Pharmacology Quiz #1

Pharmacology Quiz #1 Question Answer True/False: The reaction to pain is a subjective experience TRUE What is substance P? The neurotransmitter for pain Definition: medications used to relieve pain Analgesics Wha ...

Pharmacology Quiz #1 Question Answer True/False: The reaction to pain is a subjective experience TRUE What is substance P? The neurotransmitter for pain Definition: medications used to relieve pain Analgesics What are the 2 most important receptors in pain management? Mu + Kappa What are the drugs of choice for moderate to severe pain? Opioids How are Opioids classified? Effectiveness What 2 categories are opiates placed in? strong + moderate Definition: the standard against which the effectiveness of every other opioid is compared representative drug What opioid agonist is the representative drug used to treat severe pain? morphine Drug action: suppress cough, slow GI motility, sedation, euphoria Morphine What is the most dangerous side effect of Opioid Agonists? respiratory depression Codeine, Oxycodone, Propoxyphene are all common opioid agonists with _________ effectiveness moderate Demerol, Dilaudid and Duramorph are all common opioid agonists with ___________ effectiveness high What 2 classes of drugs work synergistically to relieve pain? opioids + non-narcotic analgesics What non-narcotic analgesic is used the most in combination with an opioid? acetaminophen (Tylenol) What do Vicodin, Percocet and Darvocet all have in common? combinations with acetaminophen Definition: substances that prevent the effects of opioid agonists opioid antagonists What analgesic category is used to treat an opioid overdose or respiratory depression? Opioid Antagonist Naloxone (Narcan) is an opioid_________. antagonist What is the drug of choice in an acute opioid overdose? Narcan What is important to remember when reversing the effects of opioids? patient may experience rapid loss of analgesia and feel pain __________ inhibit cyclooxygenase. NSAIDs cyclooxygenase is an enzyme that inhibits ___________. prostaglandins What is the drug of choice for mild-moderate pain? NSAIDS A high dose of NSAIDS can increase the risk of what? heart attack + stroke What is an adverse effect of NSAIDS? GI bleeding/irritation What is a side effect of Celebrex? Heart Attack Celecoxib (Celebrex) selective COX-2 inhibitor Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) and Naproxen Sodium (Aleve) Non Selective Why were many of the COX-2 inhibitors removed from the market? Cardiovascular reasons What is the most common analgesic used for relief of slight-moderate pain? Aspirin __________ inhibit platelet aggregation. Aspirin What is a side effect of Aspirin? GI bleeding True/False: Acetaminophen (Tylenol) is an antiinflammatory agent. False: anti-pyretic What is the maximum Tylenol dosage in a day? 4 grams What is the most common kind of headache? tension headache What is one of the most common complaints of patients? Headache What is the most painful type of headache? migraine Definition: characterized by throbbing or pulsating pain, sometimes proceeded by an aura migraines What are the 2 primary goals for pharmacology therapy of a migraine? Stop + Prevent sumatriptan Imitrex Definition: stimulate serotonin receptors which constricts certain vessels within the brain in order to stop migraine Triptans What are Ergot Alkaloids used for? patients unresponsive to triptans Ergot Alkaloids are a pregnancy category___. X What is the action of headache medications? vasoconstriction what drug class prevents migraines? Beta Blockers Definition: group of neurotransmitters released from neurons in CNS endogenous opioids __________ opioids block the release of substance P in the spinal cord Endogenous What are the 2 basic categories of analgesics? Opioids + Non-opioids Definition: medications used to relieve pain analgesics Definition: substances that produce analgesia and CNS depression Narcotics popoxyphene hydrochloride Darvon hydromorphone hydrochloride Dilaudid meperidine hydrochloride Demerol Morphine sulfate Duramorph What are the benefits of combination medications? lower dose, less side effects, no addiction oxycodone Percocet popoxyphene napsylate Darvocet Salicylates Aspirin clonidine Catapres tamadol Ultram Catapres + Ultram centrally acting nonopioid drugs Imitrex is a type of ________. Triptan The nervous system is divided into what 2 systems? CNS + Peripheral Definition: consists of brain + spinal cord CNS The Peripheral Nervous System is divided into 2 divisions? Motor(somatic) + Autonomic Definition: voluntary control over skeletal muscles Motor (Somatic) Definition: involuntary control over smooth muscle, cardiac muscle/glands Autonomic The autonomic system is divided into 2 sub-systems? Sympathetic + Parasympathetic Fight or Flight Sympathetic Rest + Digest Parasympathetic Definition: junction between neurons synapse What are the 2 primary Neurotransmitters? Norepinephrine +Acetylcholine Sympathetic nerves Adrenergic Parasympathetic nerves Cholinergic Beta blocker that affects the heart? Beta1 Beta blocker that affects the lungs Beta2 What are the 2 receptor subtypes of Acetylcholine? nicotinic + muscarinic Sympathomimetics adrenergic agents Parasympathomimetics cholinergic agents Sympatholytics adrenergic blockers Anticholinergics cholinergic blockers ________ agents are used for their effects on the heart, bronchial tree and nasal passages adrenergic albuterol (Proventil) stimulates beta2 receptors in the _____. lungs What is the disadvantage of nonselective agents? more side effects Definition: stimulate more than 1 type of receptor nonselective Definition: stimulate one receptor selective pseudoephedrine (__________ )stimulates alpha + beta receptors Sudafed phenlyephrine Neo-Synephrine dobutamine Dobutrex dopamine Inotropin albuterol Proventil epinephrine Adrenalin isoproterenol Isuprel norepinephrine Levophed salmeterol Serevent What are adrenergic blockers used to primarily treat? HTN What is the most widely used class of autonomic drugs? adrenergic blockers A direct acting cholinergic agent used to reduce intraocular pressure? Pilocarpine A direct acting cholinergic agent used to stimulate the smooth muscle of the bowel or urinary tract after anesthesia? Bethanechol _________ acting agent inhibits acetlcholinesterase (the breakdown of Ach) Indirect bethanechol Urecholine pyridostigmine Mestinon _________ is a cholinergic agent used to treat myasthenia gravis. Mestinon What are anti-cholinergic agents primarily used for? Asthma + Dry secretion What are the side effects of Anticholinergic agents? Dry mouth, constipation,urinary retention, tachycardia __________ is an anticholinergic agent used to dry secretions prior to anesthesia. Atropine _________ is an anticholinergic agent used to treat asthma. Atrovent __________ is an anticholinergic agent used to treat IBS + motion sickness Hyoscine Definition: disorder characterized by recurrent seizures Epilepsy Definition: involuntary violent spasms of the large skeletal muscles Convulsions Definition: disturbances of electrical activity in the brain caused by abnormal/uncontrollable neuronal discharges Seizures Some ant seizure medications may _________ effectiveness of oral contraceptives during pregnancy decrease Antiseizure meds are pregnancy category____ D How long is seizure medication withdrawn? 6-12 weeks What is the goal of an antiseizure medication? to suppress neuronal activity JUST ENOUGH to prevent abnormal or repetitive firing High concentrations of sodium,calcium and chloride located________the cell. outside High concentrations of _________ inside the cell. potassium What are the 3 mechanisms for ant seizure drugs? 1. Stimulating chloride 2. Delay sodium 3. Delay calcium What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain? GABA What 2 drug classes intensify GABA action? Barbiturates + Benzodiazapines Benzodiazepines are used for _______ control. short term What drug is used to treat status epilepticus? Diazepam (Valium)