objectives 3.1: Biological Treatments 3.1.1: Psychopharmacology 3.1.2: Electroconvulsive Therapy 3.1.3: Psychosurgery 3.2: Psychodynamic Psychotherapies 3.2.1: Freudian Psychoanalysis Psychoanalytic Techniques Insight Interpretation Timing Therapeutic Neutrality Transference Countertransference The Decline of Freudian Psychoanalysis 3.2.2: Ego Analysis 3.2.3: Psychodynamic Psychotherapy 3.3: Cognitive-Behavior Therapy 3.3.1: Systematic Desensitization Other Exposure Therapies Aversion Therapy 3.3.2: Contingency Management 3.3.3: Social Skills Training 3.3.4: Cognitive Techniques 3.3.5: Third-Wave CBT 3.4: Humanistic Therapies 3.4.1: Client-Centered Therapy 3.4.2: A Means, Not an End? 3.5: Research on Psychotherapy 3.5.1: Does Psychotherapy Work? Improvement without Treatment The Placebo Effect The Allegiance Effect Efficacy and Effectiveness When Does Psychotherapy Work? The Length of Treatment The Client’s Background Characteristics 3.5.2: Psychotherapy Process Research Common Factors in Psychotherapies Differences Similarities Therapy as Social Support, Social Influence, and Pain Relief Therapy as Social Influence Pain Relief? 3.6: Couple, Family, and Group Therapy 3.6.1: Couple Therapy 3.6.2: Family Therapy 3.6.3: Group Therapy 3.6.4: Prevention 3.6.5: Specific Treatments for Specific Disorders Summary: Treatment of Psychological Disorders Key Terms Chapter 4 Classification and Assessment of Abnormal Behavior Learning Objectives 4.1: Basic Issues in Classification 4.1.1: Categories Versus Dimensions 4.1.2: From Description to Theory 4.2: Classifying Abnormal Behavior 4.2.1: The DSM-5 System 4.2.2: Culture and Classification Ataques de Nervios Symptoms Causes The Ambiguity of Culturally Defined Distress 4.3: Evaluating Classification Systems 4.3.1: Reliability 4.3.2: Validity Forms of Validity Etiological Validity Concurrent Validity Predictive Validity 4.3.3: Problems and Limitations of the DSM-5 System 4.4: Basic Issues in Assessment 4.4.1: Purposes of Clinical Assessment 4.4.2: Assumptions About Consistency of Behavior 4.4.3: Evaluating the Usefulness of Assessment Procedures 4.5: Psychological Assessment: Interviews and Observational Procedures 4.5.1: Interviews Structured Interviews Social Relationships DSM Diagnostic Criterion: Perception of Others DSM Diagnostic Criterion: DSM Diagnostic Criterion: Advantages and Limitations of Interviews Advantages Limitations 4.5.2: Observational Procedures Rating Scales Behavioral Coding Systems Advantages and Limitations of Observational Measures Advantages Limitations 4.6: Psychological Assessment: Personality Tests and Self-Report Inventories 4.6.1: Personality Inventories Actuarial Interpretation Advantages and Limitations of the MMPI-2 Advantages Limitations 4.6.2: Projective Personality Tests Recent Approaches to Projective Testing Advantages and Limitations of Projective Tests Advantages Limitations 4.7: Biological Assessment Procedures 4.7.1: MRI and CT Scans 4.7.2: PET and fMRI Scans Advantages and Limitations of Brain Imaging Techniques Advantages Limitations Summary: Classification and Assessment of Abnormal Behavior Key Terms Chapter 5 Mood Disorders and Suicide Learning Objectives 5.1: Symptoms Associated with Depression 5.1.1: Emotional Symptoms 5.1.2: Cognitive Symptoms 5.1.3: Somatic Symptoms 5.1.4: Behavioral Symptoms 5.1.5: Other Problems Commonly Associated with Depression 5.2: Diagnosis for Depression and Bipolar Disorders 5.2.1: Diagnosis for Depressive Disorders Persistent Depressive