ATI TEAS 6 Science Anatomy and Physiology Guide.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Endocrine System
Gland/Organ Hormone Secreted Function
Hypothalamus Releasing/Inhibiting hormones Stimulate Pituitary
Anterior Pituitary (base
...
ATI TEAS 6 Science Anatomy and Physiology Guide.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Endocrine System
Gland/Organ Hormone Secreted Function
Hypothalamus Releasing/Inhibiting hormones Stimulate Pituitary
Anterior Pituitary (base of
brain; controls growth and
development
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Stimulate adrenal cortex to secrete
glucocorticoids
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Stimulate the Thyroid gland
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Stimulates production of ova (females) and
sperm (males)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Stimulates Ovaries (females) and Testes
(males)
Prolactin Stimulates milk production
Growth Hormone (GH) Stimulates growth (bones) and metabolic
functions
Posterior Pituitary (back of
anterior pituitary)
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Promotes retention of water by the kidneys
Oxytocin Stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary
gland cells
Pineal Gland (center of
brain)
Melatonin Sleep cycles; biorhythms
Thyroid (neck; hormones
regulate growth,
development, and
metabolism)
Triiodothyronine (T3) Metabolism
Thyroxine (T4) Metabolism and temperature
Calcitonin Inhibits release of Calcium from bones
Parathyroid (4 glands on
Thyroid)
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Stimulates release of calcium from bones, back
into blood.
Thymus (lymphoid organ
that produces T-Cells)
Thymosin Stimulates T-Cell Development
Adrenal Glands (Above
Kidneys; regulate HR, BP,
and other functions)
See below See below
Adrenal Cortex (stimulates
fight or flight response)
Cortisol/Glucocorticoids Stress response; Increase blood glucose,
Decrease immune response; metabolism
Aldosterone Regulates Na content in blood
Adrenal Medulla (stimulates
fight or flight response)
Epinephrine Fight
Norepinephrine Flight
Ovaries (female gonads) Estrogen Stimulates egg maturation, controls 2ndary sexTEAS 6 Science
characteristics
Progesterone Prepares uterus to receive fertilized egg
Testes (male gonads) Testosterone Regulates sperm production and 2ndary sex
characteristics
Kidneys Erythropoietin Response to cellular hypoxia
Renin Promotes production of Angiotensin
Liver Angiotensin II Vasoconstriction, Increase BP
Pancreas Glucagon (Alpha Cells) Increase blood glucose
Insulin (Beta Cells) Decrease blood glucose
Stomach Gastrin Response to food; stimulates production of
gastric juices
Intestine Secretin Response to acidity in small intestine;
stimulates secretion by liver and pancreas
Cholecystokinin Production of Bile Salts
Heart Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) Increase renal Na excretion, decrease ECF
Gastrointestinal System
Enzyme Production site Release site
Carbs Salivary Amylase Salivary Glands Mouth
Pancreatic Amylase Pancreas Small Intestine
Maltase Small Intestine Small Intestine
Protein Pepsin Chief Cells (gastric gland) Stomach
Trypsin Pancreas Small IntestineTEAS 6 Science
Peptidases Small Intestine Small Intestine
Nucleic Acids Nuclease Pancreas Small Intestine
Nucleosidase Pancreas Small Intestine
Lipids Lipase Pancreas Small Intestine
Bile Salt Liver→Gallbladder Small Intestine
*Bile is technically not an enzyme, but a salt that emulsifies lipid into fatty droplets.
Chief Cells: Covert pepsinogen to pepsin
Goblet Cells: Mucus secretions
Parietal Cells: HCl production
Peyer's Patches: Lymphatic Tissue found in Ileum to protect GI tract from pathogens
Integumentary System
Epidermis: Most superficial layer of skin; entirely epithelial cells
● Does NOT contain blood vessels
● 5 layers
o Stratum Corneum: "Top Layer"- Dead keratinocytes
o Stratum Lucidum: "Clear Layer"- Colorless protein eleidin
o Stratum Granulosum: "Thin Layer"- granular layer
o Stratum Spinosum: "Spiny Layer"- Thickest layer, keratinocytes, immune dendritic cells,
sensory cells
o Stratum Basale: "Basal Layer"- Bottom layer; contains melanocytes.
Dermis: Directly below epidermis; mostly connective tissue
● Contains blood vessels
● Sensory receptors
● Hair follicles
● Sebaceous glands
● Sweat glands
● Elastin and Collagen fibers
Hypodermis/SubQ: Connective tissue
● Binds the skin to underlying muscle
● Fat deposits cushion and insulate the body
Glands
Exocrine: Secrete substances into ducts
● Holocrine: secretory products; whole cells; connected to hair follicle
o Sebaceous Glands: secrete sebum: an oily mixture of lipids and proteins; waterproofs
skin, protects from pathogens
● Eccrine: Not connected to hair follicle, activated by high body temperature, locatedthroughout
the body. A type of sweat gland (sudoriferous gland) in thermoregulation.
o Secrete a salty solution of electrolytes and water
▪ NaCl
▪ KHCO3
▪ Glucose
▪ Antimicrobial Peptides
● Apocrine: Secrete an oily solution (fatty acids, triglycerides, and proteins)
o Located in:
▪ Armpits
▪ Groin
▪ Palms
▪ Soles of feet
o Secrete (sweat) during anxiety or stress
o Body Odor forms from bacteria feeding on apocrine sweat
Urinary System
Kidney (2): Regulates fluid balance and filters waste from blood
● Receive blood from renal artery (extension of aorta)
● Filter blood
● Reabsorb need materials
● Excrete waste and water via urine
● Renal Cortex: Outer Layer
o Contains ~1 million Nephrons (filters)
o Glomerulus: Capillary in nephron
o Bowman's Capsule: encapsulates the glomerulus
● Renal Medulla: Middle Layer
o Proximal Convoluted Tubule: Water, glucose, ions, and other organic moleculesare
reabsorbed back into the blood stream.
o Distal Convoluted Tubule: Urea and drugs are removed from blood. pH in bloodis
adjusted with H+ ions.
● Renal Pelvis: Inner Layer
o Materials arrive as urine from distal convoluted tubule.
Reproductive System
MALES
● Produce, maintain, and transfer sperm and semen into the
female reproductive tract.
● Produce and secrete male hormones
[Show More]
