Introduction to Audiology, 13th Edition By Frederick Martin, John Clark | eBook [PDF]

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Introduction to Audiology, 13th Edition By Frederick Martin, John Clark | eBook [PDF] Introduction to Audiology Contents Preface New to This Edition How to Use This Book About the Authors Intro ... duction to Audiology Core Competencies PART I ELEMENTS OF AUDIOLOGY CHAPTER 1 The Profession of Audiology LEARNING OUTCOMES 1.1 The Evolution of Audiology Academic Preparation in Audiology Licensing and Certification A Blending of Art and Science 1.2 People and Places Prevalence and Impact of Hearing Loss Audiology Specialties Medical Audiology Educational Audiology Pediatric Audiology Dispensing/Rehabilitative Audiology Industrial Audiology Recreational and Animal Audiology Tele-Audiology Employment Settings Professional Societies Summary Websites Frequently Asked Questions Suggested Readings CHAPTER 2 Sound and Its Measurement LEARNING OUTCOMES 2.1 Sound Waves Transverse Waves Longitudinal Waves Sine Waves Vibrations Effects of Energy on Vibration Free Vibrations Forced Vibrations Frequency Effects of Length on Frequency Effects of Mass on Frequency Effects of Stiffness on Frequency Resonance Sound Velocity Wavelength Phase Interference Beats Complex Sounds Fundamental Frequency Harmonics Spectrum of a Complex Sound Intensity Force Pressure Work Power Intensity of a Sound Wave Impedance 2.2 The Decibel Logarithms Intensity Level Sound-Pressure Level Hearing Level Sensation Level Environmental Sounds 2.3 Psychoacoustics Pitch Loudness Localization Masking 2.4 Sound Measurement The Pure-Tone Audiometer Air Conduction Bone Conduction The Speech Audiometer Air Conduction Sound Field Sound-Level Meters Acceptable Noise Levels for Audiometry Calibration of Audiometers Summary Frequently Asked Questions Suggested Readings PART II HEARING ASSESSMENT CHAPTER 3 The Human Ear, Hearing Loss, and Pure-Tone Hearing Tests LEARNING OUTCOMES 3.1 Basics of How the Ear Works and the Hearing Losses that May Disrupt Sound Reception Types of Hearing Loss Conductive Hearing Loss Sensory/Neural Hearing Loss Mixed Hearing Loss Central Hearing Loss Nonorganic Hearing Loss 3.2 Testing Hearing Tuning-Fork Tests Pure-Tone Audiometry Controlling the Test Environment Earphone Attenuation Devices Insert Earphones Noise-Cancellation Headphones Sound-Isolated Chambers The Patient’s Role in Manual Pure-Tone Audiometry Patient Response False Responses The Clinician’s Role in Manual Pure-Tone Audiometry Positioning the Patient for Testing 3.3 Air- and Bone-Conduction Hearing Tests Air-Conduction Audiometry Procedure for Air-Conduction Audiometry Procedure for Bone-Conduction Audiometry The Audiometric Weber Test Pure-Tone Audiometry with Reduced Clinician Time Automatic Audiometry Computerized Audiometry 3.4 Audiogram Interpretation Air-Bone Relationships Tactile Responses to Pure-Tone Stimuli Cross Hearing Case Study 1: Conductive Hearing Loss—Outer Ear Disorder Case Study 2: Conductive Hearing Loss—Middle Ear Disorder Case Study 3: Sensory/Neural Hearing Loss—Inner Ear Disorder Case Study 4: Sensory/Neural Hearing Loss—Auditory Nerve Disorder Case Study 5: Nonorganic Hearing Loss Case Study 6: Pediatric Patient Summary Frequently Asked Questions Suggested Readings CHAPTER 4 Speech Audiometry LEARNING OUTCOMES 4.1 Requirements for Speech Audiometric Testing The Diagnostic Audiometer Test Environment The Patient’s Role in Speech Audiometry The Clinician’s Role in Speech Audiometry 4.2 Speech-Threshold Testing Speech-Detection Threshold Speech-Recognition Threshold SRT Testing with Spondaic Words Recording SRT Results Bone-Conduction SRT Relationship of SRT to SDT and the Pure-Tone Audiogram. 