CALT Exam Prep Questions and Answers 2023,100% CORRECT

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CALT Exam Prep Questions and Answers 2023 Strephosymbolia - Correct Answersmeans twisted symbols. The first term Orton used for dyslexia. phonetics - Correct Answersthe study of speech sounds ... in spoken language phonological awareness - Correct Answersthe ability to focus on units of sound in spoken language at the sentence, word, syllable and phoneme levels phonemic awareness - Correct Answersawareness of speech sounds or phonemes in spoken words phonics - Correct Answersinstruction that connects sounds and letters synthetic phonics - Correct Answersexplicitly teaches individual grapheme-phoneme correspondences before they are blended to form syllables or whole words alphabetic principle - Correct Answersthe understanding that spoken sounds are represented in print by written letters consonant - Correct Answersblocked / voiced or unvoiced sounds - a class of speech sounds with air flow that is constricted or obstructed vowel - Correct Answersopen and voiced sounds - a class of open speech sounds produced by the passage of air through an open vocal tract phonology - Correct Answersthe rules that determine how sounds are used in spoken language fluency - Correct Answersreading with rapidity and automaticity prosody - Correct Answersthe rhythmic flow of oral reading pragmatics - Correct Answersset of rules that dictate communicative behavior and use of language, rules we communicate by syntax - Correct Answerssentence structure, grammar, usage semantics - Correct Answerscontent of language, used to express knowledge of the world around us - meaning phoneme - Correct Answerssmallest unit of sound in a syllable spelling - Correct Answerssound to symbol / phoneme to grapheme, connect grapheme to phoneme orthography - Correct Answersthe spelling of written language orthographic memory - Correct Answersmemory of letter patterns and word spellings metalinguistics - Correct Answersawareness of language as an entity guided discovery - Correct Answersa method of leading students to new learning through questioning Heuristic - Correct Answersmeans to discover by demonstration grapheme - Correct Answersa letter or letter cluster that represents a single speech sound decoding - Correct Answersword recognition in which the phonetic code is broken down to determine a word blending - Correct Answersfusing individual sounds, syllables or words into meaningful units reading - Correct Answerssymbol to sound / grapheme to phoneme morpheme - Correct Answersthe smallest meaningful unit of language - a suffix, prefix, root or stem such as awe, dis, in, inter, or word part such as cat, man. etc. Knowledge of word meaning, rapid word recognition, and spelling ability greatly depend on knowledge of word structure at the level of morphemes. morphology - Correct Answersthe study of word formation patterns, meaningful units that make words fricative - Correct Answersa sound produced by forcing air through a narrow opening between the teeth or lips / f / / sh / / z / nasal sound - Correct Answersa sound produced by forcing air out through th nose / n / / m / continuant sound - Correct Answersa sound prolonged in its production / m / / s / / f / stop consonant sound - Correct Answersa sound obstructed / they must be clipped off / b / / d / aspiration - Correct Answerspuff of air Norman Invasion - Correct Answers1066 A.D., had a great effect on English language, William the Conqueror, French spoken by upper class brought words like furniture, painter, tailor, beef, pork, mutton, Brought monks who added w and u, also the dot for the i and tail for the j. Alphabet complete at 26 letters Number words one to a thousand - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon Most of the basic color words - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon The names of farm, forest and ocean animals - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon Outer body parts - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon Short, common everyday words: the, run, and, play, work - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon Words with gh: laugh, cough, right, high - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon Words with ck: pick, duck, sack - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon Words with k: king, kiss, kilt, hook - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon Words with kn or gn in initial position: knee, knife, gnat, gnash - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon Words with tw: twin, twilight, between - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon Words with wr: write, wring, wrist - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon Short words with ch pronounced /ch/ chest, cheap - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon One-syllable words with tch: witch, hatch, match - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon One-syllable words with dge: edge, ridge, hedge - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon Short words with th: this, these, bath - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon Words with wh: why, while, when - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon Words with double consonants: better, ladder, carrot - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon One-syllable words that end in ff, ll ss Floss Words - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon Words with ow: plow, snow, brow, blow - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon Short words with silent letters: walk, should, thumb, listen - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon Wild Old Words: mind, most, kind - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon Most pronouns: he, she, us - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon Most F. S. S. words handle, thimble, twinkle - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon Words with hard g before e and i: gift, giddy, girl, begin - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon Words with ng - Correct AnswersAnglo-Saxon Long words, three or more syllables: marvelous, fascinate - Correct AnswersLatin Words with ct: act, direct, conduct - Correct AnswersLatin Words with pt: apt, erupt, attempt - Correct AnswersLatin Words with ti pronounced /sh/ partial, nation - Correct AnswersLatin Words with ci pronounced /sh/ special, precious - Correct AnswersLatin Words with sion: erosion, collision - Correct AnswersLatin Words with ssion: passion, expression - Correct AnswersLatin Words with double consonants near the beginning illegal, attract, occupy - Correct AnswersLatin Words with t pronounced /ch/: nature, punctual - Correct AnswersLatin Words with d pronounced /j/ educate, graduate - Correct AnswersLatin Words with silent initial h: hour, herb, honor - Correct AnswersLatin Words with ular: regular, popular - Correct AnswersLatin Words with j: joint, journal - Correct AnswersLatin Words that are legal terms: justice, legal, judge - Correct AnswersLatin Words with the soft c before e and i: cent, census, city - Correct AnswersLatin Words with sc pronounced /s/: science, irascible, scissors - Correct AnswersLatin Medical , technical and scientific words - Correct AnswersGreek Words with ph: phrase, graph, phone - Correct AnswersGreek Words with ch pronounced /k/: choir, ache, orchid - Correct AnswersGreek Long words with the letter k: kilometer, kinescope - Correct AnswersGreek Long words or short, unfamiliar words with th: thermos, athlete - Correct AnswersGreek Words with medial y: cycle, gymnastics, thyme - Correct AnswersGreek Words related to Olympics: marathon, discus, meter - Correct AnswersGreek Words related to theater: comedy, tragedy, orchestra - Correct AnswersGreek Words with rh: rhyme, rhombus - Correct AnswersGreek Words with ology: biology, theology, astrology - Correct AnswersGreek Words with silent initial p: pseudonym, psychology - Correct AnswersGreek Rapid letter naming - Correct Answerskey to automatic word recognition decoding and encoding - Correct Answersrefer to applying the skills of analytic and synthetic learning recognition of the visual symbol, symbol/sound correspondence, and blending sounds into a words - Correct Answersdecoding Effective handwriting instruction - Correct Answersincludes teaching the correct pencil grip and formation of each letter McGuffey Readers - Correct AnswersFormal reading instruction was based on "phonics" used at the beginning of the 20th Century Dick & Jane ( "Look/Say" Method ) - Correct AnswersThought that children would make more rapid progress reading if they identified whole words at a glance. Used from 1930s - 1960s. Rudolph Flesch - Correct AnswersStarted the issue of the great debate to the publics attention on how best to teach a child to read. This came about in his book. "Why Johnny Can't Read" (Mid 1950s) NICHD - Correct AnswersBegan looking at the issue as the deemed the inability to read as a "national health issue" and began to fund research in the area of reading. (1965) "Learning to Read: The Great Debate" Jean Chall - Correct AnswersThis book caught the attention of professionals and the government that our nation is in a reading crisis. Children are not learning to read since the look and say method came about. (1967) Basal Reading Programs - Correct AnswersThese programs begin to drive reading instruction. 70% of American Schools bought one or more of the best selling programs. (1960s to mid 80s) Kenneth Goodman and Frank Smith - Correct AnswersDeveloped the Top-Down approach to reading instruction. Believed that reading should be taught through immersion in children's literature . Teaches reading without breaking it down into parts. Whole Language based, emphasis is on guessing at words rather than sounding them out. (1980s) G. Reid Lyon - Correct AnswersBecame the coordinator of the research for NICHD. (1985) National Reading Panel Report - Correct AnswersProduced scientifically based research that demonstrated that approximately 40% of the population "have reading problems severe enough to hinder their enjoyment of reading." (2000) Percentage of students in special ed who can't read - Correct Answers85% (NICHD) Five critical components of reading instruction - Correct Answersphonemic awareness, phonics, fluency (identifying words accurately and fluently); vocabulary and comprehension strategies (constructing meaning once words are identified) I M F - Correct Answersinitial, medial, final Middle - Correct Answersmeans very center Medial - Correct Answersmeans between initial and final V - Correct Answersvowel C - Correct Answersconsonant Paired equivalent sounds - Correct Answers/ch//j/ /f//v/ /p//b/ /sh//zh/ /t//d/ /k//g/ /s//z/ /th//th/ How are our decks aligned and why?