Disorder Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder 5.2.2: Diagnosis for Bipolar Disorders 5.2.3: Further Descriptions and Subtypes 5.3: Course, Outcome, and Frequency 5.3.1: Depressive Disorders 5.3.2: Bipolar Disorders 5.3.3: Incidence and Prevalence 5.3.4: Risk for Mood Disorders Across the Life Span 5.3.5: Gender Differences 5.3.6: Cross-Cultural Differences 5.4: Causes: Social and Psychological Factors 5.4.1: Social Factors The Relationship Between Stress and Depression The Circumstances Stress Generation Gender Differences Social Factors and Bipolar Disorders Schedule-Disrupting and Goal-Attainment Events Emotional Climate Within Families 5.4.2: Psychological Factors Cognitive Vulnerability Distortions Maladaptive Schemas Causal Attributions Inhibition of Negative Thoughts Integration of Cognitive and Social Factors 5.5: Causes: Biological Factors 5.5.1: Genetics Twin Studies Searching for Specific Genes Genetic Risk and Sensitivity to Stress 5.5.2: The Neuroendocrine System Brain Imaging Studies Neurotransmitters 5.5.3: Integration of Social, Psychological, and Biological Factors 5.6: Treatment for Depressive Disorders 5.6.1: Depressive Disorders and Therapy 5.6.2: Antidepressant Medications Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Tricyclics and Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors The Efficacy of Psychotherapy and Medication 5.7: Treatment for Bipolar and Mood Disorders 5.7.1: Lithium and Anticonvulsant Medications for Bipolar Disorder 5.7.2: Psychotherapy for Bipolar Disorder 5.7.3: Electroconvulsive Therapy for Mood Disorders 5.7.4: Light Therapy for Seasonal Mood Disorders 5.8: Suicide 5.8.1: Classification of Suicide Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Diagnostic Criteria Causal Factors 5.8.2: Frequency of Suicide 5.8.3: Causes of Suicide 5.8.4: Treatment of Suicidal People Crisis Centers and Hotlines Summary: Mood Disorders and Suicide Key Terms Chapter 6 Anxiety Disorders and Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder Learning Objectives 6.1: Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders 6.1.1: Anxiety 6.1.2: Excessive Worry 6.1.3: Panic Attacks 6.1.4: Phobias 6.2: Diagnosis of Anxiety Disorders 6.2.1: Specific Phobias 6.2.2: Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) 6.2.3: Agoraphobia 6.2.4: Generalized Anxiety Disorder 6.2.5: Course and Outcome 6.3: Frequency of Anxiety Disorders 6.3.1: Prevalence 6.3.2: Comorbidity 6.3.3: Gender Differences 6.3.4: Age Differences 6.3.5: Cross-Cultural Comparisons 6.4: Causes of Anxiety Disorders: Social and Biological Factors 6.4.1: Adaptive and Maladaptive Fears 6.4.2: Social Factors Stressful Life Events Childhood Adversity Attachment Relationships and Separation Anxiety 6.4.3: Genetic Factors 6.4.4: Neurobiology Social Context and the Amygdala 6.5: Causes of Anxiety Disorders: Psychological Factors 6.5.1: Learning Processes Preparedness Model 6.5.2: Cognitive Factors Perception of Control Catastrophic Misinterpretation Classical Conditioning Attention to Threat and Biased Information Processing 6.6: Treatment of Anxiety Disorders 6.6.1: Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy 6.6.2: Systematic Desensitization and Exposure 6.6.3: Relaxation and Breathing Retraining 6.6.4: Cognitive Therapy 6.6.5: Antianxiety Medications 6.6.6: Antidepressant Medications Long-Term Effectiveness of Anxiety Treatments 6.7: Obsessive–Compulsive and Related Disorders: Symptoms and Diagnosis 6.7.1: Symptoms of OCD Obsessions Compulsions Cleaning