PBIO Exam Questions & Answers

PBIO Exam Questions & Answers Palynology and Benefits from this - ✔✔Palynology: the study of pollen. Benefits: determines when agriculture originated in certain areas and who consumed it, helps solves criminal cases, ...

PBIO Exam Questions & Answers Palynology and Benefits from this - ✔✔Palynology: the study of pollen. Benefits: determines when agriculture originated in certain areas and who consumed it, helps solves criminal cases, meaning to native americans Pollination and Types of animals involved - ✔✔Pollination: the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma Types of animals: Bees, wasps, flies, ants, butterflies, moths, birds, bats Plant strategies that attract pollinators. Animals necessary? - ✔✔Color and scent attract animals to pollen. Animals arent necessary but very helpful in pollenation Double fertilization in fruit and seed production, asexual or sexual? - ✔✔Double fertilization: a complex fertilization mechanism of flowering plants (angiosperms). This process involves the joining of a female gametophyte (megagametophyte, also called the embryo sac) with two male gametes (sperm). Sexual repoduction Explain the importance to human cultures of endosperm development in angiosperms - ✔✔The nutritive value of wheat, rice, and corn, the worlds major crops, is due to the large endosperm in these grains Interpret how human activities may affect pollinator activity, and ultimately plant growth. - ✔✔Human activity, has put a large pressure on pollinators by both increasing their demand and removing their habitat. Name 4 ways that fruits and seeds are dispersed and give a specific example for each - ✔✔Dispersal by wind: the samara of a maple tree has a curved wing that causes the fruit to spin as it is released from the tree. Dispersal by animals: shore birds can carry seeds with their feet. Dispersal by water: sedges have seeds surrounded by inflated sacs that allow the seeds to float Other dispersal methods: the splitting action of dry witch hazel capsuls can fling seeds over 12 meters away Explain how human dispersal of plant material can have negative consequences - ✔✔Humans sometimes will bring back harmful diseases when carrying back fruits or seeds Describe the variety of ways plants respond to or protect themselves from herbivory - ✔✔Physical defense: plant hairs, especially when dense as on leadplant leaves, can impede insects and prevent access to leaf surfaces Explain how plant chemical defensive compounds benefit humans - ✔✔Toxins: These chemicals disrupt important physiological processes. For example, scientists have discovered over 10,000 types of alkaloids in plants. They include caffeine, which inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis; nicotine, which overstimulates and disrupts the nervous system; and canavanine, which disrupts protein synthesis Explain why plants produce tannins and name ways in which tannins have been important to people - ✔✔They are large molecules that bind readily with proteins, cellulose, starches, and minerals. These resulting substances are insoluble and resistant to decomposition. Tannins play a role in medicine and human health also tannins in cranberries help cure UTI's in women Explain what evidence there is that medicinal plants were used 60,000 years ago by Homo neanderthalensis - ✔✔Evidence was found in the grave of a Neanderthal man buried 60,000 years ago. The plants burried with the corpse had medicinal value Explain how the Doctrine of Signatures is used to remember plants used for medicinal purposes - ✔✔People believed that the "signitaures" visible on the plant corresponded to human anatomy. Example: the lobbed appearance of liverworth suggested that it cured liver complaints Describe the uses of Goldenseal and Echinacea - ✔✔Goldenseal: treated wounds, mouth sores, eye inflamations, used internally for stomach and liver aliments and can reduce blood pressure Echinacea: decrease cold and flu symptoms Explain how knowledge of herbal remedies and rainforest conservation is related to the development of modern medicines - ✔✔The rainforests are getting cut down which is making it more difficult for the native people to find the plants they need to create medicine Describe the importance of secondary plant products (compounds) to plants and humans - ✔✔Secondary plant products: the medicinal value of plants is directly connected to the vast array of chemical compounds manufactured by their biochemical pathways. Some discourage herbivores and some inhibit bacterial or fungal pathogens Describe the action of Foxglove glycosides on the heart - ✔✔Foxglove slows down the heart rate while increasing the strength of each heartbeat, so that more blood is pumped with each contraction. The resulting improvement in circulation decreases edema in the lungs and extremities and increases kidney output Describe the historical use of Willow bark, list the properties for which it is valued today and name some side effects of its use - ✔✔The bark of a willow tree is widley known for reducing fever and relieving pain. The ancient Greeks used it to treat gout, rheumatism, pain, fever. Now it is used for the skin to remove warts, corns, and various skin ailments. Side effects: can irretate the stomach, vomiting, change in mental alertness Describe the specific role of salicylic acid in plant defense - ✔✔At the site of infection, defense response might include strengthening the cell walls, synthesizing enzymes that attack the pathogen, or synthesizing other antimicrobial compounds Explain why Cinchona bark became known as "Jesuit's Bark" and what effect its curative properties had on the wild populations of the tree - ✔✔The bark was found by the Jesuits and it cured a Chichona woman who had malaria. Explain why artemisinin is an important alternative to chloroquine - ✔✔Chloroquine resulted in malaria to rebound due to the emergence of parasites resistant to chloroquine. Artemisinin showed promising results in not having parasite growth Describe how snakeroot has been used medicinally, indicating which parts have been harvested - ✔✔People used the root to treat snakebites, insect stings, and even mental illness. The leaves were used to make a tea to get one into a meditative state Describe the medicinal activities of Aloe vera - ✔✔Used for minor burns and cuts. Also used to cure rashes, sunburn, direct burns, scalds, and minor wounds Name three plants used in anti-cancer therapies and