*** - Correct AnswersAlignment of multiple responses - according to frequency and reliability of sounds Digraph - Correct Answerstwo letters that come together to make one sound Trigraph - Correct Answersthree letters that come together to make one sound Quadrigraph - Correct Answersfour letters that come together to make one sound Diphthong - Correct Answerstwo vowels sounds blended togther in the same syllable Combinations - Correct Answerstwo letters than come together to make an unexpected sound Code marks - Correct Answersbreve, macron, dieresis, circumflex, tilde, cedilla, tittle, schwa: (u) in an unaccented syllable = marks in dictionary Digraph - Correct Answerstwo letters that come together to make one sound Trigraph - Correct Answersthree letters that come together to make one sound Quadrigraph - Correct Answersfour letters that come together to make one sound Diphthong - Correct Answerstwo adjacent vowels that blend smoothly together Combinations - Correct Answerspattern of letters which occurs frequently together closed - Correct Answersa syllable that ends in one or more consonants. The vowel is usually short open - Correct Answersa syllable that ends in a vowel Vowel consonant e - Correct Answerssyllable witha long vowel sounds that end with a consonant followed by a silent e Vowel team - Correct Answerssyllable with two adjacent vowels R controlled - Correct Answerssyllable with a vowel r combination F.S.S. final stable syllable*** - Correct Answersa non phonetic syllable with occurs frequently in the final position of English words. V - Correct Answersvowel in an open unaccented syllable, i is short, a is obscure, e o and u are half long. When is Vr not a combination? - Correct AnswersVr r = Vr merry - when followed by two rr's, except for ur ( hurry), Vr v = Vr fire, very when followed by an e or vowel y Base word - Correct Answersplain old English word Root - Correct Answersa word without affixes or endings Affix - Correct Answersa letter or letters added to the beginning or ending of a baseword or root that creates a derivative with a meaning or grammatical form that is different than the baseword or root Suffix - Correct Answersa letter or group of letters added to the end of a base word to change the meaning or usage Prefix - Correct Answersletter or group of letters added to the beignning of a base word to change the meaning c and g - Correct Answersmake a soft sound when followed by i ,e or y age (ij) - Correct AnswersFrench ending ate (it) or (at) - Correct AnswersFrench ending ice (is) - Correct AnswersFrench ending ine (in) or (en) - Correct AnswersFrench ending ise (is) - Correct AnswersFrench ending ive (iv) - Correct AnswersFrench ending ain (in) - Correct AnswersFrench ending esque (esk) - Correct AnswersFrench ending ile (il) - Correct AnswersFrench ending ique (ik) - Correct AnswersFrench ending ite (it) - Correct AnswersFrench ending current research regarding the brain and developmental dyslexia concludes that - Correct Answersa "glitch" may have taken place during fetal development an individual with dyslexia might experience delays in social development as demonstrated by - Correct Answerslack of good judgment, inability to stick with a game, erratic emotional behavior a student who learns better from a lecture/class discussion rather that the printed page is - Correct Answersa poor visual learner Multisensory strategies (VAKT) - Correct Answersmost students will learn and retain info better if instruction is given in this manner intelligence test - Correct Answersidentifies intelligence and cognitive strengths and weaknesses. Includes measures of verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory and processing speed (WISC-IV); verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, abstract/visual reasoning and short-term memory (Stanford-Binet). Examples: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV), Stanford-Binet achievement test - Correct Answersdesigned to measure students' specific knowledge and skills (basic academic skills - are they performing at level?). Woodcock Johnson, WRAT) norm-referenced test - Correct Answersassessment that (provides a detailed analysis of a student's strengths and weaknesses.) Compares a person's score against the scores of people who have already taken the test, the "norming group," a national sample of similar students (any test with research