Checking 6.7.2: Diagnosis of OCD and Related Disorders Hoarding The Core Element The Symptoms Trichotillomania and Excoriation Disorder Differentiating OCD from Other Disorders 6.8: Obsessive–Compulsive and Related Disorders: Frequency and Treatment 6.8.1: Course, Outcome, and Frequency of OCD Frequency of OCD and Related Disorders 6.8.2: Causes of OCD 6.8.3: Treatment of OCD Exposure and Response Prevention Biological Treatments Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Clomipramine Summary: Anxiety Disorders and Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder Key Terms Chapter 7 Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders, Dissociative Disorders, and Somatic Symptom Disorders Learning Objectives 7.1: Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders 7.1.1: Symptoms of ASD and PTSD 7.1.2: Diagnosis of ASD and PTSD Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Acute Stress Disorder What Defines Trauma Exposure to Disasters Sexual Assault Comorbidity 7.2: Frequency, Causes, and Treatment of PTSD and ASD 7.2.1: Frequency of Trauma, PTSD, and ASD Course and Outcome 7.2.2: Causes of PTSD and ASD Social Factors for PTSD Biological Factors for PTSD Does exposure to trauma have biological consequences as well as biological causes? Does this mean that trauma damages the brain? Psychological Factors for PTSD Dissociation The Value of Purpose Emotional Processing Meaning Making Integration and Alternative Pathways 7.2.3: Prevention and Treatment of ASD and PTSD Emergency Help for Trauma Victims Treatment for Veterans Treatment of ASD and PTSD Cognitive Behavior Therapy for PTSD Imagery Rehearsal Therapy EMDR Antidepressant Medication 7.3: Dissociative Disorders 7.3.1: Hysteria and the Unconscious Charcot, Freud, and Janet Hypnosis: Altered State or Social Role? Psychological Science and the Unconscious 7.3.2: Symptoms of Dissociative Disorders Trauma and Dissociative Symptoms 7.4: Diagnosis, Causes, and Treatment of Dissociative Disorders 7.4.1: Diagnosis of Dissociative Disorders Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder 7.4.2: Frequency of Dissociative Disorders Disorder or Role Enactment? 7.4.3: Causes of Dissociative Disorders Psychological Factors for Dissociative Disorders Biological and Social Factors for Dissociative Disorders Social Factors 7.4.4: Treatment of Dissociative Disorders 7.5: Somatic Symptom Disorders 7.5.1: Symptoms of Somatic Symptom Disorders Unnecessary Medical Treatment 7.5.2: Diagnosis of Somatic Symptom Disorders Conversion Disorder Somatic Symptom Disorder Illness Anxiety Disorder Body Dysmorphic Disorder Malingering and Factitious Disorder 7.6: Frequency, Causes, and Treatment of Somatic Symptom Disorders 7.6.1: Frequency of Somatic Symptom Disorders Gender, SES, and Culture Additional Disorders With Somatic Symptom Disorders 7.6.2: Causes of Somatic Symptom Disorders Biological Factors—The Perils of Diagnosis by Exclusion Psychological Factors—Imagined or Real Trauma Social Factors—The Influence of Culture 7.6.3: Treatment of Somatic Symptom Disorders Summary: Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders, Dissociative Disorders, and Somatic Symptom Disorders Key Terms Chapter 8 Stress and Physical Health Learning Objectives 8.1: Defining Stress 8.1.1: Stress as a Life Event 8.1.2: Symptoms of Stress Adrenal Hormones 8.1.3: Immune System Responses Illness as a Cause of Stress 8.2: Coping and Resilience 8.2.1: Coping 8.2.2: Resilience 8.2.3: Health Behavior Medical Advice Illness