PSY 291 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE EXAMS 1-3 | LATEST ANSWERS

PSY 291 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE EXAMS 1-3 FINAL EXAM Multiple Choice 1. The aim of the Tuskegee Study was to examine which disease? a. Syphilis b. HIV c. Tuberculosis d. Smallpox 2. Which of the following event ...

PSY 291 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE EXAMS 1-3 FINAL EXAM Multiple Choice 1. The aim of the Tuskegee Study was to examine which disease? a. Syphilis b. HIV c. Tuberculosis d. Smallpox 2. Which of the following events did NOT occur in the Tuskegee Study? a. Researchers told participants they were receiving treatment even though they were not. b. Participants in the study were given/infected with the disease. c. Participants were not told they had been infected with the disease. d. Researchers prevented participants from seeking treatment. 3. Which of the following ethical violations proposed by the Belmont Report was NOT committed in the Tuskegee Study? a. Participants were harmed. b. Participants were not treated respectfully. c. Participants were not given monetary payments for their time. d. Participants were from a disadvantaged social group. 4. In considering whether research is ethical, which of the following are balanced against each other? a. Inconvenience to participants versus benefit to the researcher b. Time investment of the study versus complexity of the study c. Importance of the research versus financial cost to conduct the study d. Risk to participants versus value of the knowledge gained 5. Which of the following is true of the Belmont Report? a. It was written at the request of the U.S. Congress. b. It was written primarily in response to the Milgram obedience studies. c. It was written primarily in response to medical experiments performed in Nazi-occupied Europe. d. It was replaced by the APA guidelines. 6. RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner asks his participants to provide informed consent. Doing this is adhering to which principle of the Belmont Report? a. The principle of beneficence b. The principle of justice c. The principle of integrity d. The principle of respect for persons 7. RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Imagine that Dr. Kushner is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling several inmates. Because of his connections there, he is considering using prisoners as his participants. Why is this choice potentially problematic? a. According to the Belmont Report, prisoners are entitled to special protection. b. Prisoners do not make good participants since they may not tell the truth. c. Prisoners are unable to give informed consent. d. More prisoners may want to participate than Dr. Kushner can actually study. 8. RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. To address the Belmont principle of beneficence, Dr. Kushner would need to ask which of the following questions? a. Are the people in my study going to benefit as much as the people who are not in my study? b. What can I do to decrease the potential harm experienced by my participants? c. Can the participants in my study give full, informed consent? d. Am I trained sufficiently to conduct this study? 9. RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner suspects that the people who will most benefit from his study are high school and college students, who are asked to perform cognitive functions in various states of sleep deprivation. Given this information, what type of participants should Dr. Kushner recruit for his study? a. People with a history of insomnia b. Employees from a local daycare center c. Students from a community college d. Patients from Dr. Kushner’s clinical psychology practice 10. RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner’s decision about the type of participants to recruit should be informed by which of the following principles of the Belmont Report? a. The principle of integrity b. The principle of respect for persons c. The principle of beneficence d. The principle of justice 11. RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. As a psychologist who primarily does research, Dr. Kushner is most concerned with which APA standard of ethics? a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8 12. RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Imagine that Dr. Kushner is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling several inmates. Because of his connections there, he is considering using prisoners as his participants. The institutional review board (IRB) that reviews his committee must have which of the following as a member? a. A prisoner advocate b. A criminal justice professor c. The prison warden d. A prisoner 13. RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner plans to tell his participants that the reason he is waking them up during the night is to recalibrate the EEG machine. This would be an example of which of the following? a. Deception through omission b. Deception through commission c. Deception through permission d. Deception through exception 14. RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner is deciding whether he needs to give participants a reason for waking them up several times during the night. He knows that he cannot tell them the real reason, but he is unsure whether he should deceive them (give them a false reason why he is waking them up) or provide them with no cover story at all. Which of the following issues should be considered most heavily when deciding whether to use deception? a. Whether his institutional review board (IRB) will approve the use of deception b. Whether he can create a convincing story that his participants will believe c. Whether he can conduct the study just as well without deception d. Whether his participants will be angry when they find out he used deception 15. RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner plans to use deception in his study and is thinking about a debriefing session. Which of the following is true of the debriefing? a. Dr. Kushner only needs to invite participants who were troubled by the study to the debriefing session. b. Because his study has potential medical applications, the use of a debriefing session is optional. c. During the debriefing, Dr. Kushner only needs to tell the participants that there was deception. d. Participants must be told the reasons for the deception. 16. RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Upon receiving institutional review board (IRB) approval, Dr. Kushner trusts his graduate student to conduct the study. However, his graduate student does not conduct the study and instead provides Dr. Kushner with invented results that support his hypotheses. This is known as which of the following? a. Data fabrication b. Data falsification c. Plagiarism d. Intellectual property destruction 17. RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Which of the following is true regarding obtaining informed consent in Dr. Kushner’s study? a. He does not need to obtain informed consent since participants will not be awake during most of the study. b. He does not need to obtain informed consent because he is not using deception. c. He needs to obtain informed consent because the study is anonymous. d. He needs to obtain informed consent because there is a likelihood of risk in his study. 18. You submit a study for approval by the institutional review board (IRB), and they tell you that written informed consent is required. Which of the following can be excluded from your informed consent document? a. A statement of benefits b. A statement of risks c. A description of the study’s hypotheses d. A list of procedures 19. According to the Belmont Report, which of the following groups of people is entitled to special protection? a. Women b. Members of minority religious groups c. People with developmental disabilities d. Refugees 20. Which of the following is NOT an example of coercion? a. A researcher hinting to participants that their employer will be told if they do not participate b. A researcher offering three points of extra credit to college students to participate in a study c. A researcher offering homeless participants $1,000 to participate in a study d. A researcher telling participants that he will be fired if he is unable to recruit at least 50 participants 21. The need to balance the potential costs and benefits to participants taking part in a research study is done to address which principle of the Belmont Report? a. The principle of respect for persons b. The principle of justice c. The principle of beneficence d. The principle of integrity 22. The belief that the participants in a research study should be representative of the type of people who would also benefit from the findings of the research stems from which principle of the Belmont Report? a. The principle of justice b. The principle of respect for persons c. The principle of beneficence d. The principle of integrity 23. In addition to the three principles derived from the Belmont Report, which of the following two principles were added in the principles put forth by the American Psychological Association? a. The principle of consent and honesty b. The principle of reliability and validity c. The principle of honor and accountability/commitment d. The principle of integrity and fidelity/responsibility 24. The American Psychological Association’s ethical guidelines have principles and standards. a. 3; 10 b. 3; 8 c. 3; 5 d. 5; 10 25. All of the following are true of institutional review boards (IRBs) in the United States EXCEPT: a. IRBs can be found in settings other than colleges and universities. b. IRBs are mandated by federal law. c. IRBs must have a psychologist as a member. d. IRBs must have at least five members. 26. An in-person institutional review board (IRB) meeting would probably be required for all of the following studies EXCEPT: a. an anonymous survey asking whether students want the campus mascot to be changed. b. an anonymous study looking at gang behavior in recent parolees. c. a confidential study examining eating patterns in newborns. d. a confidential survey examining sexual behavior in mentally handicapped individuals. 27. Which of the following studies would probably require written informed consent? a. An observational study that measures walking speed of people entering and exiting buildings b. An anonymous study that measures the relationship between time spent grocery shopping and money spent on groceries c. A confidential study examining income level and voting behavior d. An anonymous survey asking whether students want a coffeehouse opened in the library 28. What is the difference between data that is collected anonymously and data that is collected confidentially? a. Confidential research collects participants’ names but separates them from the data; anonymous research does not collect participants’ names. b. Anonymous research collects sensitive information about participants (e.g., sexual behavior, illegal behavior); confidential research collects nonsensitive information about participants. c. Confidential research collects sensitive information about participants (e.g., sexual behavior, illegal behavior); anonymous research collects nonsensitive information about participants. d. Anonymous research and confidential research are the same thing. 29. Which of the following is true of students’ views of deception and harm in research studies? a. Students usually are tolerant of studies that use major deception. b. Students are not tolerant of any degree of deception. c. Students can find deception to be stressful. d. Students find the negative effects of deception to be worsened by debriefing. 30. Which of the following is NOT a suitable reason for using debriefing in a study? a. It prevents researchers from being sued. b. It allows researchers to make research an educational experience. c. It gives participants insight into the nature of psychological science. d. It informs participants about the presence and purpose of deception in a study. 31. A local committee that reviews research that is conducted on animals is known as . a. an IACUC b. an AIRB c. an AWA d. an IRB 32. In which of the following ways is an institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC) different from an institutional review board (IRB)? a. IACUCs are optional at universities conducting animal research; IRBs are mandatory at universities conducting human research. b. Seeking permission from an IACUC is recommended but not required for animal research; IRB approval is required for human research. c. IACUCs monitor the care and treatment of animals throughout the study; IRBs do not monitor the care of human participants throughout the study. d. IRBs must follow federal guidelines, but IACUCs do not have federal guidelines to follow. 33. When conducting animal research, which guideline states that alternatives to animal research should be considered? a. Refinement b. Reduction c. Replacement d. Recycling 34. Which of the following has been used as a defense of animal research by animal researchers? a. Animal research has resulted in many benefits to both animals and humans. b. Animal research requires less research funding than human research. c. Animal research is less likely to result in physical harm to the subject compared to human research. d. Animal research has not had the same types of scandals that human research has had (e.g., the Tuskegee Study). 35. Why is plagiarism a violation of ethics? a. It violates an APA standard. b. It violates a Belmont principle. c. It is akin to lying. d. It makes psychology researchers look bad. 36. In addition to being ethical violations, why are data falsification and fabrication problematic? a. They are impossible to discover. b. They impede scientific progress. c. They are federal crimes. d. Data are easy to acquire. 37. Which of the following is NOT a reason that psychologists might fabricate or falsify their data? a. They feel pressure to publish findings. b. They are convinced of the correctness of their own hypotheses. c. Research success has implications for promotion within their department. d. A journal might require it. 38. When determining whether a study should be conducted, we have to balance which two issues? a. The costs of conducting the study vs. the benefits gained by the researcher b. The type of people negatively affected vs. the type of people positively affected c. The potential risks to participants vs. the value of knowledge we can gain d. The number of people negatively affected vs. the number of people positively affected 39. The use of debriefing in a study such as Milgram’s obedience study appeals to which principle of the Belmont Report? a. Principle of beneficence b. Principle of integrity c. Principle of respect for persons d. Principle of justice 40. Ethical decision making done by researchers can change in response to all of the following EXCEPT: a. bad experiences of other researchers. b. the possibility of additional grant funding. c. changing social norms. d. scientific discoveries. 41. The issue of obtaining informed consent deals with which of the following principles of the Belmont Report? a. The principle of beneficence b. The principle of justice c. The principle of integrity d. The principle of respect for persons 42. Why is it unethical to provide an incentive that is too large to refuse (for example, offering undergraduate students free tuition for a semester for participating in a study)? a. It is unfair to other researchers who cannot afford to pay participants. b. It unduly influences people into participating. c. It is unfair to people who choose not to participate in the study. d. It is not unethical to do this. 43. From an ethical standpoint, in what way is researching prisoners with tuberculosis similar to researching children with ADHD? a. Neither group of participants can provide informed consent. b. Researchers must ensure anonymity when dealing with both types of participants. c. Both groups of participants have less autonomy than other types of participants. d. Researchers do not have to have written informed consent with these groups of participants. 44. When is it acceptable for a researcher to study only participants from a specific group, such as a researcher studying depression in a sample of Native American women? a. If the specific group being studied is especially prone to the problem being studied (e.g., if depression rates are higher in Native American women) b. If the specific group being studied has participated in similar research previously (e.g., earlier studies of intelligence in Native American women) c. If the researcher has special access to the specific group (e.g., the researcher works on a Native American reservation) d. It is never acceptable for such a specific group to be studied. 45. The principle of justice calls for a balance between and . a. costs to the participant; benefits to the participant b. needing to deceive participants; needing to obtain informed consent c. the interests of the researcher; the interests of the institutional review board (IRB) d. the kind of people who participate in research; the kind of people who benefit from it 46. Why might a researcher debrief his participants even if his study didn’t include any deceptive elements? a. Because APA guidelines require debriefing in all studies regardless of deception b. To ensure that his participants had a good research experience c. To prevent participants from having negative experiences during the study d. To decrease the likelihood of data falsification 47. Which of the following is a difference between a debriefing session following a study with deception compared to a debriefing session following a study without deception? a. A deception study debriefing must attempt to restore a sense of honesty and trustworthiness. b. A deception study debriefing must have a member of the institutional review board (IRB) present. c. A deception study debriefing must last at least 30 minutes. d. A deception study debriefing must be done with each participant individually. 48. Ethical decision making should be: a. as easy as a yes-no decision. b. based only on what is good for society. c. a thoughtful balance. d. determined by experts, like lawyers. 49. Dr. Smitherman conducted a study 5 years ago, and his graduate student now recommends that they conduct the study again to see if the effect still occurs. Dr. Smitherman says, “No, I cannot do that study now; I think it is unethical.” Which of the following is NOT a reasonable explanation for Dr. Smitherman’s response? a. There were no ethical guidelines 5 years ago, but there are now. b. He might have changed his thinking due to a bad experience with some of the participants from the original study. c. Public opinion about that type of research has changed. d. New findings have made such research less beneficial. 50. Your professor says that researchers do not make ethical decisions alone. What does this mean? a. Researchers must conduct research with other researchers. b. Researchers must discuss their ethical choices with their participants. c. Researchers must consult with lawyers before they conduct a study. d. Researchers must consider the opinions of others, including institutional review board (IRB) members and peers. chapter 5 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following is true of operational definitions? a. There is only one operational definition that is possible for each conceptual definition. b. The specification of operational definitions is one of the creative aspects of the research process. c. Conceptual definitions are created after operational definitions are determined. d. Operational definitions and conceptual definitions are the same thing. 2. For her research methods class, Serena plans to interview several teachers about their attitude toward teaching children who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This is an example of what type of measurement? a. Self-report measurement b. Observational measurement c. Physiological measurement d. Archival measurement 3. For his research methods class, Felipe plans to watch how students treat other children in their classrooms who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). He will evaluate how positively or negatively the children are treated by their classmates. This is an example of what type of measurement? a. Self-report measurement b. Observational measurement c. Physiological measurement d. Archival measurement 4. Which of the following is NOT an example of physiological measurement? a. Measurements of hormones in the bloodstream b. Blood pressure measurements c. Number of panic attacks a patient reports d. A brain scan made using an fMRI 5. Hosea is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem-solving ability. Which of the following is a categorical way to operationalize caffeine consumption? a. The number of cups of coffee consumed in a day b. The number of milligrams of caffeine consumed during the study c. The frequency of buying energy drinks d. Whether the participant drank a soda in the 24 hours prior to the study 6. Hosea is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem-solving ability. Which of the following is a quantitative way to operationalize problem-solving ability? a. The time spent solving a math problem b. The type of puzzle solved (Sudoku puzzle or a crossword puzzle) c. Whether participants used insight or trial-and-error techniques to solve the problem d. The report of a teacher about whether a student is a good or bad problem solver 7. How many subcategories of quantitative variables exist? a. Two b. Three c. Four d. Five 8. Naomi is studying the effect of popularity on academic success for her research methods project. To do this, she has elementary school students rate how popular each member of their class is. She then uses this information to rank the students on popularity (e.g., John is the most popular, Vanessa is the second-most popular). Which of the following best describes this variable? a. An ordinal scale of measurement b. A self-report measurement c. A categorical measurement d. An interval scale of measurement 9. Todd is studying the effect of popularity on academic success for his research methods project. He decides to measure popularity by asking each elementary school student to tell him how many friends he or she has. He assumes that more friends means the student is more popular. Which of the following best describes this variable? a. A ratio scale of measurement b. A qualitative variable c. An other-report measure d. A categorical variable 10. What is the difference between a ratio scale of measurement and an interval scale of measurement? a. A ratio scale of measurement has a zero value that actually means “nothing” or “the absence of something,” but an interval scale does not. b. An interval scale of measurement is a type of measurement used for categorical measurements, but a ratio scale is used for quantitative measurements. c. An interval scale has equal intervals, but a ratio scale does not. d. A ratio scale of measurement cannot be used to compare people’s scores, but interval scales can (e.g., Phillip is twice as fast). 