on). (WISC-IV, DIBELS) criterion-referenced test - Correct Answersassessment that (measures knowledge attained and knowledge yet to be acquired in a domain.) tells how well students are performing on specific goals or standards (do they meet the criteria?). standardized tests - Correct Answersany tests that are administered and scored in a pre-specified, standard manner; each test-taker is asked the same questions and/or given the same tasks, provided the same information before and during the test, has the same amount of time to take the test. All tests are also scored in the same manner. These tests can be either norm-referenced or criterion-referenced, and either an achievement or an aptitude test. curriculum-based measurement - Correct Answersassessment that measures (knowledge that has been taught.) a student's performance in a local curriculum. The CBM is a quick probe into student achievement that provides current, week-by-week information on the progress a child is making. behavior rating scales - Correct Answerscompleted by parents and sometimes teachers and used to check for symptoms of ADHD; measure and compare a child's behavior to that of other children the same age. Examples: Connor's Rating Scale, Child Behavior Checklist, Behavior Evaluation Scale, Burk's Behavior Rating Scale screening - Correct Answersbrief assessment that identifies students who may need additional or alternate forms of instruction (benchmark). progress monitoring - Correct Answersperiodic assessment that measures progress in response to specific instruction and/or intervention. diagnostic measure - Correct Answersassessment that provides a detailed analysis of a student's strengths and weaknesses outcome measure - Correct Answersassessment that classifies a student in terms of achievement or improvement or grade-level performance based on targeted outcomes formal assessment - Correct Answersstandardized assessment that must be administered and scored according to prescribed procedures. Used to compare overall achievement to that of others of the same age and grade, or to identify comparable strengths and weaknesses (state assessments). informal assessment - Correct Answers(assessments that are not standardized) a process for gathering information used to make educational decisions using means other than assessments; can include projects, presentations, experiments, demonstrations, performances, portfolios, observations, etc. (spelling tests, etc.). pseudowords - Correct Answersnonsense words that are phonetically regular formative data - Correct Answersdata that provide information about knowledge to be applied to short-term goals. Collected during instruction through instructional activities, homework; used to adjust instructional practices in an effort to maximize student learning. summative data - Correct Answersdata that provide information about knowledge to be applied to long-term, comprehensive goals. Data collected at the end of a chapter, unit, or course, after instruction has taken place; used to make curriculum decisions, direct future instruction, and improve instructional practices. DIBELS - Correct AnswersDynamic Indicators of Basic Literacy Skills TPRI - Correct AnswersTexas Primary Reading Inventory: a screening tool for early literacy skills PALS - Correct AnswersPhonological Awareness Literacy Screening: comprehensive assessment of a child's early literacy fundamentals that are predictive of future reading success WRAT - Correct AnswersWide Range Achievement Test: brief achievement test measuring reading recognition, spelling, arithmetic computation If a student is making A's and B's in the classroom but is a slow reader, the teacher should give what type of assessment - Correct Answersinformal The Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Education Battery - Correct Answersan academic achievement and norm-referenced test Grade equivalent scores - Correct Answersnot a dependable representation of progress An individual Education Plan (IEP) for a student identified with a learning disability does not include - Correct Answersa prescription for a specific intervention (correct) A brief assessment that identifies students who may need additional testing or alternative instruction is known as - Correct Answersinformal screening The Conner's Rating Scales - Correct Answersused to measure Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder acuity - Correct Answerskeenness of thought or vision (zero in on it and see what's going on) active listening - Correct Answersgiving one's full attention to the speaker and making eye contact with him or her structured instruction - Correct Answersinstruction that follows ordered procedures direct instruction - Correct Answersinstruction in which concepts are explicitly taught diagnostic teaching - Correct Answersteaching that is informed by a continual assessment of student needs prescriptive teaching - Correct Answersindividualized teaching based on needs systematic and cumulative instruction - Correct Answersteaching with a logical order of introduction of concepts