Behavior Social Support 8.3: Diagnosis of Stress and Physical Illness 8.3.1: Psychological Factors and Some Familiar Illnesses 8.3.2: Cancer 8.3.3: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) 8.3.4: Pain Disorder 8.3.5: Sleep-Wake Disorders 8.4: Cardiovascular Disease and Stress 8.4.1: Biological and Psychological Factors of CHD 8.4.2: Social Factors of CVD 8.4.3: Integration and Alternative Pathways 8.4.4: Symptoms and Diagnosis of CVD 8.4.5: Prevention and Treatment of CVD Summary: Stress and Physical Health Key Terms Chapter 9 Personality Disorders Learning Objectives 9.1: Symptoms 9.1.1: Social Motivation 9.1.2: Cognitive Perspectives Regarding Self and Others 9.1.3: Temperament and Personality Traits 9.1.4: Context and Personality 9.2: Diagnosis 9.2.1: Cluster A: Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal Personality Disorders 9.2.2: Cluster B: Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic Personality Disorders Features of Borderline Personality Disorder 9.2.3: Cluster C: Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive–Compulsive Personality Disorders 9.3: A Dimensional Perspective on Personality Disorders 9.3.1: The Dimensional PD Model 9.3.2: Describing Personality Disorder in Terms of Traits 9.4: Frequency 9.4.1: Prevalence in Community and Clinical Samples 9.4.2: Gender Differences 9.4.3: Stability of Personality Disorders Over Time 9.4.4: Culture and Personality 9.5: Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD) 9.5.1: Symptoms of Schizotypal Personality Disorder 9.5.2: Causes of Schizotypal Personality Disorder 9.5.3: Treatment for Schizotypal Personality Disorder 9.6: Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) 9.6.1: Symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder 9.6.2: Causes of Borderline Personality Disorder 9.6.3: Treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder Dialectical Behavior Study 9.7: Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) 9.7.1: Symp toms of Antisocial Personality Disorder Antisocial Behavior Over the Life Span 9.7.2: Causes of Antisocial Personality Disorder Biological Factors Social Factors Range of Behavioral Skills Results of Antisocial Behavior During Childhood and Adolescence Psychological Factors 9.7.3: Treatment for Antisocial Personality Disorder Summary: Personality Disorders Key Terms Chapter 10 Feeding and Eating Disorders Learning Objectives 10.1: Symptoms of Anorexia 10.1.1: Significantly Low Weight 10.1.2: Fear of Gaining Weight 10.1.3: Disturbance in Experiencing Weight or Shape 10.1.4: Amenorrhea 10.1.5: Medical Complications 10.1.6: Struggle for Control 10.1.7: Comorbid Psychological Disorders 10.2: Symptoms of Bulimia 10.2.1: Binge Eating 10.2.2: Inappropriate Compensatory Behavior 10.2.3: Excessive Emphasis on Weight and Shape 10.2.4: Comorbid Psychological Disorders 10.2.5: Medical Complications 10.3: Diagnosis of Feeding and Eating Disorders 10.3.1: Diagnosis of Anorexia Nervosa 10.3.2: Diagnosis of Bulimia Nervosa 10.4: Frequency of Anorexia and Bulimia 10.4.1: Standards of Beauty and the Culture of Thinness 10.4.2: Age of Onset 10.5: Causes of Anorexia and Bulimia 10.5.1: Social Factors Troubled Family Relationships Enmeshed Families Child Sexual Abuse Parental Influence and Struggles with Their Own Diets 10.5.2: Psychological Factors A Struggle for Perfection and Control Depression, Low Self-Esteem, and Dysphoria Low Self-Esteem Dysphoria Negative Body Image Dietary Restraint 10.5.3: Biological Factors 10.5.4: Integration