11. RESEARCH STUDY 5.1: Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, “I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself.” Question 2 reads, “I do not have a high opinion of myself.” Question 3 reads, “I think other people think I am really special.” Dr. Rodriquez is concerned whether her measure will really measure narcissism or if it will measure some other related concept. She is concerned about the scale’s ______________. a. operational definition b. validity c. reliability d. convenience 12. RESEARCH STUDY 5.1: Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, “I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself.” Question 2 reads, “I do not have a high opinion of myself.” Question 3 reads, “I think other people think I am really special.” Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Rodriquez gives the measure to a group of participants on the first day of the semester and again on the last day of the semester. She then compares the scores between the two time points. This is a test of which of the following? a. Interrater reliability b. Internal reliability c. Test-retest reliability d. Construct reliability 13. RESEARCH STUDY 5.1: Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, “I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself.” Question 2 reads, “I do not have a high opinion of myself.” Question 3 reads, “I think other people think I am really special.” Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Rodriquez gives the measure to a group of participants on the first day of the semester and again on the last day of the semester. Dr. Rodriquez is examining the scatterplot of the data she collected on the first day of the semester and the last day of the semester. On the scatterplot, she sees that the dots are very close to forming a diagonal line. This indicates which of the following? a. A strong relationship b. A nonrelationship c. A valid finding d. A negative finding 14. RESEARCH STUDY 5.1: Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, “I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself.” Question 2 reads, “I do not have a high opinion of myself.” Question 3 reads, “I think other people think I am really special.” Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Rodriquez analyzes the data she gets from her students. She looks at the relationship between each of the individual questions. She sees that participants who agree with Question 1 also agree with Question 3 and disagree with Question 2. This is a test of which of the following? a. Interrater reliability b. Internal reliability c. Test-retest reliability d. Construct reliability 15. RESEARCH STUDY 5.1: Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, “I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself.” Question 2 reads, “I do not have a high opinion of myself.” Question 3 reads, “I think other people think I am really special.” Dr. Rodriquez calculates a correlation coefficient (r) to examine the relationship between Question1 and Question 2 and between Question 1 and Question 3. She finds a correlation coefficient of r =-0.73 between Questions 1 and 2 and a correlation coefficient of r = 0.74 between Questions 1 and 3. Which of the following is true of her findings? a. There appears to be good internal reliability in the scale. b. The correlation between Questions 1 and 2 and Questions 1 and 3 are in the same direction. c. The correlation between Questions 1 and 2 is much weaker than between Questions 1 and 3. d. The negative correlation between Questions 1 and 2 is bad for Dr. Rodriquez. 16. RESEARCH STUDY 5.1: Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, “I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself.” Question 2 reads, “I do not have a high opinion of myself.” Question 3 reads, “I think other people think I am really special.” Dr. Rodriquez is concerned about the validity of the measure of narcissism recommended by her colleague. She sends a copy of the measure to the faculty members in her psychology department to look at, and they all tell her it looks like it will measure narcissism. She now has evidence of which of the following? a. Content validity b. Face validity c. Discriminant validity d. Concurrent validity 17. RESEARCH STUDY 5.1: Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, “I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself.” Question 2 reads, “I do not have a high opinion of myself.” Question 3 reads, “I think other people think I am really special.” Dr. Rodriquez decides to test the internal reliability of her measure. Which of the following results would make her happy? a.  = 0.10 b.  = 0.03 c. a = 0.95 d.  = 0.98 18. Which types of reliability can be analyzed with scatterplots? a. All types of reliability b. Internal reliability and test-retest reliability c. Internal reliability and interrater reliability d. Interrater reliability and test-retest reliability 19. A correlation-based statistic called _____________ is commonly used to determine internal reliability. a. Cronbach’s alpha b. kappa c. a scatterplot d. Pearson’s r 20. Asking many similar questions when trying to measure a concept is done to: a. ensure validity. b. cancel out measurement error. c. make sure participants are not lying. d. allow participants to skip questions. 21. Which of the following is NOT possible? a. A measure is neither reliable nor valid. b. A measure is both valid and reliable. c. A measure is reliable but not valid. d. A measure is valid but not reliable. 22. Establishing construct validity is most important for which of the following? a. A concrete construct b. A behavior that is directly observable c. Physical measurements (e.g., length) d. An abstract concept 23. Establishing construct validity would probably be most important for which of the following? a. A measure of heart rate b. A measure of the number of times a person eats alone during a month c. A measure of spirituality d. A measure of income 24. In which of the following ways are content and face validity similar? a. Both involve subjective judgments. b. Both involve asking participants for their opinions about the measurement. c. Both are preferred by psychologists as ideal measures of validity. d. Both are very difficult to establish. 25. RESEARCH STUDY 5.2: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. If Dr. Sheffield’s measure does not actually measure pathological gambling, his measure is said to lack which of the following? a. Validity b. Reliability c. Conceptualization d. Operationalization 26. RESEARCH STUDY 5.2: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to his supervisor, who is also an expert in pathological gambling. His supervisor says that his measure appears to test all the components of pathological gambling, including feeling restless when attempting to stop gambling, jeopardizing jobs in order to keep gambling, and using gambling to escape from problems and a bad mood. Given this information, Dr. Sheffield’s measure has evidence of which of the following? a. Content validity b. Predictive validity c. Criterion validity d. Discriminant validity 27. RESEARCH STUDY 5.2: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people in Gamblers Anonymous (GA) and another group in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). He finds that people in the GA group have higher scores on his new measure than people in the AA group. Why did Dr. Sheffield do this? a. To obtain evidence for face validity b. To obtain evidence for content validity c. To obtain evidence for convergent validity d. To obtain evidence for criterion validity 28. RESEARCH STUDY 5.2: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people in Gamblers Anonymous (GA) and another group of people in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). He finds that people in the GA group have higher scores on his new measure than people in the AA group. This procedure is known as a: a. test-retest paradigm. b. known-groups paradigm. c. prediction paradigm. d. group evaluation paradigm. 29. RESEARCH STUDY 5.2: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of his clients and at the same time measures how many times they have been gambling in the past month. He predicts that clients who score higher on his measure will also report gambling more times in the past month. This procedure is meant to provide evidence for which of the following? a. Face validity b. Content validity c. Criterion validity d. Discriminant validity 30. RESEARCH STUDY 5.2: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield decides to test the criterion validity of his measure. Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people that includes suspected problem gamblers and non-gamblers. Which of the following options below could he also do to get evidence for criterion validity? a. Give the measure to a group of people attending Gamblers Anonymous meetings b. Correlate the measure with a behavior, such as amount of money lost in a casino during the past year c. Ask the participants to give their opinion on whether the measure is valid d. Give a measure of alcohol addiction to the same group of clients 31. RESEARCH STUDY 5.2: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield has now decided that he wants to test his measure on some university students (who some estimates say have a 6% prevalence rate of compulsive gambling). He has a group of 100 university students complete his measure. He also has them complete two other measures (one that measures addictive behavior in general and one that measures general attitudes toward gambling). He finds that his new measure is positively associated with each of these other measures. This procedure has provided evidence for the _____ of Dr. Sheffield’s measure. a. content validity b. predictive validity c. convergent validity d. discriminant validity 32. RESEARCH STUDY 5.2: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield has decided to test the discriminant validity of his new measure. He has a group of first-time Gamblers Anonymous (GA) attendants complete his measure and finds that they score higher than a group of people who do not attend the group. Which of the following results would provide evidence for discriminant validity? a. He finds that the GA attendees score higher on his measure than the non-GA attendees. b. He finds that the measure of gambling is not correlated with a measure of life satisfaction in the same two groups of people. c. He finds that more recent GA joiners score higher than veteran GA attendees, who are more recovered. d. He finds that the measure he used is also associated with people’s past diagnoses of pathological gambling. ____ 33. RESEARCH STUDY 5.2: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield wants to establish the discriminant validity of his pathological gambling measure. He gives his measure and three others to a group of 100 people. Which of the following provides the best evidence for discriminant validity? a. That his measure is not strongly correlated with a measure of impulsivity b. That his measure is not strongly correlated with the number of friends people have c. That his measure is strongly correlated with a measure of alcohol addiction d. That his measure is strongly correlated with a measure of self-esteem 34. Another word for discriminant validity is ______________ validity. a. convergent b. asymmetrical c. divergent d. multiple 35. An educational psychologist is testing the discriminant validity of a new measure of numerical learning difficulties. He gives his measure to a group of students along with another measure of verbal learning difficulties, which he predicts should not be strongly related to numerical learning difficulties. Which of the following correlations would the psychologist hope to find in order to establish discriminant validity? a. r = 1.0 b. r = 1.0 c. r = 0.83 d. r = 0.18 36. Why are convergent and discriminant validity often evaluated together? a. Both terms mean the same thing. b. Both involve collecting information from a lot of psychological measures of theoretical interest. c. Both require the use of scatterplots. d. Both have to be determined by a panel of experts. 37. Your friend Dominic is complaining about having to take the Graduate Record Examination (GRE), a test that is required to go to graduate school and is similar to the ACT and SAT. He complains, “Tests like the GRE don’t really measure how well people actually do in graduate school.” Dominic is questioning the ______________ of the test. a. discriminant validity b. content validity c. convergent validity d. criterion validity 38. According to its conceptual definition, a variable should be related to a particular behavior. If a researcher is able to demonstrate that his measure of the variable is related to the behavior, then he has established which of the following? a. Discriminant validity b. Content validity c. Convergent validity d. Criterion validity 39. In interrogating the construct validity of a measure, which question should a researcher ask? a. Is there enough evidence that this measure is valid? b. Do I know that this measure is valid? c. Does this measure have the right kind of validity? d. Has an expert said that this measure is valid? 40. What does it mean that “reliability is necessary but not sufficient for validity”? a. If a measure is reliable, it is also valid. b. If a measure is valid, it is also reliable. c. Reliability and validity are unrelated concepts. d. Reliability and validity are the same concept. 41. Two researchers tell you they study the same thing. However, when you look at their research papers, they do not use similar methodologies or measurements. How is this possible? a. The researchers have the same conceptual definitions. b. The researchers have the same operational definitions. c. The researchers have the same conceptual definitions and operational definitions. d. The researchers do not have the same conceptual definitions nor the same operational definitions. 42. What is the term for a researcher’s definition of the variable in question at a theoretical level? a. Measurement validity b. Construct validity c. Conceptual definition d. Operational definition 43. In looking at a scatterplot of interrater reliability, why would a researcher want to see all the dots close to the line of agreement? a. Because it indicates a positive relationship b. Because it indicates that the researcher’s two research assistants/raters are making similar measurements c. Because it indicates that the researcher’s measurement is valid d. Because it indicates that the researcher’s measurement will also have high test-retest reliability 44. A helpful tool for visualizing test-retest reliability and interrater reliability is a: a. bar graph. b. Cronbach’s alpha. c. correlation coefficient. d. scatterplot. 45. A correlation coefficient and a scatterplot both provide which of the following pieces of information? a. The strength and direction of the relationship between two measurements b. The path and significance of the relationship between two measurements c. The validity and reliability of two measurements d. The outliers present in the two measurements 46. When using correlation coefficients to evaluate reliability, which of the following is undesirable? a. A correlation coefficient close to 1 b. A negative correlation coefficient c. A strong correlation coefficient d. It depends on the type of reliability being evaluated. 47. If a measurement looks like it is a plausible operationalization of a conceptual variable, then it has: a. interrater reliability. b. subjectivity. c. face validity. d. credibility. 48. Asking an expert or experts to evaluate a measure is used to establish validity. a. content b. criterion c. divergent d. face 49. In order to use the known groups paradigm to establish criterion validity, which of the following is necessary? a. At least three groups must be used. b. After testing, the groups should have significantly different scores on the measure. c. Prior to testing, similarity between the groups must be demonstrated. d. The groups must be composed of experts in the field of psychology. 50. Your friend Alanna says that when examining validity, you always want to see positive correlations. Why is she wrong? a. Both the strength and the direction of a correlation matter when examining validity. b. The strength of a correlation matters, but the direction of a correlation does not matter. c. Negative correlations are desirable when examining validity. d. Correlations are not used to examine validity. 1. RESEARCH STUDY 6.1: Professor Singh creates a survey to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes: Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He writes the following questions for his survey: A. What was your favorite part of this class? B. Please rate how much you agree with the following statement using the scale below: This was one of my favorite classes all semester. 1 2 34 5 Strongly Agree Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Strongly disagree C. Which of the following is most true of you? a. I am a very serious student. b. I try only as hard as I have to. D. How easy did you feel this class was? 1 23 45 Easy Hard Which of the questions above is an example of a forced-choice question? a. Question A b. Question B c. Question C d. Question D 2. RESEARCH STUDY 6.1: Professor Singh creates a survey to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes: Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He writes the following questions for his survey: A. What was your favorite part of this class? B. Please rate how much you agree with the following statement using the scale below: This was one of my favorite classes all semester. 1 2 34 5 Strongly Agree Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Strongly disagree C. Which of the following is most true of you? a. I am a very serious student. b. I try only as hard as I have to. D. How easy did you feel this class was? 1 23 45 Easy Hard Which of the questions above is an example of an open-ended question? a. Question A b. Question B c. Question C d. Question D 3. RESEARCH STUDY 6.1: Professor Singh creates a survey to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes: Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He writes the following questions for his survey: A. What was your favorite part of this class? B. Please rate how much you agree with the following statement using the scale below: This was one of my favorite classes all semester. 1 2 34 5 Strongly Agree Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Strongly disagree C. Which of the following is most true of you? a. I am a very serious student. b. I try only as hard as I have to. D. How easy did you feel this class was? 1 23 45 Easy Hard Which of the questions above is an example of a question that uses a Likert scale? a. Question A b. Question B c. Question C d. Question D 4. RESEARCH STUDY 6.1: Professor Singh creates a survey to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes: Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He writes the following questions for his survey: A. What was your favorite part of this class? B. Please rate how much you agree with the following statement using the scale below: This was one of my favorite classes all semester. 1 2 34 5 Strongly Agree Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Strongly disagree C. Which of the following is most true of you? a. I am a very serious student. b. I try only as hard as I have to. D. How easy did you feel this class was? 1 23 45 Easy Hard Which of the questions above is an example of a question that uses a semantic differential scale? a. Question A b. Question B c. Question C d. Question D 5. In developing a measure of “need for cognition” (the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving), Dr. Jonason asks his participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: “I frequently solve and enjoy solving crossword puzzles and Sudoku puzzles.” What is the problem with this question? a. It is a forced-choice question. b. It is a double-barreled question. c. It has a double negative. d. It is a leading question. 6. Why are double-barreled questions problematic? a. They may have poor construct validity. b. They may be too easy to answer. c. They are leading questions. d. They are too conceptual. 7. In his measure of “need for cognition” (the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving), Dr. Jonason asks his participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: “I have never not enjoyed thinking.” What is the problem with this question? a. It is a forced-choice question. b. It is a double-barreled question. c. It has a double negative. d. It is a leading question. 8. Which of the following is the most direct way to control for question order effects? a. Give the survey questions to different groups of people. b. Prepare different versions of the survey, varying the order of the questions. c. Combine multiple questions into single questions. d. Order effects cannot be controlled for. 9. Dr. Gore is conducting a survey examining people’s opinions toward funding for collegiate athletics on his campus. He notices that several participants agree with all 12 questions. This could be an example of all of the following EXCEPT: a. a response set. b. acquiescence. c. yea-saying. d. fence sitting. 10. How do reverse-worded items address shortcuts? a. They slow down readers, making them answer more carefully. b. They give people more answer options. c. They are easier for people to read. d. They ask each question twice so the participant answers twice. 11. Which of the following increases accurate responding? a. Nay-saying response sets b. Fence sitting c. Reverse-worded questions d. Acquiescence 12. Dr. Gahan decides to create a questionnaire asking about people’s attitudes toward immigration (a socially sensitive topic). He should be most concerned about which of the following? a. People self-reporting more than they can know b. Fence sitting c. Faking bad d. Negatively worded answers 13. Dr. Paul is concerned about a fence-sitting response set when he conducts his survey. Which of the following might you recommend to decrease fence sitting? a. Using reverse-worded questions b. Using scales with an even number of response options c. Providing a “no opinion” option d. Using a Likert scale 14. Forced-choice question formats are especially good at dealing with which of the following issues? a. Fence sitting b. Faking good c. Response sets d. People self-reporting more than they can know 15. Which of the following is true when asking people questions about themselves? a. The confidence people have in their memories is not strongly related to the accuracy of their memory. b. People are very good judges of the reasons for their behavior. c. People are better able to remember vivid memories. d. If people are inaccurate in reporting their reasons for behavior, it is because they are deliberately trying to be deceptive. 