that progress from easiest to more difficult explicit instruction - Correct Answersdirect, purposeful instruction VAKT - Correct AnswersVisual , Auditory, Kinesthetic/ Tactile (Grace Fernald) Top-Down Theory - Correct Answersled by Kenneth Goodman and Frank Smith **strong meaning-based position **Goodman calls reading a "psycholinguistic guessing game" **rather than read every word, good readers select out on the essential textual information **only focus on individual words/sounds when text does not make sense, and the reader needs to go back and reread **this is Whole Language characteristic Bottom-Up Theory - Correct Answersemphasis on the subprocesses of the reading act and its contention that many of these subprocesses, such as letter and word identification, must become automatic in order for readers to be fluent. (Alphabetic Phonics) Interactive Theory - Correct Answersreaders simultaneously initiate word identification and predict meaning----these are reciprocal events analytical approach - Correct Answerswhole to part (Top-Down) put the whole word on the board/discover what's the same, how it can be broken down into component parts synthetic approach - Correct Answerspart (letters) to whole words (bottom up) Socratic technique - Correct AnswersUsing carefully planned questions, the student is led to discover the new concept linguistics-based beginning reading approach - Correct AnswersLearning to recognize word families (bat, cat, hat, ) To teach syllable division, Mr. Smart first taught his students to recognize closed or (VC) syllables. He then showed the class words such as napkin, impact, and mascot and discussed accent. Later, he demonstrated how the words could be divided into two syllables. Finally he gave the students syllables and asked them to construct words. - Correct Answerssynthetic and analytic instruction Controlled reading and spelling vocabulary are characteristics of - Correct Answersdecodable text, linguistic programs, an MSL program Repeating prior information in a multisensory structured language program is essential to ensure what - Correct Answersautomaticity ALTA - Correct AnswersAcademic Language Therapy Association IMSLEC - Correct AnswersInternational Multisensory Structured Education Council MSL - Correct AnswersMultisensory Structured Language MSLE - Correct AnswersMultisensory Structured Language Education NICHD - Correct AnswersNational Institute of Child Health and Human Development Which prominent names are closely associated with research on phonological awareness (Montessori/Clay/Liberman*** - Correct AnswersIsabelle Liberman Scientifically based research - Correct Answersis replicated and longitudinal Research by NICHD indicates that of the students with specific learning disabilities receiving special education services - Correct Answers70 - 80% have deficit in reading According to the National Reading Panel Report (2000), what represents the strongest indication of a reading disability - Correct Answersa deficit in phonology D. Berlin (1887) - Correct AnswersCoined the term "dys" -- meaning difficult, "lexia" -- meaning pertaining to words. James Hinshelwood (1917) - Correct Answers"word blindness" -- ophthalmologist from Scotland that discovered that the left hemisphere of the brain affected word storage Samuel Orton (1920-1950) - Correct AnswersNeuropsychiatrist from Columbia University in New York who first recognized dyslexia students in America. He discovered that approximately 10% of students will not learn using the whole words method. Also coined the term "strephosymbolia" (twisted words), which replaced the former term word blindness. Dr. Madonald Critchley (1964) - Correct AnswersEstablished term "developmental dyslexia" at the World Federation of Neurology meeting at the Scottish Rite Hospital. Marianne Frosig (1960) - Correct AnswersDid visual tracking research. Findings show there is no relationship between dyslexia and vision acuity. Isabelle Liberman (1973-1984) - Correct AnswersDid research on phonological awareness that linguistic information is stored in its phonological form (all word recognition requires letter-sound access). Also studied phonological processing deficits affecting the ability to make use of letter-sound associations as an effect of rapid retrieval problems. Discovered tapping exercises. Hugh Catts (1986) - Correct AnswersSpeech language pathologist working at the University of Kansas. Did remedial work for programs to improve phonological awareness. Keith Stanovich (1980) - Correct AnswersResearched the process of phonics and the need to attach sound to symbol. Readers with poor word recognition are more reliant on context than good readers (comprehension work). Bonita Blachman - Correct Answersprofessor at Syracuse University. Has done much research in the field of phonology and reading.Created Elkonian cards (kids who couldn't read couldn't segment sounds as well). Free morpheme - Correct Answerscan stand alone as words and do not have to be combined with other morphemes. Free morpheme: function words - Correct Answersprepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, auxiliary verbs, articles Free morpheme: content words - Correct Answersnouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs Free morpheme: compounds - Correct Answersgenerally composed of Anglo-Saxon words, combinations of two free morphemes Bound morphemes - Correct Answerswork as meaningful units only in combination with other morphemes (suffixes, bound roots [Latin], and prefixes). Inflections - Correct Answersbound morphemes that show possession, gender, or number (noun - s, a, es); tense, voice, or mood (verb - ed, en, could have been); and comparison (adjective - er, est). Derivational suffixes - Correct Answersmorphemes, added to roots or bases to form new words that usually change the grammatical category of a word. Greek-derived morphemes - Correct Answersnot necessarily assigned specific roles as prefixes, suffixes, or roots and may combine with other bound morphemes of equal importance in flexible order. Derivational complexity - Correct Answerscharacterizes the number and type of changes that have been made int he base word or root when it is combined with other morphemes. Types of phonological change are: syllable regrouping, vowel alternation, consonant alternation, and stress alternation. Principals of ALTA Code of Ethics - Correct Answersstandards of personal conduct, standards of professional conduct, conflict of interest, confidentiality Developmental auditory imperception - Correct Answersdisorder related to dyslexia dysphasia - Correct Answersdisorder related to dyslexia Specific developmental dyslexia - Correct Answersdisorder related to dyslexia developmental dysgraphia - Correct Answersdisorder related to dyslexia developmental spelling disability - Correct Answersdisorder related to dyslexia Ability - Correct Answerstest designed to measure either general intelligence or mental apptitude in a particular area. Academic Achievement Test - Correct Answersstandardized test designed to efficiently measure the amount of knowledge and or skill a person has acquired, usually as a result of classroom instruction. Such testing produces a statistical profile used as a measurement to evaluate student learning in comparison with a standard or norm. Accent - Correct Answersstress on one syllable in a word or on one or more words in a phrase or sentence. It is spoken louder, longer, and/or in a higher tone. The mouth opens wider while saying it. Accommodation - Correct Answersprovide different ways for kids to take in information or communicate their knowledge. Changes do not alter or lower the standards or expectations of a subject or test. Accuracy - Correct AnswersThe number of words a student can read correctly in a given period of time. ADHD - Correct AnswersAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Adolf Kusmaul - Correct Answers1877 - first used the term "word-blindness". Age equivalent - Correct Answersa type of test score that is calculated based on the age that an average person earns a given score within the tested population. Alvin and Isabel Liberman - Correct AnswersAlphabetic principle and its relationship to phonemic awareness and phonological awareness in reading. Anglo Saxon - Correct AnswersAlso Old English - spoken and written between at least the mid 5th century and the mid 12th century Anglo Saxon Layer of Language - Correct AnswersVocabulary stressed the events of daily life. Common, every day, down to earth words. Most are one syllable words. Anna Gillingham - Correct Answers1930 - Psychologist and teacher in New York; along with Samuel T Orton at Columbia University, developed a non-traditional approach to teaching written language skills. Trained one teacher at a time, began working with Sally Childs and trained 50 teachers. Attention - Correct Answersselctive focus on what is important while screening out distractions Auditory Learners - Correct Answersparticipate in classroom discussions, make speeches/presentations, use tape recordings for lectures, read text out loud, create musical jingles, create mnemonics to aid memorization, discuss ideas verbally Auditory Processing - Correct AnswersGiven normal hearing, the ability to understand spoken language in a meaningful way Battery - Correct Answersa group of several tests standardized on the same sample population so that results on the several tests are comparable Chall's Six Stages of Reading - Correct AnswersStudents proceed through predictable stages of learning to read Stage 0 - Correct AnswersPre-reading - Oral Language Development Stage 1 - Correct AnswersInitial Reading - Letters represent sounds, sound-spelling relationships Stage 2 - Correct AnswersConfirmation and Fluency - Decoding Skills, fluency, additional strategies Stage 3 - Correct AnswersReading for learning the new - expand vocabularies, build background adn world knowledge, develop strategic habits Stage 4 - Correct AnswersMultiple viewpoints - analyze text critically, understand multiple points of view Stage 5 - Correct AnswersConstrution and Reconstruction - construct