CHEM 5 Exam Review. 100% Answers.

CHEM 5 Exam Review. The common name for CH3-O-CH3 is ___. An important reaction in chemistry is oxidation. Which is an oxidation reaction? Which nucleophile, when reacted with 1-bromopropane (CH3CH2CH2Br), woul ...

CHEM 5 Exam Review. The common name for CH3-O-CH3 is ___. An important reaction in chemistry is oxidation. Which is an oxidation reaction? Which nucleophile, when reacted with 1-bromopropane (CH3CH2CH2Br), would produce a thiol? The IUPAC name for the organic compound below is The compound that is expected to have the highest boiling point is ___. A reaction occurs in an acid solution during which two alcohol molecules react with a ketone. The product will be a(an) ___. What is mutarotation? Aldehydes and ketones both contain a carbonyl carbon atom. They differ in that ___. What is the classification of this monosaccharide? Which are the most commonly found monosaccharides in nature? Maltose is a monosaccharide What is the product of the reaction below? c. Which nucleophile, when reacted with 1-bromopropane (CH3CH2CH2Br), would produce an alcohol? Each of these is based on the propane molecule. Which is NOT capable of forming hydrogen bonds to another molecule of the same type? What is the major organic product of the following reaction? What is the major organic product of the following reaction? What is the IUPAC name of this compound? Benedict’s solution turns a blue color in the presence of glucose. A reducing agent found in some biological systems is ___. When alcohols are dehydrated in the presence of H+ and heat, the major product is that formed by removal of –OH from one carbon atom and removal of –H from the neighboring C atom that carries more H atoms. If formaldehyde reacts with methanol in an acid solution, the product formed is ___ The reaction in which a primary alcohol becomes an aldehyde is an oxidation reaction. If an aldehyde is oxidized, what type of compound would be produced? Which compound is a hemiacetal? b. Which statement concerning thiols is correct? The oxidation of methanethiol by I2 produces what product? a. Blood type is determined by oligosaccharides attached to the surface of red blood cells. The method to determine the number of stereoisomers of a monosaccharide is to calculate 2n, where n is the total number of carbons in the molecule. A pair of compounds are stereoisomers and they are nonsuperimposable mirror images. This pair of isomers is referred to as a pair of enantiomers. True Hyaluronic acid solutions serve as lubricants in the fluid of joints and are present in the vitreous humor of the eye. A section of the structure for hyaluronic acid is: Which of the following statements about hyaluronic acid is true? Which of the following is a fruit sugar? D D-glucose is often called by other names, such as corn sugar and grape sugar. It is also referred to as ___. d. Fructose is different from glucose and galactose because b. The disaccharides are important in nature; a few examples of disaccharides are Both starch and cellulose are polysaccharides of glucose. Glycogen and amylopectin are similar in that they are both polymers of glucose. Glycogen is the glucose storage form for ___ and starch is the glucose storage form for ___. Glycogen is a polymer of glucose produced by plants for energy storage. Shown below is a cyclic form of D-galactose. This structure is classified as ___. How would this compound be classified? Relative sweetness is a measure of the sweetness of any chosen sweetener compared to that of Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another are called c. How many stereoisomers would a carbohydrate with 5 chiral carbons have? c. Shown below is a cyclic form of D-mannose. This structure is classified as __ _ Hyaluronic acid solutions serve as lubricants in the fluid of joints and are present in the vitreous humor of the eye. A portion of its structure is shown below. Which of the following statements is true? B Shown below is a cyclic form of D-Fructose. This structure is classified as ___. c. The structural formula for erythrose is drawn here. The carbon atoms are numbered from the carbonyl group. Cellulose is composed of glucose molecules connected by a-glycosidic linkages. Identify the nucleophile in this reaction. Each of these is based on the propane molecule. Which is NOT capable of forming hydrogen bonds to another molecule of the same type? B What would be the product if we attempt to oxidize a 3º alcohol? What is the classification of this monosaccharide? An aldose is a carbohydrate that contains . The disaccharides are important in nature; a few examples of disaccharides are Both starch and cellulose are polysaccharides of glucose. The molecule below is ___. Which of the following is the missing reactant in the reaction below? c. What is the product of the reaction below? c. The structure of the compound 2,3,4-trihydroxybutanal is shown below. How many stereoisomers are possible for this molecule? b. 4 The structural similarity of acetals and ethers is the presence of ___. The structure of palmitate ion derived from the fatty acid, palmitic acid, is Its molecular structure has both polar and nonpolar portions. Therefore, palmitate ion is classified as ___. All commonly occurring fatty acids contain trans alkene groups. Select one: The