16. Which of the following statements is true of observational data? a. Observational measures automatically have good construct validity. b. Observational measures cannot be used to make causal claims. c. Observational measures can be used to make frequency claims. d. Observational measures provide better information than self-report data. 17. A study by Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) involved telling teachers that some of their students were “bloomers” and would achieve rapid academic success within the next year. In fact, these students were no different than any of the other students in the class. At the end of the year, the “bloomers” showed more gains in IQ than the other students. It appeared that the teacher had unintentionally treated the “bloomers” in special ways. This is an example of which of the following? a. Observer bias b. Observer effects c. A masked study design d. Self-report operationalization 18. Another word for observer effects is: a. observer bias. b. expectancy effects. c. interrater reliability. d. unobtrusive observation. 19. Masked, or blind, study designs are designed to deal with: a. yea-saying biases. b. bystander effect. c. observer bias. d. faking good. 20. RESEARCH STUDY 6.2: Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Dr. Ewell is concerned that the children will behave differently because of the presence of research assistants. He is concerned about: a. reactivity. b. observer bias. c. faking good. d. interrater reliability. 21. RESEARCH STUDY 6.2: Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Dr. Ewell is concerned that the children will behave differently because of the presence of research assistants. Which of the following could he do to address this concern? a. Make the observations himself instead of using a research assistant b. Have two undergraduate research assistants make the observations instead of just one c. Observe the same-sex friend pairs on the first day and the opposite-sex friend pairs on the second day d. Hide a video camera in the daycare center and record the children playing without them knowing 22. RESEARCH STUDY 6.2: Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Dr. Ewell decides to collect his data at a neighborhood park. He has his two research assistants pose as a married couple having a picnic. While having their picnic, they take detailed records of the sharing behavior of the children and note whether the pairs are same sex or opposite sex. This technique is known as: a. a blind study design. b. unobtrusive observation. c. delayed observation. d. a double-blind study design. 23. RESEARCH STUDY 6.2: Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Dr. Ewell decides to collect his data at a neighborhood park. He has hi s two research assistants pose as a married couple having a picnic. While having their picnic, they take detailed records of the sharing behavior of the children and note whether the pairs are same sex or opposite sex. Given his use of two research assistants, he must establish the of their measures. a. face validity b. convergent validity c. interrater reliability d. test-retest reliability 24. RESEARCH STUDY 6.2: Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Imagine that Dr. Ewell calculates a correlation (e.g., ICC) for his two raters. Which of the following would be the best value for Dr. Ewell to find? a. 0.92 b. 0.02 c. 0.89 d. 1.15 25. RESEARCH STUDY 6.2: Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Which of the following is Dr. Ewell likely to give his research assistants to prevent observer bias? a. A video camera b. A developmental psychology textbook c. A codebook d. Binoculars 26. RESEARCH STUDY 6.2: Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Imagine that Dr. Ewell wants to videotape the children interacting in the park. Which of the following is true? a. He will likely need to get permission to videotape the children prior to doing so. b. If he uses hidden cameras, he does not need to tell the participants they have been videotaped. c. He will be unable to use videotape because he is studying children. d. He can use the videotapes regardless of whether the adult objects as long as the child agrees. 27. RESEARCH STUDY 6.2: Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Imagine that Dr. Ewell wants to videotape the children interacting in the park. Why would most psychologists have no problem with the ethics of Dr. Ewell’s study? a. His research topic is interesting. b. People in a public park do not expect their behavior to be private. c. Research with children is generally not risky. d. Observing children is the only way to collect data about this topic. 28. Which of the following is true of interrater reliability? a. It is measured with an ICC. b. It is necessary to calculate only if you have four or more raters. c. It does not need to be calculated if your research assistants are well trained. d. If interrater reliability is established, it means the observations are also valid. 29. The construct validity of observations can be threatened by all of the following EXCEPT: a. observer bias. b. observer effects. c. reactivity. d. socially desirable responding. 30. Observer bias relates mainly to __________, whereas observer effects stem from _______ a. validity; reliability b. researchers; participants c. faking good; faking bad d. outcomes; expectations 31. Which of the following is NOT a way to deal with reactivity? a. Blending in with the surroundings b. Waiting to begin observations c. Measuring the behavior unobtrusively d. Using multiple observers 32. Unobtrusive observation is done to counteract which of the following? a. Observer bias b. Observer effects c. Reactivity d. Nay-saying 33. Dr. Jewell is interested in measuring people’s attitudes toward proposed tax cuts. One of his items reads, “People who support cutting taxes are not well informed about how the government works.” What is the problem with this question? a. It is a forced-choice question. b. It is a double-barreled question. c. It has a double negative. d. It is a leading question. 34. In which of the following studies is self-report the best data collection option? a. A study examining the intensity of pain during natural childbirth b. A study examining the health of children born via natural childbirth c. A study examining discussions about natural childbirth between mothers and doctors d. A study examining the breathing styles used during natural child birth 35. Which of the following is another term for response sets? a. Observer bias b. Nondifferentiation c. Socially desirable responding d. Uniqueness 36. Which of the following questions is most likely to result in a socially desirable answer? a. “How often do you shop online?” b. “Have you ever sent a ‘sext’ (a sexually explicit message or photo)?” c. “When was the last time you tweeted/retweeted?” d. “Why did you choose your Facebook profile photo? 37. Faking good is also known as: a. fence sitting. b. acquiescence. c. socially desirable responding. d. nondifferentiation. 38. Which of the following is a poll likely to measure? a. A person’s attitude toward their doctor b. A person’s feelings about people diagnosed with cancer c. A person’s thoughts about whether they prefer Advil or Tylenol d. A person’s opinions about a healthcare law 39. Which of the following determines the construct validity of a survey question? a. How well it is worded b. How many people answer it c. How short it is d. How many response options it has 40. Which of the following is a disadvantage of using open-ended questions? a. The answers provided are often spontaneous. b. The answers are unscientific. c. The answers must be coded. d. The answers are not taken seriously by participants. 41. Which of the following is true of question wording? a. It has no effect on the results of a survey/poll. b. No research has scientifically demonstrated that question wording affects the answers participants give. c. Differences in how questions are worded always lead to different results. d. Researchers may alter the wording of a question to determine if it does have an effect on the results. 42. A question that leads people to answer in a particular way is known as a(n): a. leading question. b. double-barreled question. c. negatively worded question. d. ordered question. 43. Why might question order affect how people respond to a survey or poll? a. People cannot understand multiple questions. b. People are lazy. c. People may try to appear consistent. d. People are easily confused. 44. Julian creates a survey asking participants first to report how happy they are in their marriage and then second to report how happy they are in their life. His advisor, Dr. Fuentes, recommends that he create a second version of the survey that reverses the order of these questions. Why is Julian’s advisor recommending this? a. He is concerned that Julian has a double-barreled question. b. He is concerned that Julian’s results could be affected by question order. c. He is concerned that Julian’s participants will use shortcuts. d. He is concerned that Julian’s participants will try to fake good. 45. A researcher wants to know what people really do, not what they think they do. Which method would you advise him to use? a. Behavioral observations b. Self-report questions c. Both behavioral observations and self-report questions are equally good for finding out what people really do. d. Neither behavioral observations nor self-report questions is desirable for finding out what people really do. 46. Which of the following is true of behavioral observation? a. It requires recording technology, such as video cameras. b. It requires a research assistant to be with the participant at all times. c. It may tell a different story than data collected by self-report questions. d. It is a more reliable and valid method than self-report methodology. 47. Why would behavioral observation be a good research method for studying a high-frequency behavior (e.g., number of words spoken in a day or number of steps taken in a week)? a. It will take less time to collect the data. b. Participants would not be able to accurately keep track of so much data. c. It is cheaper to collect data than it is to self-report data. d. Researchers do not need to obtain participant consent for behavioral observation. 48. Which of the following is a unique threat to construct validity found only in behavioral observation? a. Acquiescence b. Fence sitting c. Socially desirable responding d. Observer bias 49. Which of the following is a good reason a researcher may give for using observational methods as opposed to self-report methods? a. “I do not want to have to worry about the construct validity of my conceptual variable.” b. “I do not want to have to worry about ethics.” c. “I want to measure something that people may not know how often they do it.” d. “I want to make a causal claim.” 50. If a question has response options such as strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, and strongly disagree, this is known as a(n): a. Likert scale. b. agreement scale. c. semantic differential format. d. open-ended format CH.7 1. RESEARCH STUDY 7.1: Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester—Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. What is Dr. Kramer’s likely population of interest? a. All students at the university b. All psychology majors and minors c. All students he is currently teaching d. All students in his Introduction to Neuroscience class 2. RESEARCH STUDY 7.1: Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester—Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. Dr. Kramer plans to give his survey only to his Psychology and Law students because he sees them on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays and he can spare the class time (unlike in his Introduction to Neuroscience class, which only meets on Tuesdays and Thursdays). Which of the following is true? a. This will lead to a biased sample because the type of students who take Psychology and Law may be different from the type of students who take Introduction to Neuroscience. b. This will lead to a biased sample because of self-selection. c. This will lead to a biased sample because the Psychology and Law students have a lot of time to complete the survey. d. The will lead to a sample that is representative of both of his classes. 3. RESEARCH STUDY 7.1: Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester—Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. Dr. Kramer needs to avoid which of the following if he hopes to avoid having a biased sample? a. Sampling only those students who come to class frequently b. Sampling only those students who agree to complete the survey c. Sampling only those students who sign the consent form d. Sampling only those students who finish the survey 4. RESEARCH STUDY 7.1: Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester—Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. If all the students in Dr. Kramer’s two classes complete the survey, then Dr. Kramer has done which of the following? a. Decreased the external validity of his study b. Collected too much data c. Relied on a census d. Enhanced sampling bias 5. RESEARCH STUDY 7.1: Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester—Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. Dr. Kramer could reasonably use his sample to say something about which of the following populations of interest? a. Students enrolled at the university b. Students who are political science majors c. Students who have taken a class with Dr. Kramer d. Students currently taking a psychology class 6. RESEARCH STUDY 7.1: Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester—Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. 43 of 50 Introduction to Neuroscience students and 46 of 48 Psychology and Law students complete the survey. Based on this information, which of the following can Dr. Kramer say? a. His sample is larger than his population. b. His sample is representative. c. His sample is biased. d. His sample came from his population of interest. 7. A sample is always ____________ a population. a. more expensive to measure than b. smaller than c. more interesting than d. more scientific than 8. If researchers measure every member of a population, they have: a. conducted a census. b. collected a sample. c. increased internal validity. d. biased the study. 9. If researchers measure every tenth member of a population, they have: a. conducted a census. b. collected a sample. c. increased internal validity. d. biased the study. 10. Which of the following is NOT an example of a probability sample? a. Simple random sample b. Convenience sample c. Systematic sample d. Cluster sample 11. Which of the following is true of probability sampling? a. It is the best way to obtain a representative sample. b. It is the same as random assignment. c. It results in larger samples than nonprobability sampling. d. It should only be used when external validity is not the goal of the study. 12. Dr. Tanaka is an educational psychologist interested in students’ attitudes toward science and the effect of those attitudes on performance on standardized tests. He chooses his local school district to study. There are15 high schools, and he randomly chooses five. Then, of the 2,500 students in each of those five schools, he randomly recruits 250 students. This is an example of which of the following sampling techniques? a. Snowball sample b. Systematic sample c. Multistage sample d. Cluster sample 13. Dr. Chandler is a personality psychologist who is interested in studying the characteristics of people who report being abducted by UFOs. She finds several people in an online support group for UFO abductees to participate and asks them if they can provide the names and contact information of other people who have also been abducted. Upon contacting these new participants, she asks them to refer her to even more people they may know who have been abducted. This is an example of what kind of sampling? a. Purposive sampling b. Snowball sampling c. Convenience sampling d. Self-selection sampling 14. Having a representative sample is most important in which of the following example claims? a. “Having a dark triad personality is associated with having greater relationship problems.” b. “Receiving weekly feedback from your supervisor increases work productivity.” c. “People who report knowing someone who has been diagnosed with skin cancer also report having greater sunscreen use.” d. “Forty-three percent of psychology majors report being frustrated by people asking them if they are psychoanalyzing them.” 15. A sample is to _________________ as a population is to _________________. a. part; entire b. external; internal c. people; groups d. participants; researchers 16. A biased sample consists of too many ________________ cases. a. basic b. ideal c. complicated d. unusual 17. Convenience sampling relies on which of the following? a. Studying people who are easy to find b. Studying people who are willing to participate c. Studying people who are typical d. Studying people who are colleagues of the researcher 18. Online surveys commonly suffer from which of the following? a. Poor reliability b. Self-selection c. Probability sampling d. Over sampling 19. Another term for probability sampling is: a. purposive sampling. b. convenience sampling. c. random sampling. d. cluster sampling. 20. Why do studies that use probability samples have excellent external validity? a. They also ensure excellent internal validity. b. They study every member of the population of interest. c. They use a larger number of measures. d. All members of the population are equally likely to be represented in the sample. 21. Why are techniques like cluster sampling and multistage sampling just as externally valid as simple random sampling? a. They all contain elements of random selection. b. They all measure every member of the population of interest. c. They all use lists of all population members. d. They all rely on large samples. 22. The difference between a cluster sample and a multistage sample is: a. cluster samples are probability samples; multistage samples are not. b. multistage samples sample both clusters and participants; cluster samples just sample clusters. c. cluster samples rely on clusters of participants; multistage samples collect data from participants at different stages. d. There is no difference between cluster samples and multistage samples. 23. The difference between a cluster sample and a stratified random sample is: a. cluster samples study all possible clusters; stratified random samples randomly select strata. b. cluster samples use oversampling; stratified random samples use undersampling. c. cluster samples use randomly selected clusters; stratified random samples use predetermined strata. d. There is no difference between cluster samples and stratified random samples. 24. Oversampling is a variant used in which of the following sampling techniques? a. Simple random sampling b. Cluster sampling c. Convenience sampling d. Stratified random sampling 25. Which of the following does NOT result in a representative sample? a. Systematic sample b. Simple random sample c. Snowball sample d. Stratified random sample 26. Which of the following does NOT result in a biased sample? a. Snowball sample b. Convenience sample c. Purposive sample d. Systematic sample 27. Which of the following statements is true of random assignment and random sampling? a. Random assignment is necessary for internal validity, whereas random sampling is necessary for external validity. b. They both are necessary for frequency claims. c. They both mean the same thing. d. Random sampling is more important than random assignment. 28. For his research methods class project, Hiro is studying the effect of pet ownership on stress levels. Although a lot of research has been done on dog and cat owners, not much is known about other pets, so Hiro decides to study bird owners. Which of the following would demonstrate a purposive sampling technique? a. He contacts the Twitter followers of Dr. Oiseau, a famous biologist who studies birds. b. He recruits bird owners by e-mailing members of the National Bird Owners Association and asking for participants. c. His participants are all the people who have purchased birds at his local pet store in the past 6 months. d. He asks bird owners to give him the names of other bird owners. 29. What is the most common sampling technique in behavioral research? a. Simple random sampling b. Purposive sampling c. Cluster sampling d. Convenience sampling 30. For his research methods class project, Hiro is studying the effect of pet ownership on stress levels. Although a lot of research has been done on dog and cat owners, not much is known about other pets so Hiro decides to study bird owners. Which of the following would demonstrate a snowball sampling technique? a. He contacts the Twitter followers of Dr. Oiseau, a famous biologist who studies birds. b. He recruits bird owners by e-mailing members of the National Bird Owners Association and asking for participants. c. His participants are all the people who have purchased birds at his local pet store in the past 6 months. d. He asks bird owners to give him the names of other bird owners. 31. How are quota sampling and stratified random sampling similar? a. Both identify subgroups that need to be studied. b. Both randomly sample subgroups to be studied. c. Both result in nonrepresentative samples. d. Both result in representative samples. 32. Which of the following is true regarding interrogating frequency claims? a. Their accuracy can usually be determined. b. The chief concern is to evaluate the sampling technique. c. The most important thing to consider is the size of the sample. d. Frequency claims cannot be interrogated. 33. External validity is most important for which of the following claims? a. Frequency claims b. Association claims c. Causal claims d. External validity is equally important for all claims. 34. Which of the following is true of a nonrepresentative sample in a research claim? a. You should automatically disregard the claim. b. You should automatically accept the claim. c. You should ask whether it is relevant to what the researchers are measuring. d. You should ask whether more participants are necessary. 35. In which of the following cases would a large sample especially be needed? a. A study of high school students b. A study of first-time homeowners c. A study of people who have been to the doctor in the past year d. A study of teenagers whose parents are both deployed overseas in the military 36. When you are interrogating the external validity of a sample, which is the most important question to ask? a. How many people are in the sample? b. How was the sample collected? c. How were the participants measured? d. How many people are in the population? 37. Dr. Cyril conducts a simple random sample of 500 men who became fathers for the first time in the past year. He finds that 23% of them report being unsure of their ability to be good fathers, plus or minus 4%. What does this mean? a. The true percentage of fathers who feel this way is 23%. b. If this study was done many times, the estimate of father uncertainty would be 23% about 4% of the time. c. We can be 4% sure that the estimate of father uncertainty would be 23% of fathers. d. If the study was done many times, the estimate of father uncertainty would be between 19% and 27%. 