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NR511 Final Exam Study Guide

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NR511 Final Exam Study Guide See Midterm and Week 1 Study Guide for content covering weeks 1, 2 & 3 Common Infections 1. Impetigo 2. Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome 3. Cellulitis 4. Erysipelas 5. Necrotizing fasciitis 6. Mammalian bites 1. Hematuria Urology - Hematuria is defined as blood in the urine and can be visible (gross) or occult (microscopic) - the ingestion of beets can color the urine red to pink, and medications such as rifampin and phenazopyridine (Pyridium) can give urine a reddish-orange color. The presence of porphyrins, hemoglobin, or myoglobin can color the urine reddish-brown. Pus in the urine is indicative of bacterial infection, such as cystitis, urethritis, or prostatitis. - Menstrual history is always important in a female patient, as well as history of recent strenuous exercise, streptococcal infection (especially poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis), or nephrolithiasis; family history (e.g., of polycystic kidney disease); and recent travel (potential exposure to parasitic infections). Gross painless hematuria is a cardinal symptom of certain malignancies such as bladder cancer. 2. Incontinence & overactive bladder - Urinary incontinence (UI) is the involuntary loss of urine from the bladder. Incontinence is so frequent in women that many consider it normal. Incontinence is also common in older men as a result of an enlarging prostate. Incontinence can affect a person’s quality of life and may be psychologically devastating. a. Stress: Failure to store due to hypermobility of bladder neck, intrinsic sphincter deficiency, neurogenic sphincter deficiency Medications: Sedatives, hypnotics, antispasmodics b. Urge: Failure to store due to urinary tract infection; vaginitis; bladder stones and tumors; cortical, subcortical, and suprasacral lesions; cerebrovascular accident; dementia; multiple sclerosis; Parkinson’s disease; spinal cord transection Medications: Diuretics, narcotics c. Overflow: Failure to empty due to underactive detrusor, outlet obstruction, diabetes mellitus Medications: Anticholinergics, disopyramide, antihistamines, calcium channel blockers d. Functional: Delirium, fecal impaction, manual dexterity and immobility Medications: diuretics, hypnotics, alcohol, narcotics, decongestants Rx: Anticholinergic/Antispasmodic Agents: ex: tolterodine (Detrol LA) or oxybutynin (Ditropan XL) for urge, overactive bladder and stress incontinence. Contraindications: Closed-angle glaucoma, Myasthe

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