effect of the hydrogenation of oils is to …. A The difference between the sphingolipids and the glycerophospholipids is that the sphingolipids d. The hormone that is the starting point for the production of the adrenocorticoid hormones and testosterone is . a. What kind of noncovalent interaction occurs between the –NH3+ ending of one side chain of an amino acid with the –COO– ending of sidechain of another amino acid in tertiary structure of a protein? Where is the peptide bond located in this dipeptide? serine valine Because amino acids contain polar covalent bonds, they are hydrophilic and will dissolve water. A contributing factor to the tertiary structure of a protein is a covalent bond between two atoms of ___. Which is an α-amino acid? a. In which solvent would lipids be most soluble? Which compounds are responsible for causing pain and inflammation? Many of the chemical reactions of living things involve enzymes, which are The structures of the amino acids proline and glycine are shown below. Which of the following statements is true? c. Eicosanoids are hormones derived from arachidonic acid. Which is not an eicosanoid? c. The structure of the fatty acid, palmitic acid, is Palmitic acid is a(n) ___ fatty acid. A The glycolipid molecule is characterized by having a specific residue attached to the backbone. Which is that residue? d. Sphingolipids are amphipathic hydrolysable lipids based on glycerol. Testosterone is produced from arachidonic acid. Waxes are compounds that are Anabolic steroids can cause some serious health problems including c. The lipid that is a cell surface receptor for hormones and drugs is a Which of the following lipids is not derived from cholesterol? Triglycerides composed of glycerin and mostly polyunsaturated fatty acid residues are likely to be ___ at room temperature. B Sphingolipids are a class of phospholipids. Which of the following compounds share the steroid ring structure? The structure below is best classified as a ___. Oleic acid has the formula CH3(CH2)7(CH = CH(CH2)7CO2H. The carbon –carbon double bond in oleic acid is usually cis. Compared to saturated fatty acids with the same number of carbon atoms, cis-oleic acid will have Cholesterol contains nonpolar rings and hydrocarbon chains, and also has an alcohol group (–OH). Which statement below is correct? Trans fats are produced during the hydrogenation of fats and oils. Animal fats and vegetable oils become rancid when exposed to air because Omega-3 and Omega-6-fatty acids are essential fatty acids. Which of the following statement best describes these essential fatty acids? The skeletal structure of docosahexaenoic acid, an essential fatty acid, is provided below. Docosahexaenoic acid is best classified as: a. What is the function of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID)? a. The net charge of peptides and proteins affects their solubility. Which of the following substances recognized by immune system evoke production of one or more antibodies? The peptide bond that connects amino acids in proteins is actually an ___ linkage. Aspartic acid is classified as a polar-acidic amino acid due to A certain enzyme's name is glucose-6-phosphorylase. This enzyme most likely catalyzes a reaction that An inhibitor is a substance that affects an enzyme by Which is a means of denaturing a protein? The sequence of the amino acids in a protein is known as the ___ structure. The α-helix and β-pleated sheet are both forms of the ___ structure of proteins. Some proteins require more than one polypeptide chain to be biologically active. The level of protein structure involved is the ___ of a protein. The ___ is the location on the protein molecule where enzyme catalyzed reactions take place. If an amino acid is in a neutral solution, the form the carboxyl group takes is ___. The overall three-dimensional shape of a protein is determined by its ___ and is known as the ___ structure of a protein. Fibrous proteins, because of their long fibers, tend to be soluble in water. At physiological pH, most amino acids carry both a 1+ and 1- charge. This form is known as a ___.a. Shown here is the amino acid glycine at pH a.1 What is the net charge on the oligopeptide in the figure shown here at pH 1? c. 2+ The structure of the dipeptide, Phe-Gly, in a solution of pH 14 is ___. a. __ are inactive enzyme precursors that are synthesized, stored and may be activated where needed. b. Stereoisomers exist for most of the amino acids found in nature. Which statement below is correct? b. Shown below is the structure of the fatty acid, lauric acid The boxed portion is considered to be both C Which of the following is released from the gallbladder into the small intestine to aid digestion by dispersing dietary lipids into fine emulsions? Lecithin is found in egg whites and can be used as an emulsifying agent to keep mayonnaise from separating. Lecithin is classified as a ___. a. phospholipid Sphingomyelins are found in ___. d. The fatty acid, palmitoleic acid,is Notice the double bond. Palmitoleic acid is a ___ fatty acid. B Which of the following is one of the products formed when the lipid below is saponified? b. Which enzyme is involved in the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins and thromboxanes in the body? b. Identify the class of lipid to which the