38. Dr. Cyril conducts a simple random sample of 500 men who became fathers for the first time in the past year.He finds that 23% of them report being unsure of their ability to be good fathers, plus or minus 4%. What is another term for the 4% value? a. Margin of error b. Sampling bias c. Probability value d. Statistical significance 39. Dr. Cyril conducts a simple random sample of 500 men who became fathers for the first time in the past year. He finds that 23% of them report being unsure of their ability to be good fathers, plus or minus 4%. If Dr. Cyril increased his sample size to 1,000, which of the following would happen? a. The true estimate would increase. b. The margin of error would become smaller. c. External validity would become less important. d. Statistical validity would become negatively affected. 40. Which of the following is true of sample size? a. It primarily affects external validity. b. It primarily affects construct validity. c. It primarily affects internal validity. d. It primarily affects statistical validity. 41. If a sample is biased, then it is _______________ the population of interest. a. unrepresentative of b. unrelated to c. incorrectly compared to d. unfairly applied to 42. Which of the following is necessary for a sample to be considered representative? a. All members of the population must be included in the sample. b. All members of the population have an equal chance of being included in the sample. c. All members of the sample belong only to the population of interest. d. All members of the sample are likely to provide the same data/information. 43. Which of the following may lead to a biased sample? a. Using people who accept compensation (e.g., money) to participate b. Using people who agree to participate c. Using people who are readily available to the researcher d. Using people who have participated in other research studies 44. What do purposive, convenience, quota, and snowball sampling have in common? a. They are considered ethical sampling options. b. They are all probability sampling techniques. c. They produce large samples. d. They result in samples where some people are systematically left out. ____ 45. Which of the following sampling techniques would you recommend to a researcher interested in studying rare individuals, like people who have been struck by lightning? a. Snowball sampling b. Purposive sampling c. Quota sampling d. Convenience sampling 46. Why might a researcher choose purposive sampling over systematic sampling? a. Purposive sampling is always cheaper. b. External validity is not vital to the researcher’s study. c. Only purposive sampling allows the researcher to study a particular type of participant. d. The researcher does not have to specify a population of interest ahead of time. 47. Why is the use of representative samples especially important in frequency claims? a. Frequency claims require very large samples, and representative samples are always large. b. It is unethical to make frequency claims without representative samples. c. It is unlikely that the accuracy of estimates can be checked. d. Representative samples allow for enhanced internal and external validity 48. Research articles that use terms such as “unbiased sample,” “random samples,” or “representative sample” allow for readers to . a. skip interrogating statistical validity b. make a frequency claim c. reject the conclusions made by the researcher(s) d. be confident in a study’s external validity 49. If a study uses an unrepresentative sample, which of the following questions should you ask when assessing its external validity? a. “Are the characteristics that make the sample biased actually relevant to what is being measured?” b. “Is the sample size sufficiently large?” c. “Is the study making a frequency, association, or causal claim?” d. “Could the study have used a representative sample instead?” 50. Studies that use nonprobability samples have ______________ external validity. a. zero b. unknown c. guaranteed d. enhanced ch 1-3 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following is an example of being a producer of research? a. Administering an anxiety questionnaire b. Applying a new therapy technique c. Writing an opinion article about a psychological study d. Undergoing a brain scan 2. Which of the following is an example of being a consumer of research? a. Administering a questionnaire of PTSD symptoms b. Consenting to participate in a research study c. Attending a psychological conference d. Measuring dopamine levels in patients with schizophrenia 3. Students who are interested in being consumers of, but not producers of, research might choose which of the following professions? a. A clinical psychologist b. An intervention program evaluator c. A political pollster d. An advertising executive 4. Dr. Smitherman insists that all his research assistants know how to be producers of research. All of the following relate to this requirement EXCEPT: a. He wants to make sure they understand how to write in APA style. b. He wants to make sure they understand why anonymity is important. c. He wants to make sure they understand how to interpret study results and graphs. d. He wants to make sure they have previously been participants in research studies. 5. Elliott is double majoring in English and psychology. He plans on being a high school English teacher and is only majoring in psychology because he finds the classes interesting. Which of the following is an important reason for him to be a good consumer of research? a. His psychology advisor may ask for his help in copy-editing a research article. b. He will likely need to be a participant in research studies as part of his psychology major. c. He will probably want to read research related to enhancing his teaching. d. He will have to produce research before he can consume it. 6. In the theory-data cycle, theories first lead to _________________. a. questions b. answers c. data d. research 7. Another word for hypothesis is a(n) _________________. a. theory b. observation c. prediction d. outcome 8. Another word for data is a(n) _________________. a. theory b. observation c. prediction d. outcome 9. RESEARCH STUDY 1.1: Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Deci and Ryan’s general statement of how the three needs are related to growth and fulfillment is an example of which of the following? a. A theory b. A hypothesis c. Data d. Research 10. RESEARCH STUDY 1.1: Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Susan’s prediction that students who have all three needs met will experience greater satisfaction with their psychology class is an example of which of the following? a. A theory b. A hypothesis c. Data d. Research 11. RESEARCH STUDY 1.1: Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. After Susan collects and analyzes her data, which of the following is the next logical step? a. Susan writes a paper challenging Self-Determination Theory because only some of her data supported it. b. Susan ignores the data that did not fit the theory. c. Susan recalculates her data to fit the theory. d. Susan alters or amends the theory to fit her data. 12. RESEARCH STUDY 1.1: Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Susan’s hypothesis was not completely supported by her data. What does this mean? a. Susan must have collected the data incorrectly. b. Susan must have analyzed the data incorrectly. c. The theory may need to be amended. d. The theory is completely wrong. 13. ___________ is the approach of collecting data and using it to develop, support, and/or challenge a theory. a. Falsifiability b. Theorizing c. Empiricism d. Application 14. Occam’s razor states that the simplest solution is the best, all things being equal. This speaks to a theory’s: a. parsimony. b. falsifiability. c. theorizing. d. empiricism. 15. Benjamin is a social psychologist who studies marriage. He believes that marital satisfaction has two components: the ability to trust one’s partner and a belief that one can be a good spouse. This is known as: a. a theory. b. a hypothesis. c. data. d. research. 16. Benjamin is a social psychologist who studies marriage. He believes that marital satisfaction has two components: the ability to trust one’s partner and a belief that one can be a good spouse. He conducts a study to test his ideas. Assuming that his data match his theory, which of the following statements should he make? a. “The data prove my theory.” b. “My theory is generalizable.” c. “The data provide support for my theory.” d. “The data complicate my theory.” 17. Which of the following is true of the relationship between hypotheses and theories? a. Hypotheses are used to determine if a theory is accurate. b. Theories are used to determine if a hypothesis is accurate. c. Multiple theories are needed to test whether a hypothesis is accurate. d. Hypotheses and theories are synonymous terms. 18. Both James and Thomas have theories that explain why listening to classical music while reading is associated with increased recall of the material. James’ theory is much simpler than Thomas’. Thomas created his theory a few months before James did. Which of the following is true? a. James’ theory would be considered better because it is more parsimonious. b. James’ theory would be considered better because it was thought of more recently. c. Thomas’ theory would be considered better because he thought of it first. d. Thomas’ theory would be considered better because it is more complex. 19. Which of the following is an example of applied research? a. A social psychologist who is interested in the components of self-concept b. An educational psychologist who looks for a way to increase math skills in 8-year-olds c. A personality psychologist who studies the difference between introverts and extroverts d. A cognitive psychologist who looks at the difference in problem-solving abilities of men and women 20. Which of the following is an example of translational research? a. An industrial-organizational psychologist who is interested in the components of job satisfaction b. A clinical psychologist who examines the effectiveness of art therapy in decreasing symptoms of ADHD c. A sports psychologist who uses information on how we emotionally process victory to design an intervention for improving mental stamina during athletic performance d. A cognitive psychologist who examines people’s ability to distinguish between colors based on light exposure 21. Which of the following is an example of basic research? a. An industrial-organizational psychologist who is interested in the components of job commitment b. A clinical psychologist who examines the effectiveness of drama therapy in helping children who have been abused c. An educational psychologist who examines how mindset (“intelligence is innate” or “intelligence can be achieved”) affects academic performance d. An experimental psychologist who examines people’s ability to perceive a “sweet” taste 22. Research that is done specifically to solve a practical problem, like increasing memory ability or decreasing symptoms of depression, is known as: a. basic research. b. applied research. c. empirical research. d. translational research. 23. Research that is done specifically to add to our general understanding of psychology, like distinguishing the components of extraversion or predicting the time it takes a person to determine whether an object is a face or another object, is known as: a. basic research. b. applied research. c. empirical research. d. translational research. 24. Which of the following is true of the difference between basic and applied research? a. Basic and applied research have different goals. b. Applied research is more important than basic research. c. Basic research is more difficult to conduct than applied research. d. Applied research is done by consumers of research. 25. Vinai learns that people with schizophrenia have a problem labeling their emotions. Using this information, he designs a research study to examine whether teaching patients with schizophrenia to label the emotions of people they see in movie clips helps them to better label their own emotions. Vinai hopes that the findings of this research could then be used to create an intervention to treat schizophrenia. Vinai’s study is an example of: a. basic research. b. applied research. c. empirical research. d. translational research. 26. According to the text, the bridge between basic and applied research is known as: a. empirical research. b. practical research. c. translational research. d. compound research. 27. Scientific journals and magazines are similar in which of the following ways? a. Both are written for the general public. b. Both tend to be written by scientists. c. Both tend to publish peer-reviewed articles. d. Both are trying to inform their readers. 28. Which of the following is the reason that scientific journals use peer review? a. It is cost effective. b. It is more efficient/faster. c. It encourages collaboration among researchers. d. It ensures that the studies published are of the highest quality. 29. Nadia submits her article to a scientific journal for publication. Who makes the final decision on whether her article is published in that scientific journal? a. The editor of the journal b. Nadia, the author of the article c. A panel of experts d. The publisher of the journal 30. Which aspect of the peer-review cycle allows for the greatest amount of honesty in reviews? a. The number of peer reviewers b. The anonymity of the peer reviewers c. The possibility of rejection d. The frequency of publication 31. Dr. Gonzalez is a peer reviewer for a manuscript submitted to a journal. He is likely to provide comments on which of the following? a. How well the general public will understand the study b. How well the research was conducted c. The prestige/reputation of the author d. Previous studies from the same research group 32. Dr. Stewart is an editor of a psychology journal. She wants to ensure that reviewers give honest reviews of the papers they are asked to read. Which of the following could she do to increase the likelihood of honest feedback? a. Increase the number of peer reviewers b. Use reviewers from fields other than psychology c. Make sure the peer reviewers are anonymous d. Give reviewers a longer amount of time to read papers 33. Articles that could be considered journalism: a. are typically written by scientists. b. are typically written for scientists. c. are hard to access. d. do not require specialized education to read. 34. The quality of journalists’ coverage of a science story will be determined by two factors: a. the importance and accuracy of the story. b. the length and source of the story. c. the education and experience of the journalist. d. the education and experience of the scientist. 35. Salma conducts a study and finds that her data do not completely support her theory. Which of the following statements should she avoid saying? a. “My data are inconsistent with my theory.” b. “My data disprove my theory.” c. “My theory needs amending.” d. “I may need to collect more data.” 36. Translational research is best thought of as __________________ basic research and applied research. a. superior to both b. inferior to both c. a bridge between d. another word for 37. Which of the following is a reason psychological scientists publish their research in scientific journals? a. To get money from the journals where their work appears b. To share their findings with the general public c. To have their results reviewed by other psychologists d. To gain attention by journalists 38. Which of the following is a reason that a journalist may misrepresent a psychology study in a magazine? a. The peer-review process for journalists sometimes makes them miss important facts. b. Journalists may count on their readers to check the original scientific journal. c. Journalists may not personally have the scientific background to understand the study. d. Journalists are unethical. 39. Your friend Gaby loves reading articles about psychology studies in her monthly women’s magazine. Which of the following would you tell her? a. “Stop reading those articles because they are never accurate.” b. “Peer-reviewed journals are much easier to read than magazines.” c. “Be careful about reading those articles because they may not present findings accurately.” d. “Reading those magazines is just as good as reading the peer-reviewed journals.” 40. RESEARCH STUDY 1.2: Dr. White reads about a new theory that states that depression is caused by increased levels of estrogen in the womb. To test this theory, she conducted a study comparing the level of estrogen in amniotic fluid in individuals who were later diagnosed with depression with the level of those who did not develop depression. Dr. White found no differences between the groups in estrogen levels in the amniotic fluid. Based on these results, Dr. White should conclude that: a. she has disproved the previous theory. b. her study was probably flawed in some way. c. previous studies that support the theory are probably flawed. d. there may be factors influencing the results that haven’t yet been examined that contributed to the results of studies on this topic. 41. RESEARCH STUDY 1.2: Dr. White reads about a new theory that states that depression is caused by increased levels of estrogen in the womb. To test this theory, she conducted a study comparing the level of estrogen in amniotic fluid in individuals who were later diagnosed with depression with the level of those who did not develop depression. Dr. White found no differences between the groups in estrogen levels in the amniotic fluid. What should Dr. White do next? a. Evaluate the ways in which her study differed from previous studies that supported this theory b. Work with a journalist to write a magazine article claiming they have disproved the previous theory c. Develop a new theory of what causes depression d. Start altering treatments for depression based on her findings 42. RESEARCH STUDY 1.2: Dr. White reads about a new theory that states that depression is caused by increased levels of estrogen in the womb. To test this theory, she conducted a study comparing the level of estrogen in amniotic fluid in individuals who were later diagnosed with depression with the level of those who did not develop depression. Dr. White found no differences between the groups in estrogen levels in the amniotic fluid. Another depression researcher reads Dr. White’s findings. This new researcher is LEAST likely to: a. conduct a similar study with improved research design. b. design a new study to ask a slightly different research question. c. reject the theory of what causes depression. d. conduct the same study in a different sample of depressed patients. 43. RESEARCH STUDY 1.2: Dr. White reads about a new theory that states that depression is caused by increased levels of estrogen in the womb. To test this theory, she conducted a study comparing the level of estrogen in amniotic fluid in individuals who were later diagnosed with depression with the level of those who did not develop depression. Dr. White found no differences between the groups in estrogen levels in the amniotic fluid. In this study, “depressed individuals will have higher estrogen levels” was the _____. a. theory b. research question c. hypothesis d. data 44. RESEARCH STUDY 1.2: Dr. White reads about a new theory that states that depression is caused by increased levels of estrogen in the womb. To test this theory, she conducted a study comparing the level of estrogen in amniotic fluid in individuals who were later diagnosed with depression with the level of those who did not develop depression. Dr. White found no differences between the groups in estrogen levels in the amniotic fluid. In this study, estrogen levels in participants were the ____________. a. theory b. research question c. hypothesis d. data 45. RESEARCH STUDY 1.2: Dr. White reads about a new theory that states that depression is caused by increased levels of estrogen in the womb. To test this theory, she conducted a study comparing the level of estrogen in amniotic fluid in individuals who were later diagnosed with depression with the level of those who did not develop depression. Dr. White found no differences between the groups in estrogen levels in the amniotic fluid. Dr. White publishes her findings in a scientific journal. Who is most likely to read her article? a. Depressed patients b. Clinical researchers c. Journalists d. Social workers 46. Which of the following is a benefit of the peer-review process? a. Reviewers’ names are made public so they can defend their critiques of an article. b. The journal editor provides input on study design to ensure rigorous scientific methods. c. Reviewers’ names are kept anonymous so they can be open in their critiques of an article. d. Non-significant results are not considered for publication to ensure interesting research. 47. How can you ensure that a popular media article accurately reflects the original research of a scientific study? a. Find and read the original scientific article b. Determine whether the results fit within the theories you learned in your psychology classes c. Check that the popular media article includes the statistical significance of the results d. Research the credentials of the author of the popular media article 48. Which of the following is a reason why it is important to be a knowledgeable consumer of research? a. It is important to know how to write in APA style. b. It is important to understand how to design an effective study. c. It is important to know why researchers protect the anonymity of participants. d. It is important to understand whether the information you read is accurate. 49. Which of the following is a reason why it is important to be an effective producer of research? a. It is important to be able to synthesize previous research findings. b. It is important to know how to interpret the results and graphs of your study. c. It is important to understand whether the information you read is accurate. d. It is important to know how to write in APA style. 50. A research consumer ____________ scientific results. a. analyzes b. produces c. reads d. graphs Multiple Choice ch 2 1. A psychiatrist is testing a drug that treats depression. He has given the drug to all his patients, and all of them have experienced a decrease in depressive symptoms. Although this is interesting, his experience is limited because he does not have: a. a reliable way to measure depressive symptoms. b. a comparison group that did not receive the drug. c. a hypothesis. d. psychotherapy to supplement the drug. 2. RESEARCH STUDY 2.1: Charlotte is studying subliminal messages and weight loss. She is curious whether people will lose more weight if they hear subliminal messages that encourage weight loss (“don’t eat that food,” “you want to be thin,” etc.) in the music on their iPods compared to people who do not have subliminal messages in their music. She studies 40 people and finds the following results: To understand whether the subliminal messages have an effect, Charlotte needs to consider which of the following cells in the chart? a. Only Cell A b. Only Cell B c. Only Cell C d. She must consider all of the cells. 