4.3 Speech-Recognition Testing Monosyllabic Word Lists Testing Word Recognition with Shortened Lists Short Isophonemic Word Lists High-Frequency Emphasis Lists Nonsense-Syllable Lists Testing of Monosyllables with a Closed-Response Set Testing Speech Recognition with Sentences Testing Speech Recognition with Competition Multi-Purpose Speech Recognition Testing Recording Speech-Recognition Test Results Administration of Speech-Recognition Tests Selection of Stimuli, Materials, and Response Method Performance-Intensity Functions in Speech-Recognition Testing Test Presentation Level Problems in Speech-Recognition Testing Bone-Conduction Speech-Recognition Testing Computerized Speech Audiometry Speech-Recognition, the Audibility Index, and Implications for Speech-Language Therapy 4.4 Loudness Comfort, Discomfort and Sound Interference Most Comfortable Loudness Level Uncomfortable Loudness Level Acceptable Noise Level Dynamic Range Case Study 1: Conductive Hearing Loss—Outer Ear Disorder Case Study 2: Conductive Hearing Loss—Middle Ear Disorder Case Study 3: Sensory/Neural Hearing Loss—Inner Ear Disorder Case Study 4: Sensory/Neural Hearing Loss—Auditory Nerve Disorder Case Study 5: Nonorganic Hearing Loss Case Study 6: Pediatric Patient Summary Frequently Asked Questions Suggested Reading CHAPTER 5 Masking LEARNING OUTCOMES 5.1 Why Do We Mask and How Do We Do It? Cross Hearing in Air- and Bone-Conduction Audiometry Masking Noises Used in Pure-Tone Masking Determining Effective Masking Levels Central Masking How Much Masking is Too Much Masking? A Tried and True Approach to Masking: The Plateau Method Masking for Bone Conduction Plotting Masked Results on the Audiogram 5.2 Masking for Speech Audiometry Cross Hearing in SRT Tests Noises Used in Masking for Speech Calibration of Speech-Masking Noises Central Masking for Speech Masking for SRT with the Plateau Method Recording Masked SRT Results Cross Hearing and Masking in Speech-Recognition Score Testing Compensation for Central Masking Maximum Masking Case Study 1: Conductive Hearing Loss—Outer Ear Disorder Case Study 2: Conductive Hearing Loss—Middle Ear Disorder Case Study 3: Sensory/Neural Hearing Loss—Inner Ear Disorder Case Study 4: Sensory/Neural Hearing Loss—Auditory Nerve Disorder Case Study 5: Non-organic Hearing Loss Case Study 6: Pediatric Patient Summary Frequently Asked Questions Suggested Readings CHAPTER 6 Physiological Tests of the Auditory System LEARNING OUTCOMES 6.1 Acoustic Immittance Measurements Made on Acoustic Immittance Meters Factors Governing Acoustic Immittance Equipment for Middle-Ear Immittance Measurements Measurement of Static Acoustic Compliance Normal Values for Static Acoustic Compliance Recording and Interpreting Static Acoustic Compliance Tympanometry Recording and Qualitative Interpretation of Tympanometric Results Objective Interpretation of Tympanometric Results High Frequency and Multi-Frequency Tympanometry and Wideband Acoustic Immittance Measuring the Acoustic Reflex as Part of the Acoustic Immittance Battery Implications of the Acoustic Reflex Interpreting the Acoustic Reflex Acoustic Reflex Decay Test Recording and Interpreting Acoustic Reflex Decay Test Results Laser-Doppler Vibrometer Measurement 6.2 Otoacoustic Emissions (OAEs) Transient-Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions Distortion-Product Otoacoustic Emissions Measuring OAEs Interpreting OAEs 6.3 Auditory-Evoked Potentials Electrocochleography Auditory Brain-Stem Response (ABR) Audiometry Interpreting the ABR Auditory Steady-State Response Interpreting the ASSR Auditory Middle Latency Response (AMLR) Audiometry Interpreting the AMLR. Auditory Late Responses (ALRs) Interpreting the Auditory Late Responses Intraoperative Monitoring Summary Frequently Asked Questions Suggested Readings CHAPTER 7 Pediatric Hearing Loss Identification and Assessment LEARNING OUTCOMES 7.1 Identifying Hearing Loss in Infants Under Three Months of Age Infant Hearing Screening The History of Neonatal Hearing Screening. Neonatal Screening with ABR Neonatal Screening with Otoacoustic Emissions Meeting the Needs and Challenges of Newborn Hearing Screening Beyond Early Identification 7.2 Pediatric Hearing Evaluation Subjective Observations in Pediatric Hearing Evaluations Objective Tests in Pediatric Hearing Evaluations Behavioral Testing of Children from Birth to Approximately Two Years of Age Auditory Responses Sound-Field Audiometry Sound-Field Test Stimuli Behavioral Testing of Children Approximately Two to Five Years of Age Speech Audiometry Operant Conditioning Audiometry Play Audiometry Electrophysiological Hearing Tests 7.3 Identifying Hearing Loss in the Schools Hearing Screening Measures Testing the Reliability of Screening Measures Non-organic Hearing Loss in School-aged Children Case Study 4: Pediatric Patient Summary Frequently Asked Questions Suggested Readings PART III HEARING DISORDERS CHAPTER 8 The Outer Ear LEARNING OUTCOMES 8.