and Alternative Pathways 10.6: Treatments for Anorexia and Bulimia 10.6.1: Approaches to Treating Anorexia Course and Outcome of Anorexia Nervosa 10.6.2: Approaches to Treating Bulimia Course and Outcome of Bulimia Nervosa 10.6.3: Prevention of Eating Disorders Summary: Feeding and Eating Disorders Key Terms Chapter 11 Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders Learning Objectives 11.1: Symptoms of Addiction 11.1.1: Craving and Self-Control 11.1.2: Tolerance and Withdrawal 11.2: Alcohol, Tobacco, and Psychomotor Stimulants 11.2.1: Alcohol Short-Term and Long-Term Effects of Alcohol Disruption of Relationships Blackouts Interference With Job Performance Problems With Legal Authorities Health Problems Severe Injuries and Premature Deaths 11.2.2: Tobacco 11.2.3: Amphetamine and Cocaine 11.3: The Impact of Other Drugs on Human Physiology and Behavior 11.3.1: Opiates Short-Term Effects of Opiates Long-Term Consequences of Opiates 11.3.2: Sedatives, Hypnotics, and Anxiolytics 11.3.3: Cannabis 11.3.4: Hallucinogens and Related Drugs 11.4: Diagnosis of Substance Use Disorders 11.4.1: Brief History of Legal and Illegal Substances 11.4.2: DSM-5 11.4.3: Course and Outcome 11.4.4: Other Disorders Commonly Associated With Addictions 11.5: Frequency of Substance Use Disorders 11.5.1: Prevalence of Alcohol Use Disorder Gender Differences 11.5.2: Prevalence of Drug and Nicotine Use Disorders 11.5.3: Risk for Addiction Across the Life Span 11.6: Causes of Substance Addiction 11.6.1: Social Factors 11.6.2: Biological Factors Genetics of Alcoholism Twin Data Adoption Data Dopamine and Reward Pathways Endogenous Opioid Peptides 11.6.3: Psychological Factors 11.6.4: Integrated Systems 11.7: Treatment for Substance Use Disorders 11.7.1: Detoxification 11.7.2: Self-Help Groups The First Step Working Through the Steps Effectiveness 11.7.3: Cognitive Behavior Therapy Coping Skills Training Relapse Prevention Short-Term Motivational Therapy 11.7.4: Two Major Studies 11.7.5: General Conclusions 11.8: Gambling Disorder 11.8.1: Symptoms of Gambling Disorder 11.8.2: Diagnosis of Gambling Disorder 11.8.3: Frequency of Gambling Disorder Summary: Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders Key Terms Chapter 12 Sexual Dysfunctions, Paraphilic Disorders, and Gender Dysphoria Learning Objectives 12.1: Normal and Abnormal 12.1.1: The Human Sexual Response Cycle 12.1.2: Disruptions in the Sexual Response Cycle 12.1.3: Historical Perspective 12.1.4: Evaluating the Quality of Sexual Relationships 12.1.5: Diagnosis of Sexual Dysfunctions 12.2: Sexual Dysfunctions 12.2.1: Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder 12.2.2: Erectile Disorder 12.2.3: Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder 12.2.4: Female Orgasmic Disorder 12.2.5: Premature (Early) Ejaculation 12.2.6: Delayed Ejaculation 12.2.7: Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder 12.3: The Origins of Sexual Dysfunction 12.3.1: Frequency of Sexual Dysfunctions 12.3.2: The Impact of Age and Culture 12.3.3: Biological Factors Affecting Sexual Desire 12.3.4: Psychological Factors Affecting Sexual Desire 12.4: Treating Sexual Dysfunction 12.4.1: Psychological Treatments for Sexual Dysfunction The Efficacy of Psychological Treatments 12.4.2: Biological Treatments for Sexual Dysfunction 12.5: Paraphilic Disorders 12.5.1: Symptoms of Paraphilic Disorders 12.5.2: Diagnosis of Paraphilic Disorders 12.5.3: Fetishistic and Transvestic Disorders 12.5.4: Sexual Masochism Disorder Sexual Sadism