following molecule belongs. d. Sphingolipids are a class of phospholipids. True Sphingolipids are amphipathic hydrolysable lipids based on glycerol. False Trans fats are produced during the hydrogenation of fats and oils. True Protein molecules with the appropriate structure to be biologically active are native molecules. True What form does isoleucine take at pH 14? a. The enzyme hexokinase catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to carbon #6 of D-glucose and other D-hexoses. L-hexoses are not substrates to the enzyme. Hexokinase displays d. both relative specificity and stereospecificity Shown here is the amino acid glycine at a pH of c. 14 Which of the following sentences is true? a. Which of the following is an example of a protein that exhibits a quaternary structure? b. tRNA is a type of RNA that is responsible for b In the double strand of DNA, the sugar-phosphate backbones with their negatively charged phosphate groups are on the inside and the bases are on the outside. DNA polymerase is an enzyme involved in which process? The ___ has a "cloverleaf" shape and carries the amino acids to the site of protein synthesis. A cyclic nucleotide is produced when d. A group of genes under control of one promoter site is a(n) ___. Polynucleotides have definite 5’ and 3’ ends (terminus). Although the primary structures of proteins and DNA are defined in the same manner, the secondary structures are not. The secondary structure of DNA is D If DNA is heated and then cooled, Among the mechanisms Escherichia coli has for the control of β-galactosidase production is b. The bases adenine, guanine, and uracil are used in both DNA and RNA nucleotides. Replication begins at a point in the DNA called the ___. The triphosphate in ATP is linked to C-5’ of the ribose by B Which of the following organic bases is found in DNA and not in RNA? C When a purine or pyrimidine base is combined with a sugar residue such as ribose or deoxyribose, the resulting compound is known as a ___. What is present in a nucleotide that is not found in a nucleoside? The following is a sugar found in nucleic acids: It is ___ and is found in the nucleic acid ___. b. A characteristic of RNA that is not shared with DNA is . The following structure is known as a ___. B Most of triglyceride digestion occurs in the ___. C The citric acid cycle has which step as a main control? a. During glycolysis and under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted into ___. B ___ is defined as the reactions that break down large molecules into small ones and release energy in the form of ATP. How do the monosaccharides produced during digestion get into the circulatory system? . Catabolism reactions are those that produce more complex molecules from the simpler molecules along with a release of energy. Where in a cell do the formation of acetyl-CoA and the citric acid cycle occur? A metabolic pathway in which a series of reactions is used to repeatedly break down or build up a molecule is defined as a ___ pathway. Sometimes the reduction of oxygen to water is incomplete, resulting in b. Glycolysis is controlled in steps: The digestion of proteins begins in the stomach with hydrolysis being catalyzed by ___. One step in the catabolism of glucose involves the conversion of glucose 6-phosphate into ___. B The compounds needed to start the citric acid cycle are In a cell, fatty acid biosynthesis occurs in ___. Lipogenesis Amylase Glycogen can be broken down to form glucose 1-phosphate, which is directly involved in glycolysis. Which choice is a goal of catabolism? The acetyl-CoA from the fatty acid catabolism enters the ___ whereas the reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2 enter ___. A Gluconeogenesis is a process by which glucose is produced Which of the following organic bases is a purine derivative? A nucleoside triphosphate contains two phosphoanhydride bonds. ___ is any permanent change in the primary structure of DNA.: d. Which of the following determines the primary structure of both DNA and RNA? d. DNA and RNA a. If BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are defective d. Which of the following organic bases is found in RNA and not in DNA? D Two strands of DNA are held in position relative to each other by means of ___. The process by which DNA unwinds and synthesizes a copy of new DNA is known as ___. Which of the following sequence of bases in the DNA strand will be complimentary to the single DNA strand shown here to produce a double strand? 3’ G-C-T-T-A-G-G-A-T 5’ B Transgenic goats have had human genes inserted into their DNA that code for the production of which of following serum protein anticoagulants? c. To form the molecule below, dehydration takes place at C1 of the pentose ring and at an N-H hydrogen at position ___ of the purine base. c.9 Among the mechanisms Escherichia coli has for the control of β-galactosidase production is B Which of the following products are formed in one pass through the -oxidation spiral when a fatty acyl-CoA is shortened by two carbon atoms? Which of the choices below present products of the citric acid cycle? B The amount of energy obtained from hydrolysis of ATP is A metabolic pathway in which the product of one reaction is the reactant in the next reaction in a continuous series is defined as a ___ pathway.