3. RESEARCH STUDY 2.1: Charlotte is studying subliminal messages and weight loss. She is curious whether people will lose more weight if they hear subliminal messages that encourage weight loss (“don’t eat that food,” “you want to be thin,” etc.) in the music on their iPods compared to people who do not have subliminal messages in their music. She studies 40 people and finds the following results: A change to which of the following cells will result in a different interpretation of the results of subliminal messages? a. A change in any cell will result in a different interpretation. b. A change in Cell B only will result in a different interpretation. c. A change in Cell C only will result in a different interpretation. d. A change in Cell D only will result in a different interpretation. 4. Vanessa claims that she sleeps better when she falls asleep to music. She has a comparison group because she has noticed that she does not listen to music every night, only when she remembers to charge her iPod. She typically remembers to charge her iPod on nights when she is able to finish studying earlier. What problem do you see in Vanessa’s reasoning about sleeping better to music? a. Vanessa may be sleeping better because she is less distracted by studying/going to bed sooner. b. Vanessa’s belief that she sleeps better with music is not falsifiable. c. Vanessa is biased because she sleeps in the same bed every night. d. There is no problem with Vanessa’s reasoning. 5. Research studies are superior to personal experience because: a. they include at least one comparison group. b. they avoid constants. c. they use confederates. d. an authority is involved. 6. What does it mean that behavioral research is probabilistic? a. Conclusions drawn from behavioral research are probably true. b. Behavioral research involves probability sampling. c. Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases. d. Behavioral research requires the calculation of probability estimates. 7. Angela reads about a study in which cell phone use is associated with migraine headaches. She says, “Well, that study is not valid because I use a cell phone more than anyone I know and I never get migraines.” Based on her comment, Angela may be forgetting which of the following? a. Science is based on empiricism. b. The study has been replicated. c. The study did not properly define cell phone use. d. Science is probabilistic. 8. Two biases of intuition discussed in the text are: a. being swayed by a good story and being persuaded by what comes easily to mind. b. the present/present bias and the confederate bias. c. probabilistic thinking and nonintuitive thinking. d. overconfidence bias and oversimplification bias. 9. James is asked about the best way to study for an exam. He responds that the best way to study is by making flash cards. He easily thinks of all the times he used flash cards and he made As. However, he fails to take into consideration all the times he made As and did not use flash cards and the times he used flash cards and did not do well. His faulty thinking is an example of: a. cherry-picking evidence. b. availability heuristic. c. present/present bias. d. asking biased questions. 10. Edward believes that there are a lot of differences between men and women on a variety of different dimensions. He believes this because when he thinks about books that have been written on men and women, he can quickly recall only books that say men and women are different (e.g., Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus) and cannot recall any that say men and women are the same. His reliance on what comes to mind is an example of which of the following? a. The availability heuristic b. Cherry-picking of evidence c. Confirmation bias d. Overconfidence 11. Which of the following is a problem presented by the availability heuristic? a. We do not examine all of the evidence, only what we can quickly think of. b. We rely on the opinions of others rather than on our own opinions. c. It keeps us from examining our own experience. d. We will never be right in our conclusions. 12. Asking questions to get the answers we want is known as: a. availability heuristic. b. cherry-picking of evidence. c. confirmation bias. d. overconfidence. 13. Sasha believes that she is a nice person. To confirm this, she asks all her friends whether she is a nice person; they all agree that she is. Sasha concludes that she is a nice person and says she has evidence of it. However, she does not ask any of her enemies whether they think she is a nice person. This is an example of which of the following? a. Confirmation bias b. Availability heuristic c. Fourth cell reasoning d. Overconfidence 14. Sasha believes that she is a nice person. To confirm this, she asks all her friends whether she is a nice person; they all agree that she is. Sasha concludes that she is a nice person and says she has evidence of it. Sasha would likely draw a different conclusion if she did which of the following? a. Asked her enemies if she was a nice person b. Counted up all the times she was nice in the past c. Asked all her friends the same question again in another six months d. Considered all the times she was nice to her enemies 15. In which of the following scenarios should you be skeptical of an authority? a. When they present all the evidence on a topic b. When they have a scientific degree c. When they based their opinions on their intuition d. When they have conducted scientific research on the topic 16. You and your friends go to see a speaker on campus. The speaker, Dr. Darian, is an “expert” on getting into graduate school. Which of the following should make you less skeptical about his advice? a. His recommendations are based on techniques that have worked for his students. b. His recommendations are based on the techniques that helped him get into graduate school. c. His recommendations are based on research he conducted for his dissertation. d. His recommendations are similar to what you knew before you came to the talk. 17. If you are interested in reading an overview of peer-reviewed scientific research within a specific area, which of the following reading sources would you choose? a. Edited books b. Popular magazines c. Scientific journals d. An expert’s dissertation 18. Which of the following is true of the distinction between scientific journals and popular magazines? a. Scientific journals are published quarterly; popular magazines are published monthly. b. Scientific journals are published on specific topics; popular magazines are not published on specific topics like psychology. c. Scientific journal articles are peer-reviewed; popular magazine articles are not. d. Scientific journal article findings explain all cases all of the time; popular magazine articles only explain certain cases. 19. Diego is interested in examining the relationship between a person’s attachment style and his or her relationship satisfaction. He finds 65 studies that have examined this topic. He combines the results of all these studies and calculates an effect size. His research is most accurately described as: a. a meta-analysis. b. a review journal article. c. a chapter in an edited book. d. a PsycWiki. 20. Ellie is looking for a summary of research on the effect size of childhood abuse on adult depression. Which of the following scientific sources would be an ideal source? a. A meta-analysis b. A review journal article c. A trade book d. A chapter in an edited book 21. Compared with doing a generic Internet search, why is PsycINFO a superior way to find scientific sources? a. It is free. b. It searches only sources in psychology and related fields. c. It can be done on any computer. d. It searches research scientists’ websites. 22. Which of the following is the first section of an empirical journal article? a. Abstract b. Introduction c. Results d. References 23. Matthew is reading an empirical journal article and wants to know whether the authors used the Big Five Inventory (BFI-44) or the NEO-PI to measure extraversion. In which section would he find this information? a. Introduction b. Method c. Results d. Discussion 24. Lana is writing her first empirical journal article. Although she thinks she knows why she found the results she did, she also wants to mention some alternative explanations for her findings. In which section will she mention these alternative explanations? a. Method b. Results c. Discussion d. References 25. Which of the following is the correct ordering of the sections of an empirical journal article? a. Introduction, Results, Discussion, Method, References b. Introduction, Discussion, Method, Results, Abstract c. Abstract, References, Introduction, Results, Discussion d. Abstract, Method, Results, Discussion, References 26. Javier wants his lab partner to tell him if he thinks the article he found for their project is appropriate. Rather than have him read the article, which two parts of the paper could Javier have his lab partner read to get a summary of the article? a. The abstract and the first paragraph of the introduction b. The abstract and the first paragraph of the discussion c. The abstract and the method section d. The last paragraph of the introduction and the results section 27. Which of the following is NOT a section or subsection commonly found in an empirical journal article? a. Abstract b. Outcomes c. Participants d. Procedure 28. When reading an empirical journal article “with a purpose,” which two questions should you ask yourself as you read? a. “What is the argument?” and “What is the evidence to support the argument?” b. “What were the methods?” and “What are the results?” c. “What is the hypothesis?” and “What are the explanations?” d. “What research exists on this topic?” and “What research needs to be conducted to answer the question?” 29. When reading an empirical journal article “with a purpose,” which section should you read first? a. Abstract b. Introduction c. Method d. Discussion 30. When reading an empirical journal article “with a purpose,” why should you read the abstract first? a. Because it is the shortest section b. Because it provides an overview of the article c. Because it is written by the journal’s editor d. Because it appears in PsycINFO 31. Looking for which of the following in a trade book will give you a hint as to its scientific rigor? a. The cost of the book b. The number of pages c. The number of references d. The number of authors 32. Which of the following is a benefit of using a wiki to review psychological research? a. The wiki’s coverage of a topic is usually comprehensive. b. The wiki page includes a comprehensive list of references. c. The wiki page has been peer-reviewed. d. The wiki page can be corrected quickly. 33. Which of the following is the last section of an empirical journal article? a. Method b. Results c. Discussion d. Introduction 34. What is the problem with being swayed by a good story? a. A good story is never the true explanation for a scientific finding. b. Scientific findings never have commonsense explanations. c. A good story may not be supported by data. d. Good stories are not falsifiable. 35. After reading the chapter, Cyril says to himself, “I am sure other people might engage in faulty thinking, but I never would.” What is Cyril experiencing? a. Bias blind spot b. Confirmation bias c. Faulty intuition d. Motivated thinking 36. Which of the following sources is most likely to contain only information that has been rigorously peer-reviewed? a. Chapters in edited books b. Full-length books c. Review journal articles d. Wikis 37. Hannah just finished reading an empirical journal article for a class project. What information might she get out of reading the references section of her article? a. A list of the measures used in the study b. The name of an article that researched a similar topic c. An idea for a future study d. An explanation of the statistical tests used 38. Which of the following is a limitation of Google Scholar compared to PsycINFO? a. Google Scholar does not provide PDF versions of articles. b. Google Scholar is not free to use. c. Google Scholar is not limited to just psychology and related fields. d. Google Scholar can only be accessed from certain computers. 39. Hannah just finished reading an empirical journal article for a class project. Where should she go if she wants to look for a list of the study’s hypotheses or research questions? a. First page of the article b. First page of the method section c. Last paragraph of the results section d. Last paragraph of the introduction 40. How would you adopt the mindset of a scientific reasoner? a. Using common sense to understand scientific data b. Remaining objective as you interpret scientific data c. Finding evidence that confirms your hypotheses d. Reminding yourself that because you know about potential biases, you cannot fall prey to them 41. Why is it important to adopt the mindset of a scientific reasoner? a. To avoid falling into the pitfalls of personal biases b. To identify the most intuitive explanations c. To be able to sway people with a good story d. To know what evidence people like best 42. Which of the following is a limitation of PsycINFO compared to Google Scholar? a. PsycINFO does not provide PDF versions of articles. b. PsycINFO is not free to use. c. PsycINFO is not limited to just psychology and related fields. d. PsycINFO does not allow you to search particular fields. 43. Different factors that could account for significant results are called ______. a. hypotheses b. biases c. predictions d. confounds 44. What is the difference between advice from an authority and that from a researcher? a. Authorities weigh all possible opinions, while researchers rely on their own theories. b. Authorities interpret the results for you when providing advice, while researchers only present statistics. c. Authorities often base their advice on intuition, while researchers rely on facts. d. Authorities always provide advice based on their own research, while researchers base their advice on results from multiple studies. 45. Advice that is based on _____________ is most likely to be correct. a. personal experience b. research c. intuition d. authority’s conclusions 46. You read research that found that first-born children tend to have higher IQs than their siblings. However, you typically earn higher grades than your older brother. Scientists might explain this discrepancy by saying that: a. research is probabilistic. b. you have cherry-picked information to support your conclusion. c. you have fallen prey to your blind spot bias. d. your intuition is better than research. 47. Tim tells you that the best way to make friends is by opening the conversation with a joke. He can easily recall all the friends he met by telling a joke and also the times he opened with chitchat and didn’t befriend the person. If you were concerned that Tim was making the present/present bias, what would you ask him? a. How many people have you met and befriended? b. Do you think the times you made friends by telling jokes might come more easily to mind? c. Did you go into conversations where you opened with jokes thinking that you would make friends? d. What about the times you opened with a joke and didn’t become friends with the person? 48. Tim tells you that the best way to make friends is by opening the conversation with a joke. He can easily recall all the friends he met by telling a joke and also the times he opened with chitchat and didn’t befriend the person. If you were concerned that Tim was making the blind spot bias, what would you ask him? a. What about the times you opened with a joke and didn’t become friends with the person? b. Do you think the times you made friends by telling jokes might come more easily to mind? c. Have you tested this conclusion systematically? d. Did you go into conversations where you opened with jokes thinking that you would make friends? 49. Marcella is conducting a PsycINFO search for treatments for autism spectrum disorder by searching “autism treatment.” However, her search is returning too many results. If she is interested in getting more specific results, Marcella could search: a. using the “or” function for all thesaurus synonyms for autism. b. “autism treatment” and “behavioral” and enter an age range of interest. c. “autism spectrum disorder” or “treatment” or “symptom improvement.” d. “autis*treatment.” 50. How does research overcome the problem of confounds? a. Research uses intuition to detect potential confounds. b. Research combines data across diverse individuals. c. Research focuses on one possible explanation for the results. d. Research systematically compares multiple conditions. Ch 3 1. RESEARCH STUDY 3.1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: “Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games.” (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game “Operation” when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants’ performance did not differ based on music. Which of the following is a variable in this study? a. the sex of the researcher b. the volume of the music c. the type of game d. the sex of the participant 2. RESEARCH STUDY 3.1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: “Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games.” (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game “Operation” when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants’ performance did not differ based on music. Which of the following is a constant in this study? a. the type of game b. effort put into playing the game c. the sex of the participant d. the number of researchers 3. RESEARCH STUDY 3.1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: “Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games.” (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game “Operation” when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants’ performance did not differ based on music. How many variables are included in this study? a. one b. two c. four d. five 4. RESEARCH STUDY 3.1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: “Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games.” (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game “Operation” when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants’ performance did not differ based on music. In this study, the researchers recorded how many errors participants committed. This is an example of which of the following? a. a constant b. a variable’s level c. a measured variable d. a manipulated variable 5. RESEARCH STUDY 3.1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: “Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games.” (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game “Operation” when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants’ performance did not differ based on music. In this study, the authors were interested in participants’ board game performance. Which of the following would be a reasonable operational definition of performance? a. an earnest attempt to finish quickly b. which board game participants chose to play c. performance when playing a board game d. whether participants won against a partner 6. Which of the following is true of variables? a. Variables are the same as constants. b. All variables can be manipulated. c. Some variables can be either manipulated or measured. d. Variables only need conceptual definitions. 7. Which of the following is true of operational definitions? a. Conceptual definition and operational definition mean the same thing. b. Some psychological concepts are more difficult to operationally define than others. c. Some psychological concepts cannot be operationally defined. d. Operational definitions answer the question, “Why did the researchers measure this variable?” 8. Which of the following is the difference between claims based on personal experience (anecdotal claims) and frequency claims? a. Anecdotal claims involve a single variable; frequency claims involve two variables. b. Anecdotal claims are not based on scientific studies but frequency claims are. c. Anecdotal claims are less interesting than frequency claims. d. Anecdotal claims appear in newspapers; frequency claims appear in journals. 9. Which of the following is an association claim? a. “Owning a dog is related to higher life satisfaction.” b. “A majority of Americans like dogs.” c. “Dog traveled 500 miles to find its owners.” d. “Being visited by dogs in the hospital causes decreases in recovery time.” 10. Dr. Ellison finds a relation between amount of sleep and problem solving. Specifically, having a higher amount of sleep the night before an exam is associated with higher scores on two measures of problem solving. This is an example of which type of association? a. negative association b. positive association c. zero association d. causal association 11. Dr. Hoda measures job satisfaction and number of years of education. In examining her scatterplot, she sees the cloud of points has no slope. This indicates which type of relationship? a. negative association b. positive association c. zero association d. causal association 12. Which of the following allow us to make strong predictions using association claims? a. strong positive associations b. strong negative associations c. both strong positive associations and strong negative associations d. neither strong positive associations nor strong negative associations 13. RESEARCH STUDY 3.2: Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: “Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says.” Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: “Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse.” Which type of claim is Dr. Ramon making? a. anecdotal claim b. association claim c. causal claim d. frequency claim 14. RESEARCH STUDY 3.2: Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: “Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says.” Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: “Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse.” Which type of claim is Dr. LaSalle making? a. anecdotal claim b. association claim c. causal claim d. frequency claim 15. RESEARCH STUDY 3.2: Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: “Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says.” Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: “Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse.” Which of the following statements is true of Dr. Ramon’s and Dr. LaSalle’s claims? a. Dr. Ramon’s claim goes further than Dr. LaSalle’s claim. b. Dr. LaSalle’s claim goes further than Dr. Ramon’s claim. c. Dr. LaSalle’s claim is the same as Dr. Ramon’s claim. d. Dr. Ramon’s claim involves more variables than Dr. LaSalle’s claim. 