Disorder 12.5.5: Exhibitionism, Voyeurism, and Frotteurism 12.5.6: Pedophilic Disorder 12.5.7: Rape and Sexual Assault 12.6: The Origins of Paraphilia 12.6.1: Frequency of Paraphilia 12.6.2: Biological Factors Causing Paraphilia 12.6.3: Social Factors Causing Paraphilia 12.6.4: Psychological Factors Causing Paraphilia 12.7: Treating Paraphilia 12.7.1: Aversion Therapy 12.7.2: Cognitive Behavioral Treatment 12.7.3: Hormones and Medication Legal Issues Community Notification Laws Sexual Predator Laws 12.8: Gender Dysphoria 12.8.1: Symptoms of Gender Dysphoria 12.8.2: Frequency of Gender Dysphoria 12.8.3: Causes of Gender Dysphoria 12.8.4: Treatment for Gender Dysphoria Summary: Sexual Dysfunctions, Paraphilic Disorders, and Gender Dysphoria Key Terms Chapter 13 Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders Learning Objectives 13.1: Symptoms of Schizophrenia 13.1.1: Positive Symptoms First-Person Account of Delusional Beliefs 13.1.2: Negative Symptoms 13.1.3: Disorganization Thinking Disturbances Abnormal Motor Behavior Catatonic Behavior Stuporous Conditions Inappropriate Affect 13.2: Diagnosis of Schizophrenia 13.2.1: DSM-5 13.2.2: Subtypes 13.2.3: Related Psychotic Disorders 13.2.4: Course and Outcome 13.3: Frequency of Schizophrenia 13.3.1: Gender Differences 13.3.2: Cross-Cultural Comparisons 13.4: Biological Causes of Schizophrenia 13.4.1: Genetics Genetic Questions Molecular Genetics 13.4.2: Pregnancy and Birth Complications 13.4.3: Neuropathology Structural Brain Imaging Functional Brain Imaging General Conclusions 13.4.4: Neurochemistry 13.5: Social and Psychological Causes of Schizophrenia 13.5.1: Social Class Migrant Studies 13.5.2: Expressed Emotion High EE Outcomes Understanding Family Attitudes 13.5.3: Interaction of Biological and Environmental Factors 13.6: The Search for Markers of Vulnerability 13.6.1: Designing a Measure for Vulnerability 13.6.2: Working-Memory Impairment 13.6.3: Eye-Tracking Dysfunction 13.7: Treatment of Schizophrenia 13.7.1: Antipsychotic Medication Maintenance and Side Effects Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS) Tardive Dyskinesia (TD) Second-Generation Antipsychotics How Antipsychotics Function 13.7.2: Psychosocial Treatment Summary: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders Key Terms Chapter 14 Neurocognitive Disorders Learning Objectives 14.1: Symptoms of Neurocognitive Disorders 14.1.1: Delirium 14.1.2: Major Neurocognitive Disorder Neurocognitive Symptoms Memory and Learning Verbal Communication and Perception Abstract Thinking Judgment and Social Behavior Assessment of Neurocognitive Impairment Neuropsychological Assessment Personality and Emotion Motor Behaviors Dementia Versus Clinical Depression 14.2: Diagnosis of Neurocognitive Disorders 14.2.1: Brief Historical Perspective 14.2.2: Specific Types of Neurocognitive Disorder Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Alzheimer’s Disease Neurofibrillary Tangles Amyloid Plaques Frontotemporal Neurocognitive Disorder Neurocognitive Disorder With Lewy Bodies Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Traumatic Brain Injury Huntington’s Disease Parkinson’s Disease 14.3: Frequency of Delirium and Major Neurocognitive Disorders 14.3.1: Prevalence of Dementia 14.3.2: Prevalence by Subtypes of Neurocognitive Disorder 14.3.3: Cross-Cultural Comparisons 14.4: Causes of Neurocognitive Disorders 14.4.1: Causes of Delirium 14.4.2: Neurocognitive Disorder: Genetic Factors Specific Genes Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP Gene) Presenilin Genes (PS1 and PS2) APOE Gene 14.4.3: Neurotransmitters in NCD 14.4.4: Immunology and NCD 14.4.5: Environmental Factors 14.5: Treatment and Management 14.5.1: Medication 14.5.2: Environmental and Behavioral Management 14.5.3: Support for Caregivers Summary: Neurocognitive Disorders Key Terms Chapter 15 Intellectual Disabilities and Autism Spectrum Disorders Learning Objectives 15.1: Symptoms of Intellectual Disabilities 15.1.1: Measuring Intelligence Controversies About Intelligence Tests  15.1.2: Measuring Adaptive Skills 15.1.3: Age of Onset 15.2: Diagnosis of Intellectual Disabilities 15.2.1: History of Diagnosis 15.2.2: Contemporary Diagnosis Life and Death 15.2.3: Frequency of Intellectual Disabilities 15.3: Causes of Intellectual Disabilities 15.3.1: Biological Factors Leading to Intellectual Disabilities Genetic Disorders Fragile-X Syndrome Phenylketonuria (PKU) Rare Recessive-Gene Disorders Infectious Diseases Cytomegalovirus and Toxoplasmosis Rubella Human Immunodeficiency Virus Syphilis Genital Herpes Encephalitis and Meningitis Toxins Alcohol Environmental Toxins Other Biological Abnormalities Rh Incompatibility Premature Birth Anoxia, Malnutrition, and Epilepsy Normal Genetic Variation 15.3.2: Psychological and Social Factors Leading to Intellectual Disabilities 15.4: Prevention and Normalization of Intellectual Disabilities 15.4.1: Primary Prevention 15.4.2: Secondary Prevention 15.4.3: Tertiary Prevention 15.4.4: Normalization 15.5: Autism Spectrum Disorder 15.5.1: Early Onset 15.5.2: Deficits in Social Communication and Interaction Theory of Mind 15.5.3: Restricted, Repetitive Interests and Activities 15.5.4: Other Symptoms of ASD 15.5.5: Diagnosis of ASD 15.5.6: Frequency of ASD 15.6: Causes of ASD 15.6.1: Psychological and Social Factors Leading to ASD 15.6.2: Biological Factors Leading to ASD The Role of Genetics in ASD Neuroscience of ASD 15.7: Treatment of ASD 15.7.1: Course and Outcome 15.7.2: Medication 15.7.3: Applied Behavior Analysis Other Applied Behavior Analysis Objectives  Communication Skills Other New Skills Social Responsiveness Clinically Significant Improvements  Summary: Intellectual Disabilities and Autism Spectrum Disorders Key Terms Chapter 16 Psychological Disorders of Childhood Learning Objectives 16.1: Externalizing Disorders 16.1.1: Rule Violations Children’s Age and Rule Violations Adolescent-Limited or Life-Course-Persistent? 16.1.2: Other Symptoms 16.1.3: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 16.1.4: Oppositional Defiant Disorder 16.1.5: Conduct Disorder 16.2: Causes of Externalizing Disorders 16.2.1: Frequency of Externalizing Family Risk Factors 16.2.2: Biological Factors Contributing to Externalizing Disorders Temperament Neuropsychological Abnormalities Genetics Gene-Environment Interactions and ODD 16.2.3: Social Factors Contributing to Externalizing Disorders Parenting Styles Coercion Other Social Factors Negative Attention Inconsistency Peers, Neighborhood, and Media Social Factors in ADHD 16.2.4: Psychological Factors in Externalizing Disorders 16.3: Treatment of Externalizing Disorders 16.3.1: Psychostimulants and ADHD “Paradoxical Effect” Usage and Effects Concerns About Learning and Growth  Side Effects Further Concerns and Alternatives 16.3.2: Behavioral Family Therapy for ODD 16.3.3: Treatment of Conduct Disorders Course and Outcome 16.4: Internalizing and Other Disorders 16.4.1: Symptoms of Internalizing Disorders 16.4.2: Diagnosis of Internalizing and Other