What is nephrotic syndrome?
(Ans- A condition of increased glomerular permeability that allows larger molecules to pass through the membrane into the urine and then be excreted.
What are key features of nephrotic sy
...
What is nephrotic syndrome?
(Ans- A condition of increased glomerular permeability that allows larger molecules to pass through the membrane into the urine and then be excreted.
What are key features of nephrotic syndrome?
(Ans-
-*Massive proteinuria*
-*Hypoalbuminemia*
-*Edema (facial and periorbital)*
-Lipiduria
-Hyperlipidemia
-Increased coagulation
-Reduced kidney function
In nephrotic syndrome, severe protein loss in the urine is greater than what?
(Ans- 3.5g in 24 hours
What is nephrotic syndrome treated with?
(Ans-
-immunosuppressant agents (if immunity based).
-ACE inhibitors (decreased protein loss in urine)
-statins (improve blood lipid levels).
-Heparin (used to treat vascular effects and improve kidney function)
Describe the "risk" stage for AKI
(Ans- creatinine x 1.5 of normal, and GFR reduced by 25%
Describe the "injury" stage for AKI
(Ans- creatinine x2 & GFR reduced by 50%
Describe the "failure" stage for AKI
(Ans- creatinine x3 normal, & GFR reduced by 75% (Cant fix)
Describe Prerenal AKI. Give examples.
(Ans- Decreased perfusion to kidneys.
-NSAIDs
-Severe dehydration
-Renal artery stenosis
-MI or HF resulting in low ejection fraction and low cardiac output
-Blood/ fluid loss
Describe Intrarenal AKI. Give examples.
(Ans- Tissue damage to the actual kidneys.
-Glomerulonephritis or inflammation of the glomeruli
-Sepsis
-Intrarenal bleeding
-Pyelonephritis
Describe Postrenal AKI. Give examples.
(Ans- Obstruction that occurs after the kidney.
-Enlarged prostate (BPH)
-Bladder Cancer
-Kidney stones
How do you determine the mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
(Ans- Systolic + (Diastolic*2) /3
What is the MAP needed to perfuse the kidneys?
(Ans- 65 mmHg
What are examples of nephrotoxic drugs?
(Ans-
-NSAIDS
-Metformin
-Diuretics
-Antibiotics (especially -mycin)
-Contrast dye
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