16. Which of the following phrases would NOT indicate that a researcher is making a causal claim? a. “curbs” b. “seems to decrease” c. “suggests a change” d. “is at higher risk of” 17. To evaluate how well a study supports a frequency claim, you need to focus most on evaluating which of the following validities? a. Construct validity and external validity b. Statistical validity and external validity c. Internal validity and external validity d. Internal validity and construct validity 18. RESEARCH STUDY 3.3: Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, “I am not sure that I am convinced. I am not sure you can really measure being bullied.” Quinn also questions the study, saying, “Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students.” Manish also is curious about the study, asking, “I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?” Clarissa’s concern is addressing which of the following? a. the study’s statistical validity b. the study’s internal validity c. the study’s external validity d. the study’s construct validity 19. RESEARCH STUDY 3.3: Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, “I am not sure that I am convinced. I am not sure you can really measure being bullied.” Quinn also questions the study, saying, “Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students.” Manish also is curious about the study, asking, “I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?” Quinn’s concern is addressing which of the following? a. the study’s statistical validity b. the study’s internal validity c. the study’s external validity d. the study’s construct validity 20. RESEARCH STUDY 3.3: Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, “I am not sure that I am convinced. I am not sure you can really measure being bullied.” Quinn also questions the study, saying, “Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students.” Manish also is curious about the study, asking, “I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?” Manish’s concern is addressing which of the following? a. the study’s statistical validity b. the study’s internal validity c. the study’s external validity d. the study’s construct validity 21. RESEARCH STUDY 3.3: Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, “I am not sure that I am convinced. I am not sure you can really measure being bullied.” Quinn also questions the study, saying, “Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students.” Manish also is curious about the study, asking, “I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?” Why should Anton NOT interrogate the internal validity of the study? a. because he is a student, not a researcher b. because the author of the study already did c. because the study’s claim is an association claim d. because he has not taken statistics yet 22. RESEARCH STUDY 3.3: Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, “I am not sure that I am convinced. I am not sure you can really measure being bullied.” Quinn also questions the study, saying, “Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students.” Manish also is curious about the study, asking, “I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?” Anton is concerned that the researcher made a Type I error. What does that mean? a. The researcher failed to consider a third variable. b. The researcher concluded there was a relationship, but there isn’t really one. c. The researcher failed to establish the first rule of causation. d. The researcher concluded there was not a relationship, but there really is one. 23. A common finding in the study of aggression is that exposure to television is associated with increased aggressive behavior in children. You know this relationship may not be causal because you are not sure which occurred first: watching television or being aggressive. You are questioning which of the following rules of causation? a. the criterion of covariance b. the criterion of temporal precedence c. the third-variable criterion d. the criterion of external validity 24. A common finding in the study of aggression is that exposure to television is associated with increased aggressive behavior in children. You are curious as to whether peer pressure is really to blame (peer pressure encourages you to watch television and peer pressure encourages you to be aggressive). You are questioning which of the following criteria of causation? a. the criterion of covariance b. the criterion of temporal precedence c. the third-variable criterion d. the criterion of external validity 25. Stefan wants to make a causal claim in his dissertation. Which of the following is necessary? a. He must make a frequency claim first. b. He must manipulate all of his variables. c. He must measure all of his variables. d. He must conduct an experiment. 26. Which of the following could be an independent variable in a causal claim? a. one that is manipulated b. one that is measured c. one that is kept constant d. one that has one level 27. Which of the following is a dependent variable? a. one that is manipulated b. one that is measured c. one that is kept constant d. one that has one level 28. RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Which of the following makes Dr. Kang’s study an experiment? a. Dr. Kang manipulated one variable and measured another. b. Dr. Kang used a distractor task. c. The study was conducted at a university. d. The study was conducted by a professor. 29. RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Which of the following is the independent variable in Dr. Kang’s study? a. the length of the distractor task b. the number of words remembered c. the emotional or neutral content of the words d. the number of words on the list 30. RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Which of the following is the dependent variable in Dr. Kang’s study? a. the length of the distractor task b. the number of words remembered c. the emotional or neutral content of the words d. the number of words on the list 31. RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Dr. Kang’s decision to assign participants randomly to Group A and Group B increases which of the following? a. the covariance of the study b. the temporal precedence of the study c. the internal validity of the study d. the external validity of the study 32. RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. If Dr. Kang decided against using random assignment, which of the following would be threatened? a. the covariance of the study b. the temporal precedence of the study c. the internal validity of the study d. the external validity of the study 33. RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Based on this study, Dr. Kang can make which of the following claims? a. Emotion enhances memory. b. Distraction is associated with worse memory. c. Group A has better memory than Group B. d. Fifteen percent of emotional words are remembered. 34. RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Dr. Kang sends his study to a journal to be published. One of the peer reviewers questions the way Dr. Kang manipulated emotion, arguing that being exposed to emotional words does not make one emotional. The reviewer is questioning which of the following? a. the statistical validity of the study b. the internal validity of the study c. the construct validity of the study d. the external validity of the study 35. Dr. Hadden wants to conduct a study that will allow him to make claims that apply to all college students. Which of the following validities is he prioritizing? a. the statistical validity of the study b. the internal validity of the study c. the construct validity of the study d. the external validity of the study 36. Who is responsible for deciding which validity is prioritized in a study? a. the researcher b. the participants c. the peer reviewers d. the journalist 37. Which of the following questions assesses internal validity when evaluating causal claims? a. Are the groups large enough to find a significant difference? b. How well did the experiments manipulate the variables? c. Does the study establish temporal precedence? d. To what populations can we generalize this claim? 38. When examining the statistical validity of a frequency claim, one should look for the: a. strength of the association. b. margin of error estimate. c. statistical significance. d. length of the measurement. 39. A Type I error is known as which of the following? a. a false positive b. a false negative c. a near miss d. a missed opportunity 40. Which of the following is NOT a research claim? a. Texting interferes with driver’s ability to pay attention. b. Most drivers have reported texting while driving. c. Texting while driving is associated with poor impulse control. d. Teens spend too much time texting and driving. 41. Which of the following is a reasonable causal claim? a. No one should text and drive. b. Experts say a majority of drivers text while driving. c. Texting while driving reduces impulse control. d. Teens spend too much time texting and driving. 42. Which of the following statements is an operational definition of “fear of snakes” that could be assessed as a structured question? a. measuring heart rate following exposure to snakes b. asking the question “When was the last time you saw a snake?” c. assigning the participant to keep a “daily fear diary” in which they track their fear level d. asking, “On a scale of 1 to 10, how afraid of snakes are you?” 43. What makes certain constructs harder to operationalize? a. Some constructs are difficult to observe. b. When different definitions don’t correlate c. When there are only two levels of the variable d. Some constructs cannot be manipulated. 44. You read a news article titled, “New Drug Reduces OCD Symptoms in Mice” about a recent scientific study. To evaluate whether the title’s claim is supported, you should do which of the following? a. Ensure that the authors attempted to maximize Type II error. b. Research the frequency of OCD in mice. c. Check whether the authors established covariance, temporal precedence, and internal validity. d. Ask yourself whether the implication makes intuitive sense. 45. Which of the following indicates that an article’s claims are based on research? a. The author describes her creative solution to a scientific problem. b. The article describes how a scientific study measured a variable. c. The article includes a direct quote from an expert in the field. d. The article compares two groups of individuals. 46. When researchers conduct an experiment comparing two different treatment conditions, they are likely to be more concerned with ______________ validity than validity. a. construct; internal b. statistical; construct c. internal; external d. external; statistical 47. RESEARCH STUDY 3.5: Jenny reads the following headline on an online article: “If You’re Sexist, People Will Think You’re Racist, and Vice Versa.” (This headline is based on a study conducted by Sanchez and colleagues, 2017.) This study found that members of stigmatized groups are threatened by prejudice directed at other stigmatized groups. Their results showed that White women can be threatened by racism, and men of color threatened by sexism, and that these perceptions made participants expect unfair treatment. In this study, ________ is a conceptual definition of one of their primary variables. a. a questionnaire assessing level of stigma perceived b. perceived prejudiced attitudes c. age of participants d. self-reported race on a questionnaire 48. RESEARCH STUDY 3.5: Jenny reads the following headline on an online article: “If You’re Sexist, People Will Think You’re Racist, and Vice Versa.” (This headline is based on a study conducted by Sanchez and colleagues, 2017.) This study found that members of stigmatized groups are threatened by prejudice directed at other stigmatized groups. Their results showed that White women can be threatened by racism, and men of color threatened by sexism, and that these perceptions made participants expect unfair treatment. In this study, the article’s headline is ________ because ________. a. justified; the researchers manipulated sexism b. justified; the findings are significant c. unjustified; it is impossible to manipulate sexism d. unjustified; the researcher did not study all groups of individuals who are sexist or racist 49. RESEARCH STUDY 3.5: Jenny reads the following headline on an online article: “If You’re Sexist, People Will Think You’re Racist, and Vice Versa.” (This headline is based on a study conducted by Sanchez and colleagues, 2017.) This study found that members of stigmatized groups are threatened by prejudice directed at other stigmatized groups. Their results showed that White women can be threatened by racism, and men of color threatened by sexism, and that these perceptions made participants expect unfair treatment. Which of the following questions assesses the construct validity of this study? a. Would this research generalize to children? b. Did the researchers establish temporal precedence? c. How did the researchers measure expectations of unfair treatment? d. How big was the effect of perceived discrimination? 50. RESEARCH STUDY 3.5: Jenny reads the following headline on an online article: “If You’re Sexist, People Will Think You’re Racist, and Vice Versa.” (This headline is based on a study conducted by Sanchez and colleagues, 2017.) This study found that members of stigmatized groups are threatened by prejudice directed at other stigmatized groups. Their results showed that White women can be threatened by racism, and men of color threatened by sexism, and that these perceptions made participants expect unfair treatment. The results of this study can be generalized to which of the following groups? a. White women and African American men b. All minority groups c. African American women d. Individuals receiving unfair treatment 51. RESEARCH STUDY 3.5: Jenny reads the following headline on an online article: “If You’re Sexist, People Will Think You’re Racist, and Vice Versa.” (This headline is based on a study conducted by Sanchez and colleagues, 2017.) This study found that members of stigmatized groups are threatened by prejudice directed at other stigmatized groups. Their results showed that White women can be threatened by racism, and men of color threatened by sexism, and that these perceptions made participants expect unfair treatment. Because of the design of this study, Sanchez and colleagues are likely more interested in ____________ than _____________. a. construct validity; generalizing to all minority groups b. the effect size of their findings; construct validity c. generalizing to all minority groups; statistical validity d. external validity; validating their causal claims Exam 4 RDSA study guide Chapter 8 Study Guide 1. A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52. According to Cohen’s benchmarks, the magnitude of this effect is: a. modest. b. large. c. multiply determined. d. categorical. 2. Which of the following graph formats is the best way to examine an association claim between a categorical variable and a quantitative variable? a. A scatterplot b. A line graph c. A bar graph d. A pie chart 3. When examining an association claim using a bar graph, an association is indicated by which of the following? a. A difference in the height between the bars b. The number of bars in the graph c. The number of observations that make each bar d. The direction of the bars 4. When examining an association in which one variable is categorical and one is quantitative, which of the following is NOT likely to be used? a. A t test b. A correlation c. A scatterplot d. A bar graph 5. While reading about a research study, which of the following would tell you that an association claim is being made? a. The presence of a scatterplot or bar graph b. The measurement of two variables c. The use of a correlation coefficient d. The interrogation of internal validity 6. RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) In evaluating Dr. Guidry’s study, you question the construct validity of the study. Which of the following questions would you be asking? a. How did Dr. Guidry recruit her participants? b. Which statistic did Dr. Guidry compute? c. How reliable is the measure of daily stress? d. Does the number of friends cause people to experience less stress? 7. RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) According to the benchmarks established by Cohen, what type of effect size has Dr. Guidry found for the association between number of friends and life satisfaction? a. Very small b. Small c. Medium d. Large 8. RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Comparing all three correlations, Dr. Guidry will be most able to accurately predict life satisfaction from the experience of daily stress because the relationship: a. is negative. b. has the largest effect size. c. was reported first. d. was statistically significant. 9. RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Which of the following conclusions can Dr. Guidry draw about the number of friends one has and life satisfaction based on her statistical analyses? a. The probability of her sample coming from a zero association population is about 4%. b. The probability of her sample coming from a zero association population is about 96%. c. The relationship is not statistically significant. d. The strong correlation means that the number of friends one has causes an increase in life satisfaction. 10. RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) The “not sig.” in Dr. Guidry’s findings indicates all of the following EXCEPT: a. It is likely that the association between number of friends one has and experience of daily stress is from a zero association population. b. Effect size could not be calculated. c. There is not a statistically significant association between the two variables. d. She cannot reliably predict a study participant’s experience of daily stress from the participant’s number of friends. 11. RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) In determining whether the relationship between two of Dr. Guidry’s variables was statistically significant, which of the following must be considered? a. Sample size and number of variables analyzed b. Direction of the association and strength of the association c. Sample size and effect size d. The number of outliers and the direction of the association 12. RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Dr. Guidry realizes that the women in her study have more friends than the men in her study. This might result in which of the following? a. Outliers due to subgroups b. Larger effect sizes c. More measured variables d. Spurious associations due to subgroups 13. RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Dr. Guidry creates a scatterplot of the relationship between the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. In doing so, she realizes there are three scores that seem to be very extreme and are nowhere near the other points on the scatterplot. Specifically, it appears that three people report very high levels of daily stress and very low levels of life satisfaction. Dr. Guidry should probably consider these scores _________. a. random b. moderators c. outliers d. curvilinear scores 14. RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Dr. Guidry creates a scatterplot of the relationship between the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. In doing so, she realizes there are three scores that seem to be very extreme and are nowhere near the other points on the scatterplot. Specifically, it appears that three people report very high levels of daily stress and very low levels of life satisfaction. Which of the following statements is NOT true? a. These scores may have strengthened the correlation between these two variables. b. These scores are more likely to have an effect because of the large sample size. c. These scores are more likely to have an effect because they are extreme on both variables. d. These scores may be considered outliers. 15. RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Dr. Guidry has decided to examine one of her relationships with a scatterplot to double-check for a curvilinear relationship. Which relationship will be most important for her to examine? a. Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress b. Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress c. Number of friends one has and life satisfaction d. Life satisfaction, experiences of daily stress, and number of friends one has simultaneously 16. RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Matt, Dr. Guidry’s research assistant, is discussing the findings of the study with some other students. He claims that the experience of more daily stress causes people to have lower life satisfaction. Which of the following causal criteria did Matt meet? a. The covariance of cause and effect b. Temporal precedence c. Internal validity d. External validity 17. RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Dr. Guidry submits her study for publication in a scientific journal. If one of the peer reviewers is concerned about the external validity of her study, which of the following is the most important aspect of Dr. Guidry’s study to consider? a. The random sampling technique used to recruit the participants b. The number of people in the sample c. The use of three measured variables d. The number of significant findings 18. RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Considering Dr. Guidry’s study, her results could most safely be generalized to which of the following groups? a. People in the southern United States b. Elderly people c. People with a high number of friends d. People with high life satisfaction 19. RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Considering Dr. Guidry’s sample, which of the following statements is true? a. The association found in her study could probably generalize to young adults. b. The association found in her study could probably generalize to elderly people in other large cities in the South. c. The association found in her study could probably generalize to people living in other capital cities (e.g., Sacramento, California). d. The association found in her study could probably generalize to elderly persons living in nursing homes. 20. RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Dr. Guidry finds that the relationship between the number of friends one has and life satisfaction is stronger for men than for women. In this study, sex (male or female) is considered a(n): a. outlier. b. cause. c. moderator. d. spurious variable. 21. RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = .57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Dr. Guidry finds that the relationship between the number of friends one has and life satisfaction is stronger for men than for women. Why might Dr. Guidry have looked for this difference? a. To examine her study’s external validity b. To examine her study’s internal validity c. To determine whether the association was curvilinear d. To determine whether the association was spurious 22. Which of the following is true of statistical significance testing? a. It is necessary for establishing internal validity. b. It can lead to an incorrect conclusion about the population. c. It involves testing effect sizes. d. It is only done when you have two quantitative variables. 23. Which of the following is NOT true of finding a stronger effect size in an association claim? a. There will be a greater likelihood of finding a statistically significant relationship. b. There will be greater accuracy in predicting one variable as opposed to another. c. There will be greater likelihood of a finding being important in the real world. d. There will be greater construct validity. 