ATI TEAS 6 Science Anatomy and Physiology Guide

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ATI TEAS 6 Science Anatomy and Physiology Guide. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Endocrine System Gland/Organ Hormone Secreted Function Hypothalamus Releasing/Inhibiting hormones Stimulate Pituitary Anter... ior Pituitary (base of brain; controls growth and development Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Stimulate adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Stimulate the Thyroid gland Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Stimulates production of ova (females) and sperm (males) Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Stimulates Ovaries (females) and Testes (males) Prolactin Stimulates milk production Growth Hormone (GH) Stimulates growth (bones) and metabolic functions Posterior Pituitary (back of anterior pituitary) Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Promotes retention of water by the kidneys Oxytocin Stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary gland cells Pineal Gland (center of brain) Melatonin Sleep cycles; biorhythms Thyroid (neck; hormones regulate growth, development, and metabolism) Triiodothyronine (T3) Metabolism Thyroxine (T4) Metabolism and temperature Calcitonin Inhibits release of Calcium from bones Parathyroid (4 glands on Thyroid) Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Stimulates release of calcium from bones, back into blood. Thymus (lymphoid organ that produces T-Cells) Thymosin Stimulates T-Cell Development Adrenal Glands (Above Kidneys; regulate HR, BP, and other functions) See below See below Adrenal Cortex (stimulates fight or flight response) Cortisol/Glucocorticoids Stress response; Increase blood glucose, Decrease immune response; metabolism Aldosterone Regulates Na content in blood Adrenal Medulla (stimulates fight or flight response) Epinephrine Fight Norepinephrine Flight Ovaries (female gonads) Estrogen Stimulates egg maturation, controls 2ndary sexTEAS 6 Science characteristics Progesterone Prepares uterus to receive fertilized egg Testes (male gonads) Testosterone Regulates sperm production and 2ndary sex characteristics Kidneys Erythropoietin Response to cellular hypoxia Renin Promotes production of Angiotensin Liver Angiotensin II Vasoconstriction, Increase BP Pancreas Glucagon (Alpha Cells) Increase blood glucose Insulin (Beta Cells) Decrease blood glucose Stomach Gastrin Response to food; stimulates production of gastric juices Intestine Secretin Response to acidity in small intestine; stimulates secretion by liver and pancreas Cholecystokinin Production of Bile Salts Heart Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) Increase renal Na excretion, decrease ECF Gastrointestinal System Enzyme Production site Release site Carbs Salivary Amylase Salivary Glands Mouth Pancreatic Amylase Pancreas Small Intestine Maltase Small Intestine Small Intestine Protein Pepsin Chief Cells (gastric gland) Stomach Trypsin Pancreas Small IntestineTEAS 6 Science Peptidases Small Intestine Small Intestine Nucleic Acids Nuclease Pancreas Small Intestine Nucleosidase Pancreas Small Intestine Lipids Lipase Pancreas Small Intestine Bile Salt Liver→Gallbladder Small Intestine *Bile is technically not an enzyme, but a salt that emulsifies lipid into fatty droplets. Chief Cells: Covert pepsinogen to pepsin Goblet Cells: Mucus secretions Parietal Cells: HCl production Peyer's Patches: Lymphatic Tissue found in Ileum to protect GI tract from pathogens Integumentary System Epidermis: Most superficial layer of skin; entirely epithelial cells ● Does NOT contain blood vessels ● 5 layers o Stratum Corneum: "Top Layer"- Dead keratinocytes o Stratum Lucidum: "Clear Layer"- Colorless protein eleidin o Stratum Granulosum: "Thin Layer"- granular layer o Stratum Spinosum: "Spiny Layer"- Thickest layer, keratinocytes, immune dendritic cells, sensory cells o Stratum Basale: "Basal Layer"- Bottom layer; contains melanocytes. Dermis: Directly below epidermis; mostly connective tissue ● Contains blood vessels ● Sensory receptors ● Hair follicles ● Sebaceous glands ● Sweat glands ● Elastin and Collagen fibers Hypodermis/SubQ: Connective tissue ● Binds the skin to underlying muscle ● Fat deposits cushion and insulate the body Glands Exocrine: Secrete substances into ducts ● Holocrine: secretory products; whole cells; connected to hair follicle o Sebaceous Glands: secrete sebum: an oily mixture of lipids and proteins; waterproofs skin, protects from pathogens ● Eccrine: Not connected to hair follicle, activated by high body temperature, locatedthroughout the body. A type of sweat gland (sudoriferous gland) in thermoregulation. o Secrete a salty solution of electrolytes and water ▪ NaCl ▪ KHCO3 ▪ Glucose ▪ Antimicrobial Peptides ● Apocrine: Secrete an oily solution (fatty acids, triglycerides, and proteins) o Located in: ▪ Armpits ▪ Groin ▪ Palms ▪ Soles of feet o Secrete (sweat) during anxiety or stress o Body Odor forms from bacteria feeding on apocrine sweat Urinary System Kidney (2): Regulates fluid balance and filters waste from blood ● Receive blood from renal artery (extension of aorta) ● Filter blood ● Reabsorb need materials ● Excrete waste and water via urine ● Renal Cortex: Outer Layer o Contains ~1 million Nephrons (filters) o Glomerulus: Capillary in nephron o Bowman's Capsule: encapsulates the glomerulus ● Renal Medulla: Middle Layer o Proximal Convoluted Tubule: Water, glucose, ions, and other organic moleculesare reabsorbed back into the blood stream. o Distal Convoluted Tubule: Urea and drugs are removed from blood. pH in bloodis adjusted with H+ ions. ● Renal Pelvis: Inner Layer o Materials arrive as urine from distal convoluted tubule. Reproductive System MALES ● Produce, maintain, and transfer sperm and semen into the female reproductive tract. ● Produce and secrete male hormones [Show More]

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