understanding based on analysis and synthesis. Cognition - Correct AnswersAbility to think, reason, and solve problems. Skills are usually measured by an individual test of intelligence. Requires being able to generalize from past experience and use that knowledge to respond to new situations. Cognitive Assessment - Correct AnswersThe process of systematically gathering test scores and related data in order to make a judgment about an individual's ability to perform various mental activities involved in the processing, acquisition, retention, conceptualization, and organization of sensory, perceptual, verbal, spatial and psychomotor information. Components of Reading Instruction - Correct AnswersPhonemic Awareness, Phonics, Vocabulary Development, Reading Fluency including oral reading skills, and reading comprehension strategies Composite Score - Correct AnswersA score that combines several scores according to a speficied formula. Comprehension - Correct AnswersMaking sense of what we read. It is dependent on good word recognition, fluency, vocabulary, wordly knowledge,and language ability Consonant - Correct AnswersOne of a class of speech sounds in which sounds moving through the vocal tract is constricted or pbstructed by the lips, tongue or teeth during articulation Criterion referenced test - Correct Answersresults can be used to determine student's progress toward mastry of content area. CTOPP - Correct AnswersScreening test includes phonological awareness, phonological memory, rapid naming. Norms given in percentiles, standard scores, age and grade equivalents Curriculum referenced test - Correct Answerscomprehensive end-of-year exams, reflecting the specific subject matter outlined in the curriculum. Derivative - Correct AnswersA word made from a base word by the addition of one or more affixes Derived score - Correct Answersa score to which raw scroes are converted by numerical transformation (percentile ranks or standard scores) Diagnostic teaching - Correct Answersindividualized teaching based on continual assessment of student's needs. Content should be mastered to the level of automaticity Diagnostic test - Correct Answerstest used to identify the nature and source of an individual's educational, psychological, or medical difficulties or disabilities in order to facilitate correction or remediation. Dr. Rudolf Berlin - Correct Answers1887 - ophthalmologist - introduced the term dyslexia Dr. W. Pringle Morgan - Correct Answers1896 - wrote first article in medical literature on "word blindness" in children Dyslexia - Correct Answersa specific learning disability that is neurological in origin, characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities. These difficulties typically result from a deficit in the phonological component of language that is often unexpected in relation to other cognitive abilities and the provision or effective classroom instruction. Secondary consequences may include problems in reading comprehension and reduced reading experience that can impede the growth of vocabulary. Expressive language - Correct Answersthe ability to organize thoughts and express them verbally to convey meaning to others Fluency - Correct Answersthe ability to translate print to speech with rapidity and automaticity that allows the reader to focus on meaning Frank Smith - Correct AnswersWhole language. Founder of Whole language concept Funding - Correct Answersa district's dyslexia program is considered past of the basic, required curriculum. State compensatory funds can only be used to provide programs, projects, activities, and materials that supplement the regular dyslexia program. GORT = Gray Oral Reading Test - Correct Answersprovides an efficient and objective measure of growth in oral reading and an aid in the diagnosis of oral reading difficulties Great Vowel Shift - Correct Answersmajor change in pronunciation of the English language that took place between 1350 and 1500. Spelling was becoming standardized in the 15th and 16th centuries - this is responsible for many of the peculiarities of English spelling Greek layer of language - Correct Answersscientific terminology - roots often combine forms and compound to form new words James Hinshelwood - Correct Answers1904 - reported 2 cases of "congenital word blindness", called for schools to establish procedures for screening as well as appropriate teaching of those that were identified with congenital word-blindness Joe Torgesen - Correct Answersnationally known for research on both the prevention and remediation of reading difficulties in young children as well as work on assessment of phonological awareness and reading Keith Stanovich - Correct AnswersHis research in the field of reading was fundamental to the emergence of today's scientific consensus about what reading is, how it works and what it does for the mind. The Matthew Effect Kenneth and Yetta Goodman - Correct AnswersWhole language, Drop Everythng and read, evaluation through miscues, founds of whole language [Show More]

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