Childhood Disorders Contextual Classifications 16.5: Causes and Treatment of Internalizing Disorders 16.5.1: Frequency of Internalizing Disorders 16.5.2: Suicide 16.5.3: Biological Factors Causing Internalizing Disorders 16.5.4: Social Factors Causing Internalizing Disorders 16.5.5: Psychological Factors Causing Internalizing Disorders 16.5.6: Treatment of Internalizing Disorders Course and Outcome Summary: Psychological Disorders of Childhood Key Terms Chapter 17 Adjustment Disorders and Life-Cycle Transitions Learning Objectives 17.1: Adjustment Disorders 17.1.1: Symptoms of Adjustment Disorders 17.1.2: Diagnosis of Adjustment Disorders Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Stage 1: Identity Versus Role Confusion Stage 2: Intimacy Versus Self-Absorption Stage 3: Generativity Versus Stagnation Stage 4: Integrity and Despair Adult Transitions 17.2: The Transition to Adulthood 17.2.1: Identity Crisis 17.2.2: Changing Roles and Relationships Emotional Turmoil 17.2.3: Diagnosis of Identity Conflicts 17.2.4: Frequency and Causes of Identity Conflicts 17.2.5: Treatment During the Transition to Adult Life 17.3: Family Transitions 17.3.1: Symptoms of Family Transitions Consequences of Family Transition Family Conflict Emotional Distress Cognitive Conflicts Diagnosis of Troubled Family Relationships 17.3.2: Frequency of Family Transitions 17.3.3: Causes of Difficulty in Family Transitions 17.3.4: Prevention of Relationship Distress 17.3.5: Couple Therapy and Family Therapy Research on Couple Therapy 17.4: The Transition to Later Life 17.4.1: Physical Functioning and Health 17.4.2: Happiness, Work, Relationships, and Sex Sex 17.4.3: Grief and Bereavement 17.4.4: Mental Health and Suicide 17.4.5: Diagnosis and Frequency of Aging 17.4.6: Causes of Psychological Problems in Later Life 17.4.7: Treatment of Psychological Problems in Later Life Summary: Adjustment Disorders and Life-Cycle Transitions Key Terms Chapter 18 Mental Health and the Law Learning Objectives 18.1: Conflicts 18.1.1: Expert Witnesses 18.1.2: Free Will Versus Determinism 18.1.3: Rights and Responsibilities 18.2: Mental Illness and Criminal Responsibility 18.2.1: The Insanity Defense Legislative Actions Guilty but Mentally Ill Burden of Proof Defining “Mental Disease or Defect” Use of the Insanity Defense 18.2.2: Competence to Stand Trial Competency Hearings 18.2.3: Sentencing and Mental Health Sexual Predators Affluenza 18.3: Civil Commitment 18.3.1: A Brief History of U.S. Mental Hospitals 18.3.2: Involuntary Hospitalization Predicting Dangerousness Dangerousness to Others Assessing Suicide Risk Abuses of Civil Commitment 18.4: Committed Patients’ Rights 18.4.1: Right to Treatment 18.4.2: Least Restrictive Environment 18.4.3: Right to Refuse Treatment Rotting With Their Rights On Outpatient Commitment Advance Psychiatric Directives 18.4.4: Deinstitutionalization 18.5: Mental Health and Family Law 18.5.1: Child Custody Disputes Expert Witnesses in Custody Disputes Divorce Mediation 18.5.2: Child Abuse Four Forms of Child Abuse Physical Child Abuse Child Sexual Abuse Child Neglect and Psychological Abuse Government Responses to Child Abuse 18.6: Professional Responsibilities and the Law 18.6.1: Professional Negligence and Malpractice Informed Consent on Alternative Treatments 18.6.2: Confidentiality Summary: Mental Health and the Law Key Terms Glossary References Credits Photo Credits Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Text Credits Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18