Endocrine system questions and answers 100% pass

Endocrine system questions and answers 100% pass what is the endocrine system responsible for? ✔✔metabolic activities within the human cells through the release of hormones what are endocrine glands? ✔✔ductless gland ...

Endocrine system questions and answers 100% pass what is the endocrine system responsible for? ✔✔metabolic activities within the human cells through the release of hormones what are endocrine glands? ✔✔ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the surrounding vascular and lymphatic systems the primary endocrine glands of the body include? ✔✔-pituitary gland -pineal gland -adrenal glands -thyroid gland -parathyroid gland -thymus gland hormones are synthesized and released in response to what three types of stimuli? ✔✔-humoral stimuli -neural stimuli -hormonal stimuli humoral stimuli ✔✔involve a direct response to changes in blood chemistry neural stimuli ✔✔in the caseof the adrenal glands secreting epinephrine or norepinephrine in response to the sympathetic nervous system hormonal stimuli ✔✔involve a response to other hormones secreted in the body what is considered the "master endocrine gland"? ✔✔pituitary gland where is the pituitary gland located? ✔✔within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone what major hormones does the pituitary secrete? ✔✔-oxytocin -antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) -thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) -follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) -lutenizing hormone (LH) -growth hormone (GH) -prolactin (PRL) what small gland is responsible for the production and excretion of melatonin? ✔✔pineal gland what does the adrenal medulla secrete? ✔✔catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine what is the adrenal cortex responsible for?: ✔✔corticosteroid production what two hormones does the endocrine gland secrete? ✔✔thyroid hormone (TH) and calcitonin what are the parathyroids responsible for? ✔✔producing and secreting parathyroid hormone (PTH), which also serves to control blood calcium levels what organ functions as both an endocrine and an exocrine organ? ✔✔pancreas what are the islets of Langerhans or pancreatic islets responsible for? ✔✔the production of two important hormones: glucagon and insulin what are alpha cells responsible for? ✔✔glucagon synthesis what are beta cells responsible for? ✔✔balancing the secretion of insulin and glucagon depending on food intake what does glucagon promote? ✔✔the breakdown within the liver of glycogen to glucose, which is ultimately released to the bloodstream what is insulins role in the body? ✔✔it acts to decrease blood sugar levels; inhibits the breakdown of glycogen to glucose what skeletal disorders result in a decrease in calcium within the bone matrix? ✔✔osteoporosis and osteomalacia what is an important modality in the evaluation of osteoporosis? ✔✔double-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) or bone mineral densitometry what do bone mineral densitometry reports indicate? ✔✔the amount of bone mass present and compare the density of a particular individual to norms used in evaluation what is a "T-score"used for? ✔✔to reflect standard deviations above or below the 30 year old national reference population because it is assumed that this is the age of peak bone mass a t-score greater than -1 is considered? ✔✔normal a T-score less than -1 but higher than -2.49 is considered? ✔✔osteopenia a T-score less than -2.5 is classified as? ✔✔osteoporosis what does the "Z-score" report? ✔✔standard deviation above or below a population matched for age, sex, weight, and ethnicity what is used to demonstrate pituitary adenomas and is the modality of choice for visualizing microadenomas? ✔✔gadolinium contrast-enhanced MRI osteopenia ✔✔a softening of bone demonstrated radiographically as a decreased bone density such as in the case of osteoporosis or osteomalacia osteoporosis ✔✔a commonly known metabolic bone disorder that may be classified by age groups as postmenopausal, senile, idiopathic, and juvenile what is the most common form of osteoporosis? ✔✔menopausal does osteoporosis require an increase or decrease in exposure technique? ✔✔decrease -it is a subtractive or destructive pathologic condition what is the best method for evaluating early stages of osteoporosis? ✔✔bone mineral densitometry of the hip and lumbar spine using either DEXA or quantitive computer tomography (QCT) osteomalacia ✔✔a condition caused by a lack of calcium in the tissues and a failure of bone tissue to calcify if osteomalacia occurs before growth plate closure it is known as what? ✔✔rickets pseudofractures or loosers zones ✔✔presence of bands of radiolucency within the bone what is the definite method of determining the presence of osteomalacia? ✔✔bone biopsy Paget's disease ✔✔a metabolic disorder of unknown cause, most common in the elderly, characterized by an early, osteolytic stage and a late, osteoblastic stage acromegly ✔✔an endocrine disorder caused by a disturbance of the pituitary gland radiographic studies of acromegaly demonstrate what? ✔✔an enlarged sella turcica and changes in the skull hypopituitarism ✔✔decreased level or absence of pituitary hormones originating from the anterior pituitary gland Cushing's syndrome ✔✔results from a dysfunction within the adrenal cortex leading to hypersecretion of glucocorticoids Addison's disease ✔✔deficiency in the secretion of adrenocortical hormones Addison's disease most frequently affects who? ✔✔woman: 30-60 years old diabetes mellitus ✔✔a syndrome associated with chronic hyperglycemia in combination with glucose intolerance and alterations in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins normal blood glucose levels range from what? ✔✔70-120 mg/dL what type of diabetes mellitus accounts for 10% of all cases and is one of the most common childhood diseases? ✔✔type 1 diabetes mellitus AKA juvenile diabetes ketoacidosis ✔✔increased levels of circulating ketones in the bloodstream type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized as what? ✔✔insulin-resistant diabetes with an inadequate secretion of insulin hyperthyroidism ✔✔·excessive secretion of hormones by the thyroid gland that increases metabolism ·overactivity of the thyroid gland hypothyroidism ✔✔·diminished secretion of hormones by the thyroid glands that decreases metabolism ·underactivity of the thyroid gland what four types of malignant neoplasms of the thyroid gland exist? ✔✔papillary, follicular, medullary, and undifferentiated hyperparathyroidism ✔✔abnormally increased activity of the parathyroid glands, causing excess hormone production, which stimulates osteoclasts, which are responsible for bone removal osteoclastic activity results in a (decreased/increased) bone density; so a (decrease/increase) in radiographic exposure in necessary ✔✔·decrease ·decrease primary hyperthyroidism most frequently affects adults in what age group? ✔✔30s or 50s where does primary hyperparathyroidism arise from? ✔✔·adenoma ·carcinoma ·hyperplasia of the parathyroid gland secondary hyperparathyroidism represents a response to what? ✔✔·hypocalcemia ·hyperphosphatemia ·hypomagnesemia what is secondary hyperparathyroidism caused by? ✔✔a very complex metabolic disorder nephrocalcinosis ✔✔a condition characterized by precipitation of calcium in the tubules of the kidney, resulting in renal deficiency