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Outer Ear Development of the Outer Ear The Auricle The External Auditory Canal The Tympanic Membrane 8.2 Disorders of the Outer Ear and Their Treatments Disorders of the Auricle Atresia of the External Auditory Canal Collapsing External Auditory Canals Foreign Bodies in the External Ear Canal External Otitis Growths in the External Auditory Canal Earwax in the External Auditory Canal Perforations of the Tympanic Membrane Thickening of the Tympanic Membrane Case Study 1: Conductive Hearing Loss—Outer Ear Disorder Summary Frequently Asked Questions Suggested Readings CHAPTER 9 The Middle Ear LEARNING OUTCOMES 9.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Middle Ear Development of the Middle Ear The Eustachian Tube The Mastoid Windows of the Middle Ear Bones in the Middle Ear The Middle-Ear Impedance Matcher Nonauditory Structures in the Middle Ear 9.2 Disorders of the Middle Ear and Their Treatments Negative Middle-Ear Pressure Suppurative Otitis Media Audiometric Findings in Suppurative Otitis Media Antibiotic Treatment of Otitis Media Dormant Otitis Media Serous Effusion of the Middle Ear Surgical Treatment for Middle-Ear Fluid Mucous Otitis Media Cholesteatoma Mastoidectomy Tympanoplasty Facial Palsy Patulous Eustachian Tube (PET) Otosclerosis Audiometric Findings in Otosclerosis Treatment of Otosclerosis Other Causes of Middle-Ear Hearing Loss Case Study 2: Conductive Hearing Loss—Middle Ear Disorder Summary Frequently Asked Questions Suggested Readings CHAPTER 10 The Inner Ear LEARNING OUTCOMES 10.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Inner Ear Development of the Inner Ear The Vestibular Mechanism The Auditory Mechanism Basilar Membrane Physiology of the Cochlea The Fluids of the Cochlea The Cochlear Microphonic The Auditory Neuron The Action Potential The Efferent System of the Cochlea Theories of Hearing Frequency Analysis in the Cochlea Hypotheses for Hair Cell Transduction Otoacoustic Emissions 10.2 Hearing Loss and Disorders of the Inner Ear Prenatal Causes of Inner Ear Hearing Loss Perinatal Causes of Inner Ear Hearing Loss Postnatal Causes of Inner Ear Hearing Loss Tobacco Smoke and Sensory/Neural Hearing Loss Otosclerosis Barotrauma Radiation-Induced Hearing Loss Cochlear Hearing Loss Following Surgical Complications Sudden Idiopathic Sensory/Neural Hearing Loss Ménière’s Disease Semicircular Canal Dehiscence Syndrome Autoimmune Inner-Ear Disease Head Trauma/Traumatic Brain Injury Presbycusis Noise-Induced Hearing Loss Hidden Hearing Loss Toxic Causes of Cochlear Hearing Loss Case Study 3: Sensory/Neural Hearing Loss—Inner-Ear Disorder Summary Frequently Asked Questions Suggested Readings CHAPTER 11 The Auditory Nerve and Central Auditory Pathways LEARNING OUTCOMES 11.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Auditory Nerve and Central Auditory Pathways Development of the Auditory Nerve and Central Auditory Nervous System 11.2 Hearing Loss and the Auditory Nerve and Central Auditory Pathways Disorders of the Auditory Nerve Tumor of the Auditory Nerve Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder (ANSD) Disorders of the Cochlear Nuclei Causes of Cochlear Nuclei Disorders Disorders of the Higher Auditory Pathways Auditory Processing Disorders Minimal Auditory Deficiency Syndrome Central Deafness 11.3 Tests for Auditory Processing Disorders Binaural Interaction Tests Band-Pass Binaural Fusion Listening in Spacialized Noise Test Rapidly Alternating Speech Perception (RASP) Masking-Level Difference Temporal Patterning Tests Gaps-in-Noise Test Auditory Durations Patterns Test Dichotic Tests The Dichotic Digits Test The Staggered Spondaic Word (SSW) Test Synthetic Sentence Identification Test with Contralateral Competing Message Competing Sentence Tests Monaural Speech Tests Synthetic Sentence Identification with Ipsilateral Competing Message Filtered Speech Tests Time-Compressed Speech Performance-Intensity Function Testing Other Indices of Central Auditory Function Screening Test for Auditory Processing Disorders Acoustic Reflex Test Auditory Evoked Potentials Otoacoustic Emissions Approaching APD through a Battery of Tests Case Study 4: Sensory/Neural Hearing Loss–Auditory Nerve Disorder Summary Frequently Asked Questions Suggested Readings CHAPTER 12 Nonorganic Hearing Loss LEARNING OUTCOMES 