24. In which of the following cases might a small effect still be important? a. When the sample is very large b. When the study has life-or-death implications c. When the finding is also statistically significant d. When external validity is high 25. Which of the following is true of the relationship between effect size and statistical significance? a. Larger effect sizes are advantageous for statistical significance. b. Statistical significance alone is sufficient to indicate effect size. c. An association’s effect size has no effect on statistical significance. d. Effect size and statistical significance are synonymous terms. 26. Statistical significance depends on which of the following? a. Sample size and number of variables analyzed b. Direction of the association and strength of the association c. Sample size and effect size d. Number of outliers and direction of the association 27. Martin has found a correlation of r = .18 between the two variables of using prescription stimulants (e.g., Adderall) and frontal lobe activity. This correlation is more likely to be statistically significant if: a. the study can be applied to the real world. b. Martin used a larger number of subjects. c. Martin measured frontal lobe activity extremely accurately. d. Martin’s measure of prescription stimulant use is categorical. 28. All of the following are true of outliers EXCEPT: a. They have the biggest effect when dealing with large sample sizes. b. They can affect the direction of an association. c. They can affect the strength of an association. d. They are especially problematic when there are outliers on both variables. 29. Why are curvilinear relationships hard to detect with correlation coefficients (r)? a. Curvilinear relationships require a large amount of scores. b. r always looks for the best straight line to fit the data. c. r always assumes a zero association. d. r always assumes a negative relationship. 30. Which of the following questions is NOT necessary to ask when interrogating statistical validity? a. What is the effect size? b. Are there subgroups? c. Is random assignment affecting the findings? d. Could outliers be affecting the relationship? 31. For a third variable to be plausible as the explanation in an established association, which of the following must also be true? a. The third variable must be related to both of the measured variables in the original association. b. The third variable must be measured on the same scale as the original measured variables. c. The third variable must be a categorical variable. d. The third variable must have a positive relationship with the two measured variables in the original association. 32. When evaluating the external validity of an association claim, which of the following is the most important issue to consider? a. The way the sample was selected from the population b. The size of the sample c. The number of subgroups d. The size of the original population 33. If an association study did not select people for the study by using random sampling, which of the following statements is true? a. The association should be rejected as inconclusive. b. The study must be done again using the same participants. c. The effect size should be considered, but tests of statistical significance should not. d. The findings should be replicated in another population. 34. Which of the following is true of moderators? a. They help establish a cause and effect relationship. b. They decrease effect size. c. They can inform external validity. d. They weaken statistical significance. 35. What is the relationship between moderators and external validity? a. Moderators suggest that associations may be spurious. b. Moderators suggest that associations may not generalize to all subgroups of people. c. Moderators are necessary for external validity to be established. d. Moderators suggest that an association between two variables will extend to another variable. 36. A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52. This number gives you information about which of the following? a. Statistical significance and effect size b. Strength and direction of the relationship c. Statistical validity and external validity d. Type of relationship and importance 37. Which of the following means a study used a bivariate correlational design? a. The presence of measured variables b. The use of correlational statistics c. The inclusion of quantitative variables d. The depiction of a bar graph 38. A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52 and reports p < .05. The p is a _________. a. population value b. possibility assessment c. probability estimate d. plausible significance approximation 39. A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52 and reports p < .05. The p value indicates which of the following? a. The correlation is negative. b. The correlation is unlikely to have come from a zero association population. c. The correlation is not statistically significant. d. The effect size is large. 40. If there is not a full range of scores on one of the variables, this is known as _________. a. spurious data b. an outlier effect c. restriction of range d. null effect 41. The figure above is an example of a _________. a. bar graph b. line graph c. data plot d. scatterplot 42. Imagine you calculated the correlation coefficient for the data presented in the figure, and the resulting number was r = –.44. Looking at the figure, how would you know the number you calculated is incorrect? a. There aren’t 44 dots in the figure. b. Correlation coefficients cannot be smaller than 1. c. The figure shows a positive relationship between optimism and life satisfaction. d. There wouldn’t be a way to know this. 43. Which of the following could you conclude by looking at the figure? a. There is a causal relationship between optimism and life satisfaction. b. As optimism increases, life satisfaction also increases. c. The relationship between optimism and life satisfaction is negative. d. More people reported being optimistic than being satisfied with life. 44. The figure above is an example of ___________________. a. bar graph b. line graph c. data plot d. scatterplot 45. In order to create the figure, which of the following pieces of information would you need? a. The mean optimism scores of people who voted and people who did not vote b. The correlation coefficient between voting behavior and optimism c. The number of people who voted and did not vote in 2016 d. Each individual participant’s optimism score 46. Which of the following can you conclude by looking at the figure above? a. The number of people who voted in 2016 is larger than the number of people who did not vote in 2016. b. There is an association between voting behavior in 2016 and one’s level of optimism. c. Voting in 2016 caused increases in one’s level of optimism. d. Optimistic people will be more likely to vote in 2018. 47. When interrogating the construct validity of an association claim, which of the following statements is true? a. Quantitative variables need to be assessed, but qualitative variables do not. b. The reliability of the measures is more important than their validity. c. How each variable was measured must be considered. d. Only the construct validity of the outcome variable needs to be interrogated. 48. If a person is asking whether the variables in an association claim are measured appropriately, _________ is being interrogated. a. construct validity b. external validity c. internal validity d. statistical validity 49. The temporal precedence criterion is also known as the _________ problem. a. third variable b. covariance c. association d. directionality 50. Bivariate association claims’ failure to meet the criteria of temporal precedence and internal validity means that _________ cannot be_________. a. covariance; established b. construct validity; interrogated c. hypotheses; tested d. causal inferences; made -------- 1. Which of the following studies is an example of a longitudinal design? a. Dr. Finn’s study in which he measured job commitment in a group of Japanese factory workers and in a group of Mexican factory workers b. Dr. Stabler’s study in which he measured people’s frequency of playing video games in ninth grade and their aggressive behaviors in 12th grade c. Dr. Benson’s study in which she measured people’s spatial manipulation ability in August and measured their ability again in May after they had taken two semesters of art classes d. Dr. Tutola’s study in which he measured the daily stress of a group of married men and the daily happiness of their spouses 2. Which of the following is a necessary component of a longitudinal design? a. Measuring the same variables at two points in time b. Measuring at least four variables at one time c. Measuring different age groups at two different times d. Manipulating a variable at two points in time 3. _________ can be examined in both simple bivariate designs and longitudinal designs. a. Autocorrelation b. Cross-sectional correlation c. Cross-lag correlation d. Sequential correlation 4. When conducting longitudinal research, researchers typically find _________ to be the most interesting. a. autocorrelations b. cross-sectional correlations c. cross-lag correlations d. multivariate correlations 5. Cross-lag correlations are NOT helpful for answering/addressing which rule of causation? a. Rule of covariance: Is there covariance? b. Rule of temporal precedence: Is there temporal precedence? c. Are there third variables that could explain the relationship? d. Rule of parsimony 6. RESEARCH STUDY 9.1: Dr. Farah is an educational psychologist who is interested in studying the potential causal relationship between doing homework and academic achievement. In January, Dr. Farah has her students report their fall GPA (a measure of academic achievement) and estimate how many hours they spent doing homework during a typical week in the fall semester. In May, Dr. Farah measures the same variables again (the estimated number of hours spent doing homework during a typical week in the spring semester and their spring GPA). She finds the following correlations. Variable A Variable B Correlation Coefficient Correlation 1 Fall number of hours of homework Fall semester GPA .83* Correlation 2 Fall number of hours of homework Spring number of hours of Homework .36* Correlation 3 Fall number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .69* Correlation 4 Fall semester GPA Spring number of hours of Homework .18 Correlation 5 Fall semester GPA Spring semester GPA .45* Correlation 6 Spring number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .80* *Indicates a statistically significant relationship. What type of study design is Dr. Farah using? a. Quasi-experimental design b. Bivariate correlational design c. Multiple regression design d. Longitudinal design 7. RESEARCH STUDY 9.1: Dr. Farah is an educational psychologist who is interested in studying the potential causal relationship between doing homework and academic achievement. In January, Dr. Farah has her students report their fall GPA (a measure of academic achievement) and estimate how many hours they spent doing homework during a typical week in the fall semester. In May, Dr. Farah measures the same variables again (the estimated number of hours spent doing homework during a typical week in the spring semester and their spring GPA). She finds the following correlations. Variable A Variable B Correlation Coefficient Correlation 1 Fall number of hours of homework Fall semester GPA .83* Correlation 2 Fall number of hours of homework Spring number of hours of homework .36* Correlation 3 Fall number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .69* Correlation 4 Fall semester GPA Spring number of hours of Homework .18 Correlation 5 Fall semester GPA Spring semester GPA .45* Correlation 6 Spring number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .80* *Indicates a statistically significant relationship. In considering the three criteria for causation, which of the following questions will Dr. Farah’s study NOT be able to address? a. Is there covariance? b. Is there temporal precedence? c. Are there third variables that could explain the relationship? d. Do the rules make intuitive sense? 8. RESEARCH STUDY 9.1: Dr. Farah is an educational psychologist who is interested in studying the potential causal relationship between doing homework and academic achievement. In January, Dr. Farah has her students report their fall GPA (a measure of academic achievement) and estimate how many hours they spent doing homework during a typical week in the fall semester. In May, Dr. Farah measures the same variables again (the estimated number of hours spent doing homework during a typical week in the spring semester and their spring GPA). She finds the following correlations. Variable A Variable B Correlation Coefficient Correlation 1 Fall number of hours of homework Fall semester GPA .83* Correlation 2 Fall number of hours of homework Spring number of hours of homework .36* Correlation 3 Fall number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .69* Correlation 4 Fall semester GPA Spring number of hours of homework .18 Correlation 5 Fall semester GPA Spring semester GPA .45* Correlation 6 Spring number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .80* *Indicates a statistically significant relationship. Which of the correlations is an autocorrelation? a. Correlation 1 b. Correlation 2 c. Correlation 4 d. Correlation 6 9. RESEARCH STUDY 9.1: Dr. Farah is an educational psychologist who is interested in studying the potential causal relationship between doing homework and academic achievement. In January, Dr. Farah has her students report their fall GPA (a measure of academic achievement) and estimate how many hours they spent doing homework during a typical week in the fall semester. In May, Dr. Farah measures the same variables again (the estimated number of hours spent doing homework during a typical week in the spring semester and their spring GPA). She finds the following correlations. Variable A Variable B Correlation Coefficient Correlation 1 Fall number of hours of homework Fall semester GPA .83* Correlation 2 Fall number of hours of homework Spring number of hours of Homework .36* Correlation 3 Fall number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .69* Correlation 4 Fall semester GPA Spring number of hours of Homework .18 Correlation 5 Fall semester GPA Spring semester GPA .45* Correlation 6 Spring number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .80* *Indicates a statistically significant relationship. Of the correlations listed in the table, how many are autocorrelations? a. Two b. Three c. Four d. Five 10. RESEARCH STUDY 9.1: Dr. Farah is an educational psychologist who is interested in studying the potential causal relationship between doing homework and academic achievement. In January, Dr. Farah has her students report their fall GPA (a measure of academic achievement) and estimate how many hours they spent doing homework during a typical week in the fall semester. In May, Dr. Farah measures the same variables again (the estimated number of hours spent doing homework during a typical week in the spring semester and their spring GPA). She finds the following correlations. Variable A Variable B Correlation Coefficient Correlation 1 Fall number of hours of homework Fall semester GPA .83* Correlation 2 Fall number of hours of homework Spring number of hours of Homework .36* Correlation 3 Fall number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .69* Correlation 4 Fall semester GPA Spring number of hours of Homework .18 Correlation 5 Fall semester GPA Spring semester GPA .45* Correlation 6 Spring number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .80* *Indicates a statistically significant relationship. Which of the following correlations is a cross-sectional correlation? a. Correlation 3 b. Correlation 4 c. Correlation 5 d. Correlation 6 11. RESEARCH STUDY 9.1: Dr. Farah is an educational psychologist who is interested in studying the potential causal relationship between doing homework and academic achievement. In January, Dr. Farah has her students report their fall GPA (a measure of academic achievement) and estimate how many hours they spent doing homework during a typical week in the fall semester. In May, Dr. Farah measures the same variables again (the estimated number of hours spent doing homework during a typical week in the spring semester and their spring GPA). She finds the following correlations. Variable A Variable B Correlation Coefficient Correlation 1 Fall number of hours of homework Fall semester GPA .83* Correlation 2 Fall number of hours of homework Spring number of hours of homework .36* Correlation 3 Fall number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .69* Correlation 4 Fall semester GPA Spring number of hours of homework .18 Correlation 5 Fall semester GPA Spring semester GPA .45* Correlation 6 Spring number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .80* *Indicates a statistically significant relationship. Of the correlations listed, how many are cross-sectional correlations? a. One b. Two c. Three d. Four 12. RESEARCH STUDY 9.1: Dr. Farah is an educational psychologist who is interested in studying the potential causal relationship between doing homework and academic achievement. In January, Dr. Farah has her students report their fall GPA (a measure of academic achievement) and estimate how many hours they spent doing homework during a typical week in the fall semester. In May, Dr. Farah measures the same variables again (the estimated number of hours spent doing homework during a typical week in the spring semester and their spring GPA). She finds the following correlations. Variable A Variable B Correlation Coefficient Correlation 1 Fall number of hours of homework Fall semester GPA .83* Correlation 2 Fall number of hours of homework Spring number of hours of homework .36* Correlation 3 Fall number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .69* Correlation 4 Fall semester GPA Spring number of hours of homework .18 Correlation 5 Fall semester GPA Spring semester GPA .45* Correlation 6 Spring number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .80* *Indicates a statistically significant relationship. Which of the following correlations is a cross-lag correlation? a. Both Correlations 1 and 6 b. Both Correlations 2 and 5 c. Both Correlations 3 and 4 d. Both Correlations 3 and 5 13. RESEARCH STUDY 9.1: Dr. Farah is an educational psychologist who is interested in studying the potential causal relationship between doing homework and academic achievement. In January, Dr. Farah has her students report their fall GPA (a measure of academic achievement) and estimate how many hours they spent doing homework during a typical week in the fall semester. In May, Dr. Farah measures the same variables again (the estimated number of hours spent doing homework during a typical week in the spring semester and their spring GPA). She finds the following correlations. Variable A Variable B Correlation Coefficient Correlation 1 Fall number of hours of homework Fall semester GPA .83* Correlation 2 Fall number of hours of homework Spring number of hours of homework .36* Correlation 3 Fall number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .69* Correlation 4 Fall semester GPA Spring number of hours of homework .18 Correlation 5 Fall semester GPA Spring semester GPA .45* Correlation 6 Spring number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .80* *Indicates a statistically significant relationship. Correlation 4 is an example of which of the following types of correlations? a. Autocorrelation b. Multivariate correlation c. Cross-sectional correlation d. Cross-lag correlation 14. RESEARCH STUDY 9.1: Dr. Farah is an educational psychologist who is interested in studying the potential causal relationship between doing homework and academic achievement. In January, Dr. Farah has her students report their fall GPA (a measure of academic achievement) and estimate how many hours they spent doing homework during a typical week in the fall semester. In May, Dr. Farah measures the same variables again (the estimated number of hours spent doing homework during a typical week in the spring semester and their spring GPA). She finds the following correlations. Variable A Variable B Correlation Coefficient Correlation 1 Fall number of hours of homework Fall semester GPA .83* Correlation 2 Fall number of hours of homework Spring number of hours of homework .36* Correlation 3 Fall number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .69* Correlation 4 Fall semester GPA Spring number of hours of homework .18 Correlation 5 Fall semester GPA Spring semester GPA .45* Correlation 6 Spring number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .80* *Indicates a statistically significant relationship. Correlation 1 is an example of which of the following types of correlations? a. Autocorrelation b. Multivariate correlation c. Cross-sectional correlation d. Cross-lag correlation 15. RESEARCH STUDY 9.1: Dr. Farah is an educational psychologist who is interested in studying the potential causal relationship between doing homework and academic achievement. In January, Dr. Farah has her students report their fall GPA (a measure of academic achievement) and estimate how many hours they spent doing homework during a typical week in the fall semester. In May, Dr. Farah measures the same variables again (the estimated number of hours spent doing homework during a typical week in the spring semester and their spring GPA). She finds the following correlations. Variable A Variable B Correlation Coefficient Correlation 1 Fall number of hours of homework Fall semester GPA .83* Correlation 2 Fall number of hours of homework Spring number of hours of Homework .36* Correlation 3 Fall number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .69* Correlation 4 Fall semester GPA Spring number of hours of Homework .18 Correlation 5 Fall semester GPA Spring semester GPA .45* Correlation 6 Spring number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .80* *Indicates a statistically significant relationship. Correlation 5 is an example of which of the following types of correlations? a. Autocorrelation b. Multivariate correlation c. Cross-sectional correlation d. Cross-lag correlation 16. RESEARCH STUDY 9.1: Dr. Farah is an educational psychologist who is interested in studying the potential causal relationship between doing homework and academic achievement. In January, Dr. Farah has her students report their fall GPA (a measure of academic achievement) and estimate how many hours they spent doing homework during a typical week in the fall semester. In May, Dr. Farah measures the same variables again (the estimated number of hours spent doing homework during a typical week in the spring semester and their spring GPA). She finds the following correlations. Variable A Variable B Correlation Coefficient Correlation 1 Fall number of hours of homework Fall semester GPA .83* Correlation 2 Fall number of hours of homework Spring number of hours of homework .36* Correlation 3 Fall number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .69* Correlation 4 Fall semester GPA Spring number of hours of homework .18 Correlation 5 Fall semester GPA Spring semester GPA .45* Correlation 6 Spring number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .80* *Indicates a statistically significant relationship. Based on her pattern of correlations, which of the following can Dr. Farah safely conclude? a. Because Correlation 3 is significant but Correlation 4 is not, Dr. Farah has evidence that increased homework comes before academic achievement. b. Because not all the correlations are significant, Dr. Farah has no evidence that increased homework comes before academic achievement. c. Because Correlations 2 and 3 are significant, Dr. Farah has evidence that increased homework comes before academic achievement. d. Because Correlation 4 is stronger than Correlation 5, Dr. Farah has no evidence that increased homework comes before academic achievement. 