how these affect cell division - ✔✔Vinca Alkaloids: The alkaloids act on the microtubular level, where they interfere with the spindle formation and thus prevent mitosis Taxol: Also acts on the microtube, but the mode of action is different Camptothecins: Inhibition of topisomerase triggers a cascade of events that results in cell death Describe the advantages or disadvantages of using synthetic versions of plant compounds - ✔✔Advantages: When using alternative drugs it could cause issues when mixing with over the counter drugs. Disadvantages: Some herbal remedies have shown to have remarkable results Describe the medicinal uses for St. John's Wort and Gingko and the interactions that occur for each of these with other drugs - ✔✔St. Johns Wort: Helps treat depression. Lifts spirits in the brain by raising seretonin levels. Patients experience a drop in blood concentration in certain prescribed medications Ginko: Offering hope to alzheimers patients. Also used to treat asthma and bronchitis. Can cause bleeding when taken with asprin. Name the three main categories of psychoactive plants - ✔✔1. Stimulants 2. Hallucinogens 3. Depressents Describe some benefits and side effects of stimulants - ✔✔Benefits: sense of well-being and exhilaration, self confidence and power, alleviate fatigue and drowsiness Side effects: increased agitation, apprehension, and anxiety, increased tolerence, and often dependency on said stimulant Describe how and where khat has been used and the effects of the active compounds - ✔✔Khat is used as a CNS stimulant used by the Muslims and the Copts of Ethiopia. People chew it and then swallow your saliva to get the effects. Khat causes increased alertness, elevated mood, general excitement, hyperactivity, hypertalkativeness, insomnia, etc. Describe the history of use of Ephedra species (by whom and how it was used). Distinguish uses for Eurasian and North American species - ✔✔The Chinese used it for curing feverish chills, arresting coughing, and dispering obstructions in the bowel Eurasion species have 6 types while North American species have none. Describe the adverse symptoms associated with ephedrine and name the street drugs derived from it - ✔✔Symptoms: increasing blood pressure, adverse heartrate, nasal congestion Street drugs: Ecstasy, MDMA, Meth Describe the plant sources of coffee, tea and chocolate. Compare the effects of these plants to Ilex guayua - ✔✔Caffeine is a trimethylxanthine alkaloid found in the simlultatory beverages coffee, tea, and chocolate. Ilex guyana: when drank, causes severe headaches, bloodshot eyes, unsettling halluciogens Describe the effects of depressants. Distinguish between additive and antagonistic effects - ✔✔Effects: euphoria and well-being, beginning with sedation, followed by hypnosis, general anesthesia, coma, and ending in death from respiratory failure as the dose increases at higher levels Additive effects: barbituates the intensify impairment of driving induced by alcohol, and alcohol potentiates the effects of kava Antagonistic: exists between CNS depressants and behavioral stimulants, stimulants will block the actions of depressents and return a patient to normal, and often lead to greater depression than before Describe the origin and history of opium use - ✔✔Babylonian and Egyptians said that opium was used to sleep. Early peoples valued its ability to allay the worries and sorrows of life Name some drugs developed from opiate alkaloids and describe their history of use. Describe symptoms that accompany withdrawal from such drugs - ✔✔Morphine: discovered in 1806, known for ability to deden pain. Very addictive. Codeine: oral analgesic, not as strong as morephine Heroine: introduced in 1898 thought it was less addictive than morphine, used to make cough syrups, 6x more addictive than morphine Withdrawal: increased respiration, perspiration, runny nose, goose bumps, muscle twitches, insomnia, vomitting, and shitting. Name the source of Peyote, describe how it is consumed and its effects. Discuss the legality of its use - ✔✔Peyote comes from a cactus, usually chewed and swallowed as mescal buttons. Effects include, nausea, chills, vomitting, accompanied by anxiety, and dislocation of visual perspective. After the bad symptoms, users get clarity and thought and see beautiful colors. Explain the effects of ergot and its relationship with plants - ✔✔Ergot destroys the ovaries of the grains List factors that may affect the concentration of tropane alkaloids in plants - ✔✔Scopolamine, Atropine, Hyposcyamine Describe how hallucinogens can be applied externally and the kinds of effects that result - ✔✔Can be applied to through the skin, when used made it feel as if you were flying Describe the effects and dangers of Datura use - ✔✔Rubbed it on their forehead, fell into a 24 sleep, dreamed of wild rides and frenzied dancing and other weird things. Describe the risks of marijuana use - ✔✔-pairs ability to process and store information (short term memory) -respiratory effects (shortness of breath, chronic cough, chest tightness) -lower coordination impairs driving ability Describe the purposes of psychoactive plant use in spiritual practices - ✔✔-To establish contact with the spirits and the spiritual world -To access the souls of ancestors for advice -To ponder deeply religious and philosophical subjects related to their society -Establish contact with the gods -To attain supernatural powers Describe how Ayahuasca is prepared for religious rites and the types of plants used. Name the part of the world where Ayahuasca is used and describe the rituals that accompany its use - ✔✔Ayahuasca was the fundamental sacrament used by the Amazon people. Only allowed to be used when it is for a ceremonial purpose, only be used at night, mixed B caapi with other plants Describe the ways in which olive oil has been used for spiritual, religious or celebratory purposes - ✔✔Olive oil was used for the religious holiday hanukkah in judaism, used during baptisms, used in blessing the bishop in christmas ceremonies Explain the symbolic importance of plants used in the Baci-Sou Khuan ceremony - ✔✔The flowers on the tray represent an expression of Lao Folks aesthetics and cultural values, they express abundane through color, and convey visual harmony Explain the evidence that indicates that people were using flowers in burials more than 11,000 years ago - ✔✔Found impressions made by flowers and other plants apparently buried beneath the dead