12.1 Patients with Nonorganic Hearing Loss Terminology Indications of Nonorganic Hearing Loss Tinnitus 12.2 Testing for Nonorganic Hearing Loss Performance on Routine Hearing Tests Objective Tests Acoustic Reflex Tests Auditory Evoked Potentials. Otoacoustic Emissions Behavioral Tests for Nonorganic Hearing Loss The Stenger Test The Speech Stenger Test The Doerfler-Stewart Test The Lombard Test The Delayed-Speech Feedback Test The Pure-Tone Delayed Auditory Feedback (DAF) Test Variations on Békésy Audiometry Using a Conventional Audiometer The Varying Intensity Story Test Other Confusion Tests 12.3 Management of Patients with Nonorganic Hearing Loss Case Study 5: Nonorganic Hearing Loss Summary Frequently Asked Questions Suggested Readings PART IV AUDIOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT CHAPTER 13 Beyond Hearing: Management of Balance Disorders, Tinnitus, and Decreased Sound Tolerance LEARNING OUTCOMES 13.1 Disturbances of Balance Tests for Vestibular Abnormality Vestibular Rehabilitation 13.2 Tinnitus and Its Management Tinnitus Classifications What Causes Tinnitus and Why Does It Bother Some but Not Others? Tinnitus Evaluation Tinnitus Management 13.3 Decreased Sound Tolerance (DST) Hyperacusis Misophonia Case Study 3: Sensory/Neural Hearing Loss—Inner-Ear Disorder Summary Frequently Asked Questions Suggested Readings CHAPTER 14 Amplification/ Sensory Systems LEARNING OUTCOMES 14.1 Hearing Aid Development Hearing Aid Circuit Overview Electroacoustic Characteristics of Hearing Aids Output Sound-Pressure Level Acoustic Gain Frequency Response Distortion Other Hearing Aid Parameters 14.2 Types of Hearing Aids Behind-the-Ear Hearing Aids Receiver in Canal Hearing Aids In-the-Ear Hearing Aids In-the-Canal Hearing Aids Completely in-the-Canal Hearing Aids Invisible-in-the-Canal Hearing Aids Light-Driven Hearing Aids Bilateral/Binaural Amplification CROS Hearing Aids Bone-Conduction Hearing Aids 14.3 Implantable Hearing Assistance Implantable Bone-Conduction Devices Middle-Ear Implants Cochlear Implants Auditory Brain-Stem Implants 14.4 Hearing Aid Selection and Fitting Working with Adults Verification and Validation of Hearing Aid Performance for Adults Working with Children Verification and Validation of Hearing Aid Performance for Children Hearing Aid Acceptance and Orientation Dispensing Hearing Aids Over-the-Counter Hearing Aid Sales 14.5 Personal Sound Amplification Products and Hearing Assistance Technologies Summary Frequently Asked Questions Suggested Readings CHAPTER 15 Patient Management LEARNING OUTCOMES 15.1 Gathering and Sharing Information Patient Histories and Perceptions Referral to Other Specialists Liaisons with Otolaryngologists Liaisons with Speech-Language Pathologists Liaisons with Clinical Psychologists Liaisons with Genetic Counselors Liaisons with Teachers of Children with Hearing Impairments Liaisons with Regular School Classroom Teachers 15.2 Audiological Counseling Diagnostic Counseling Emotional Response to Hearing Loss Personal Adjustment Counseling Counseling Support Groups 15.3 Management of Adult Hearing Impairment Communication Management Group Intervention Speechreading Training with Adults Tele-audiology Geriatric Concerns Successful Outcomes through Evidenced-Based Practice 15.4 Management of Childhood Hearing Impairment Remaining Cognizant of Complicating Factors Auditory Processing Disorders Auditory Neuropathy in Children Developmental Disabilities Language Disorders Psychological Disorders Auditory Training with Children Speechreading Training with Children Educational Options Communication Methodologies American Sign Language Auditory-Verbal Approach Aural/Oral Method Cued Speech Manually-Coded English 15.5 Management of Auditory Processing Disorders Management of APD in Children Management of APD in Adults 15.6 Multicultural Considerations The Deaf Community Case Study 1: Conductive Hearing Loss—Outer-Ear Disorder Case Study 2: Conductive Hearing Loss—Middle-Ear Disorder Case Study 3: Sensory/Neural Hearing Loss—Inner-Ear Disorder Case Study 4: Sensory/Neural Hearing Loss—Auditory Nerve Disorder Case Study 5: Nonorganic Hearing Loss Case Study 6: Pediatric Patient Summary Frequently Asked Questions Suggested Readings Glossary References Author Index Subject Index [Show More]

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