17. RESEARCH STUDY 9.1: Dr. Farah is an educational psychologist who is interested in studying the potential causal relationship between doing homework and academic achievement. In January, Dr. Farah has her students report their fall GPA (a measure of academic achievement) and estimate how many hours they spent doing homework during a typical week in the fall semester. In May, Dr. Farah measures the same variables again (the estimated number of hours spent doing homework during a typical week in the spring semester and their spring GPA). She finds the following correlations. Variable A Variable B Correlation Coefficient Correlation 1 Fall number of hours of homework Fall semester GPA .83* Correlation 2 Fall number of hours of homework Spring number of hours of Homework .36* Correlation 3 Fall number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .69* Correlation 4 Fall semester GPA Spring number of hours of Homework .18 Correlation 5 Fall semester GPA Spring semester GPA .45* Correlation 6 Spring number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .80* *Indicates a statistically significant relationship. For Dr. Farah to make the claim that homework causes academic achievement, which correlation does she predict will NOT be significant? a. Correlation 1 b. Correlation 2 c. Correlation 3 d. Correlation 4 18. RESEARCH STUDY 9.1: Dr. Farah is an educational psychologist who is interested in studying the potential causal relationship between doing homework and academic achievement. In January, Dr. Farah has her students report their fall GPA (a measure of academic achievement) and estimate how many hours they spent doing homework during a typical week in the fall semester. In May, Dr. Farah measures the same variables again (the estimated number of hours spent doing homework during a typical week in the spring semester and their spring GPA). She finds the following correlations. Variable A Variable B Correlation Coefficient Correlation 1 Fall number of hours of homework Fall semester GPA .83* Correlation 2 Fall number of hours of homework Spring number of hours of Homework .36* Correlation 3 Fall number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .69* Correlation 4 Fall semester GPA Spring number of hours of Homework .18 Correlation 5 Fall semester GPA Spring semester GPA .45* Correlation 6 Spring number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .80* *Indicates a statistically significant relationship. Imagine that Dr. Farah noted a cyclical, reinforcing relationship between homework and academic achievement. For this to be case, which of the following correlations would need to be significant? a. Correlations 1 and 6 b. Correlations 2 and 5 c. Correlations 3 and 4 d. Correlations 2 and 3 19. RESEARCH STUDY 9.1: Dr. Farah is an educational psychologist who is interested in studying the potential causal relationship between doing homework and academic achievement. In January, Dr. Farah has her students report their fall GPA (a measure of academic achievement) and estimate how many hours they spent doing homework during a typical week in the fall semester. In May, Dr. Farah measures the same variables again (the estimated number of hours spent doing homework during a typical week in the spring semester and their spring GPA). She finds the following correlations. Variable A Variable B Correlation Coefficient Correlation 1 Fall number of hours of homework Fall semester GPA .83* Correlation 2 Fall number of hours of homework Spring number of hours of Homework .36* Correlation 3 Fall number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .69* Correlation 4 Fall semester GPA Spring number of hours of Homework .18 Correlation 5 Fall semester GPA Spring semester GPA .45* Correlation 6 Spring number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .80* *Indicates a statistically significant relationship. A colleague of Dr. Farah’s questions the internal validity of her causal claim. He is curious as to whether the relationship between homework and academic achievement could be explained by interest in one’s classes. Specifically, he thinks that students who are interested in their classes will both do more homework and have higher GPAs. Which of the following is a solution to this possible threat to internal validity? a. Dr. Farah should replicate her study. b. Dr. Farah should also measure students’ interest in their class. c. Dr. Farah should measure students’ interest in their class instead of time spent doing homework. d. Dr. Farah should measure students’ interest in their class instead of GPA. 20. RESEARCH STUDY 9.1: Dr. Farah is an educational psychologist who is interested in studying the potential causal relationship between doing homework and academic achievement. In January, Dr. Farah has her students report their fall GPA (a measure of academic achievement) and estimate how many hours they spent doing homework during a typical week in the fall semester. In May, Dr. Farah measures the same variables again (the estimated number of hours spent doing homework during a typical week in the spring semester and their spring GPA). She finds the following correlations. Variable A Variable B Correlation Coefficient Correlation 1 Fall number of hours of homework Fall semester GPA .83* Correlation 2 Fall number of hours of homework Spring number of hours of Homework .36* Correlation 3 Fall number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .69* Correlation 4 Fall semester GPA Spring number of hours of Homework .18 Correlation 5 Fall semester GPA Spring semester GPA .45* Correlation 6 Spring number of hours of homework Spring semester GPA .80* *Indicates a statistically significant relationship. A colleague of Dr. Farah’s asks her why she did not simply conduct an experiment. Which of the following is a probable reason for Dr. Farah’s choice not to conduct an experiment? a. It would be impossible to manipulate hours of homework completed. b. It would be too costly/expensive to run an experiment. c. It would be unethical to manipulate whether students are told to do homework for a semester. d. It would take longer to conduct an experiment. 21. In understanding “controlling for” a third variable, which of the following is a similar concept? a. Creating a longitudinal study b. Identifying subgroups c. Creating an operational definition d. Conducting a replication 22. Which popular media headline does NOT suggest that a multiple regression has been used? a. “Dog ownership decreases stress.” b. “After taking into account job experience, people who are happier with their jobs report greater productivity.” c. “After correcting for several factors that affect memory, including intelligence, researchers found that people who read more frequently remember 12% more about a crime scene than those who don’t read frequently.” d. “The link between traumatic experience and the development of anxiety symptoms existed even when controlling for the effect of parental anxiety.” 23. Which popular media headline might suggest that a multiple regression has been used? a. “Pet ownership is an important predictor of well-being in elderly adults.” b. “Daughters are happier when their mothers are happy working outside the home.” c. “Eating lunch away from your desk is associated with greater work productivity.” d. “Vacations are important for happiness, even when length of vacation is controlled for.” 24. In a multiple regression design, _________ variable is to dependent variable as _________variable is to independent variable. a. criterion; predictor b. manipulated; measured c. control; mediator d. bivariate; multivariate 25. All of the following are true of betas and correlation coefficients EXCEPT: a. Betas describe the relationship between two variables exactly as correlations coefficients do. b. Both betas and correlation coefficients can tell you something about the strength of a relationship. c. Both betas and correlation coefficients can tell you something about the direction of a relationship. d. Betas from an analysis can be compared with other beta coefficients from the same analysis just as correlation coefficients can. 26. Which of the following is a reason why multiple regression designs are inferior to experimental designs? a. They can only control for third variables that are measured. b. They cannot establish covariance. c. They take longer to conduct. d. They are more expensive to conduct. 27. RESEARCH STUDY 9.2: Dr. Finkel is a social psychologist who studies romantic relationships. Several researchers have found that there is a link between income and marital satisfaction (e.g., Dakin & Wampler, 2012). Dr. Finkel is curious as to whether there is a causal link between the two variables, such that having a higher income causes higher levels of marital satisfaction. He is confident that he cannot reasonably or ethically manipulate people’s income level, so he decides to use a multivariate design. He is also curious as to whether there is a causal link between these two variables or if two other variables (number of arguments and life satisfaction) can explain the relationship. He measures his three variables in a sample of 124 married couples recruited from a local community center. Below are his results. DV: Marital Satisfaction Variable Beta () Significance () Income .69 .03 Number of arguments .73 .01 Life satisfaction .13 .81 Given Dr. Finkel’s design, which of the following issues is his study best able to address? a. The ethical issue of manipulating income level b. The issue of temporal precedence between his two variables c. The issue of possible third variables d. The issue of diminished statistical validity 28. RESEARCH STUDY 9.2: Dr. Finkel is a social psychologist who studies romantic relationships. Several researchers have found that there is a link between income and marital satisfaction (e.g., Dakin & Wampler, 2012). Dr. Finkel is curious as to whether there is a causal link between the two variables, such that having a higher income causes higher levels of marital satisfaction. He is confident that he cannot reasonably or ethically manipulate people’s income level, so he decides to use a multivariate design. He is also curious as to whether there is a causal link between these two variables or if two other variables (number of arguments and life satisfaction) can explain the relationship. He measures his three variables in a sample of 124 married couples recruited from a local community center. Below are his results. DV: Marital Satisfaction Variable Beta () Significance () Income .69 .03 Number of arguments .73 .01 Life satisfaction .13 .81 Which of the following is NOT a predictor variable in Dr. Finkel’s study? a. Marital satisfaction b. Life satisfaction c. Income d. Number of arguments 29. RESEARCH STUDY 9.2: Dr. Finkel is a social psychologist who studies romantic relationships. Several researchers have found that there is a link between income and marital satisfaction (e.g., Dakin & Wampler, 2012). Dr. Finkel is curious as to whether there is a causal link between the two variables, such that having a higher income causes higher levels of marital satisfaction. He is confident that he cannot reasonably or ethically manipulate people’s income level, so he decides to use a multivariate design. He is also curious as to whether there is a causal link between these two variables or if two other variables (number of arguments and life satisfaction) can explain the relationship. He measures his three variables in a sample of 124 married couples recruited from a local community center. Below are his results. DV: Marital Satisfaction Variable Beta () Significance () Income .69 .03 Number of arguments .73 .01 Life satisfaction .13 .81 Which of the following can be concluded based on the results of Dr. Finkel’s study? a. As the number of arguments a couple has increases, their marital satisfaction increases as well, controlling for income but not life satisfaction. b. The relationship between life satisfaction and marital satisfaction has the weakest effect size of all of the results. c. The beta for the relationship between life satisfaction and marital satisfaction is significantly different than zero. d. Income is a stronger predictor of martial satisfaction than either the number of arguments or life satisfaction. 30. RESEARCH STUDY 9.2: Dr. Finkel is a social psychologist who studies romantic relationships. Several researchers have found that there is a link between income and marital satisfaction (e.g., Dakin & Wampler, 2012). Dr. Finkel is curious as to whether there is a causal link between the two variables, such that having a higher income causes higher levels of marital satisfaction. He is confident that he cannot reasonably or ethically manipulate people’s income level, so he decides to use a multivariate design. He is also curious as to whether there is a causal link between these two variables or if two other variables (number of arguments and life satisfaction) can explain the relationship. He measures his three variables in a sample of 124 married couples recruited from a local community center. Below are his results. DV: Marital Satisfaction Variable Beta () Significance () Income .69 .03 Number of arguments .73 .01 Life satisfaction .13 .81 One of Dr. Finkel’s colleagues argues that he should have considered years of marriage in his study, which is a known predictor of marital satisfaction. If Dr. Finkel conducts his study again and asks people to report on how many years they have been married as well, which of the following statements is true? a. The beta value for number of arguments may no longer be statistically significant. b. The beta value for number of arguments will remain unchanged. c. He will need to add another criterion variable. d. He will need to delete a predictor variable. 31. RESEARCH STUDY 9.2: Dr. Finkel is a social psychologist who studies romantic relationships. Several researchers have found that there is a link between income and marital satisfaction (e.g., Dakin & Wampler, 2012). Dr. Finkel is curious as to whether there is a causal link between the two variables, such that having a higher income causes higher levels of marital satisfaction. He is confident that he cannot reasonably or ethically manipulate people’s income level, so he decides to use a multivariate design. He is also curious as to whether there is a causal link between these two variables or if two other variables (number of arguments and life satisfaction) can explain the relationship. He measures his three variables in a sample of 124 married couples recruited from a local community center. Below are his results. DV: Marital Satisfaction Variable Beta () Significance () Income .69 .03 Number of arguments .73 .01 Life satisfaction .13 .81 Which of the following is a criterion variable in Dr. Finkel’s study? a. Marital satisfaction b. Life satisfaction c. Income d. Number of arguments 32. A researcher has examined a variety of correlational studies that point to a causal relationship between two variables. All of the studies have found a positive relationship between the two variables, but for ethical reasons, no experiments have been conducted. Using an approach of pattern and parsimony, the researcher may begin to make a causal claim by doing which of the following? a. Running another correlational study but with more people b. Specifying a mechanism or explanation for the causal relationship c. Examining the dates of the studies to look for temporal precedence d. Replicating all of the original studies 33. The pattern and parsimony approach to causation is a good example of which cycle in research? a. Journal-journalism cycle b. Basic-applied cycle c. Theory-data cycle d. Peer-review cycle 34. Which of the following is NOT true of third variables and mediating variables? a. Third variables are external to the causal variable, but mediating variables are internal to the causal variable. b. Third variables are considered nuisances, but mediating variables are not. c. Third variables can be detected using multiple regression techniques, but mediating variables cannot. d. Third variables are not usually of central interest to researchers, but mediating variables are. 35. RESEARCH STUDY 9.3: Dr. Cheong is a clinical psychologist who is curious about how people deal with natural disasters (e.g., hurricanes, tornados, earthquakes). His previous research suggests that there is a relationship between how much people feel their emotional well-being was affected by the natural disaster and their likelihood of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. However, he is curious as to whether the effect of emotional well-being occurs because people receive different levels of social support. He conducts a study in which he asks 174 men and women affected by Hurricane Sandy (2012) to report on how their well-being was affected by the hurricane, the social support felt after the storm, and the number of PTSD symptoms. Dr. Cheong finds support for his proposed relationship. However, in examining his data more closely, he finds that the relationship between emotional well-being and PTSD symptoms is stronger for men than for women. Which of the following is the mediating variable in Dr. Cheong’s hypothesis? a. Emotional well-being b. PTSD symptoms c. Social support d. Participant sex 36. RESEARCH STUDY 9.3: Dr. Cheong is a clinical psychologist who is curious about how people deal with natural disasters (e.g., hurricanes, tornados, earthquakes). His previous research suggests that there is a relationship between how much people feel their emotional well-being was affected by the natural disaster and their likelihood of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. However, he is curious as to whether the effect of emotional well-being occurs because people receive different levels of social support. He conducts a study in which he asks 174 men and women affected by Hurricane Sandy (2012) to report on how their well-being was affected by the hurricane, the social support felt after the storm, and the number of PTSD symptoms. Dr. Cheong finds support for his proposed relationship. However, in examining his data more closely, he finds that the relationship between emotional well-being and PTSD symptoms is stronger for men than for women. Dr. Cheong’s finding that the relationship between emotional well-being and PTSD symptoms is stronger for men than for women suggests which of the following? a. Participant sex is a moderating variable. b. Participant sex is a mediating variable. c. Emotional well-being is a moderating variable. d. Emotional well-being is a mediating variable. 37. Which of the following is true of multiple regression? a. It can control for all third variables, including those that are not measured. b. Adding more predictors means research is controlling for more variables. c. There is a limit to the number of predictors that can be statistically significant. d. There is a limit to the number of predictors that can be included in a regression. 38. Why is the statistical validity of a multiple regression design more complicated to interrogate than a bivariate design? a. Statistical significance of associations cannot be determined. b. Betas and rs share no similarities. c. These designs require more participants. d. It is harder to detect outliers. 39. If a researcher is asking why the relationship between two variables exists, she is curious about which of the following? a. Moderation b. Mediation c. Third variables d. Controlling variables 40. When determining mediation, how many steps are necessary? a. Two b. Three c. Four d. Five 41. Why would a researcher interested in making a causal claim NOT do an experiment? a. Experiments are very expensive and the researcher might not have grant funding. b. There may be ethical limitations of manipulating a variable. c. Laboratory space is required for experiments and the researcher might not have a lab. d. Experiments take longer to do than other types of studies. 42. If an experiment cannot be done for practical or ethical reasons related to manipulating the variable of interest, which of the following events should happen? a. The study should not be conducted at all. b. The researchers should wait until the experiment can be done. c. A longitudinal correlational design could be done instead. d. The IRB can grant a waiver of review to conduct the study anyway. 43. A criterion variable is also known as a(n) _________ variable. a. predictor b. independent c. control d. dependent 44. Which of the following words/symbols would indicate that you are reading results from a multiple-regression analysis? a.  (looks like a B) b. Sig c. r d. d 45. Adding several variables to a regression analysis can help do which of the following? a. Increase the statistical significance of the results b. Control for several variables at once c. Increase the construct validity of a study d. Meet the temporal precedence criterion for causal inference 46. The degree to which a good scientific theory provides the simplest explanation of some phenomenon is known as _________. a. minimalism b. pretentiousness c. parsimony d. density 47. Such topics as the link between media and aggression and smoking and lung cancer have been studied with a variety of methods and by a variety of researchers and have all reached similar conclusions. This is an example of which of the following? a. Hypothesis generation b. Third variable problems c. Multiple-regression designs d. Pattern and parsimony 48. Why is it problematic when journalists only report on a single study? a. It can make journalists look bad. b. It can lead people to think journalists are scientists. c. It can lead people to value one study over decades of previous research. d. It can cause people to interrogate a study’s validities. 49. Why should journalists report on the previous body of research when writing about a newly published scientific study? a. To highlight pattern and parsimony in scientific research b. To demonstrate that they have a background in science c. To make it easier for their readers to determine that the story is credible d. To prove to their editors that readers will be interested in the story 50. When examining the results of a multiple regression, which of the following should be compared to determine which predictor variables have the largest relationship to the criterion variable? a. b values b. Beta values c. Significance values d. Effect sizes