CPCE EXAM (human growth and development)

CPCE EXAM (human growth and development) Who developed the 8 stages pf psychosocial development ✔✔Erikson Infancy or Trust vs. Mistrust ✔✔Birth- 1 or 1/2 Toddler or Autonomy vs. Shame ✔✔1-2 Preschooler or Initiative ...

CPCE EXAM (human growth and development) Who developed the 8 stages pf psychosocial development ✔✔Erikson Infancy or Trust vs. Mistrust ✔✔Birth- 1 or 1/2 Toddler or Autonomy vs. Shame ✔✔1-2 Preschooler or Initiative vs. Guilt ✔✔2-6 School Age or Industry vs. Inferiority ✔✔6-12 Adolescence or Identity vs. Diffusion ✔✔12-18 Young Adulthood or Intimacy vs. Isolation ✔✔19-40 Middle Adulthood or Generativity vs. Self-Absorption ✔✔40-65 Late Adulthood or Integrity vs. Despair ✔✔65-death Psychoanalytic and Psychosexual Development Theory ✔✔All humans have instincts to satisfy their needs for food, shelter, and warmth 2 Basic Drives ✔✔sex and aggression/life or death Who developed 5 stages of human development ✔✔Freud Stage one of development (Freud) ✔✔oral birth- 18 months Stage two of development (Freud) ✔✔Anal 2-3 years Stage three of development (Freud) ✔✔Phallic 3-5 years Stage four of development (Freud) ✔✔Latency 6years-Puperty Stage five of development (Freud) ✔✔Genital puberty to adulthood Fixation ✔✔incomplete development of any 5 stages Who came up with the stages of cognitive development ✔✔Piaget Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years) ✔✔The child learns about themselves and their environment through sensory perceptions and motor activties Preoperational (2 to 7 years) ✔✔Language develops and the child is egocentric Concrete Operational (7-11 years) ✔✔Child begins to think logically but still has trouble with abstract concepts Formal Operational (11-12 Years) ✔✔Child develops the capability of logical thought, deductive reasoning and systematic planning Who developed 3 levels of moral development ✔✔Kohlberg Preconventional Morality Level ✔✔Period in which a child is influenced by reward and punishment Two Stages in Preconventional Morality Level ✔✔(1) Obedience and punishment (2) Individualism and exchange The Conventional Morality Level ✔✔Period during adolescence when the person strives to meet standards set by the family Two Stages in Conventional Morality Level ✔✔(1) Good interpersonal relationships (2)Maintaining the social order Postconventional Morality Level ✔✔Period of self-accepted principles Two stages of postconventional morality level ✔✔(1) Social contract and individual rights (2) Universal principles Who believed that attachment to be an innate tendency? ✔✔Harry Barlow (work with monkey) Who believes that bonding with an adult before the age of 3 is vital if a person is to lead a normal social life? ✔✔John Bowlby What are the four categories of human development? ✔✔Learning, Cognitive, Psychoanalytic, and Humanistic The learning category includes? ✔✔behavioral, social learning and information-processing theories The cognitive category is... ✔✔concerned with obtaining knowledge The psychoanalytic category is? ✔✔the method of investing psychological phenomena developed by Freud The humanistic category explains.. ✔✔The development through reasoning and the scientific method Human growth and development changes are viewed as... ✔✔qualitative, quantitative, discontinuous, continuous, mechanistic, and organismic Who developed hierarchy of needs ✔✔Abraham Maslow (humanistic psychologist) Maslow's theory says ✔✔A person must satisfy basic needs before they can turn their attention to higher needs Name the order from basic to higher needs (maslow) ✔✔physiological, security/safety, belonging/love, esteem, and self-actualization Which three theorist's work has been important to behaviorism ✔✔Skinner, Thorndike, and Watson Who developed "Scheme of Intellectual and Ethical Development" ✔✔William Perry The Scheme consists of 4 general categories. Name them ✔✔(1) Dualism (2) Multiplicity (3) Relativism (4) Commitment Dualism is divided into ✔✔Basic and Full. In basic students believe that authorities know the truth. In full they realize that not all authorities know all truths Multiplicity is divided into ✔✔Early and late positions. Any opinions is as good as any other and there are more than one approach to solving a problem Relativism is divided into ✔✔Contextual and Pre-commitment. Knowledge is subject to change and that opinions develop from values, experience, and knowledge Commitment is divided into ✔✔Challenges to commitment and post-commitment. Students are focused on moral, ethical, and identity development Id ✔✔concerned with primitive instincts such as hunger, sex, and aggression Ego ✔✔responsible for balancing id and super ego or conscience What is the id, ego. and super ego ✔✔Freud's theory of personality Adler ✔✔Individual psychology; people are essentially good. Birth order determines much of a persons behavior Berne ✔✔Transactional analysis. Each person has the 3 egos states of parent, adult, and child Ellis ✔✔REBT (rational emotive behavioral therapy; a person's instincts are both rational and irrational, but different reactions can be taught Frankl ✔✔Existenial: People are good, rational, and have freedom to choose their behavior Glasser ✔✔Reality Therapy; people have physical needs such as food and shelter plus the need to feel worthwhile and successful Jung ✔✔Analytic Psychology. People strive for self-fulfillment Perls ✔✔Gestalt: People are whole and complete but are affected by their environment. Learning and change result from how a person organizes experience Rogers ✔✔Person-Centered. People are essentially good and under the right conditions will move themselves towards self-actualization Skinner ✔✔Behavioral/ cognitive behavioral modification Humans are machines that cannot make free-will decisions. Behavior is learned from a person's environment and the reinforcements they receive from others. Williamson ✔✔Trait-factor; the potential for both good and bad is innate Centration ✔✔In Piaget's preopositional phase. Focusing on one feature of an object while ignoring the rest of the object. Cephalocaudal ✔✔Means from head to tail and can be used to refer to the head of a fetus developing before the legs. EDMR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) ✔✔information processing therapy that uses an eight phase approach to reduce the emotional stress of a distressing even of memory Empiricists ✔✔Maintain that experience is the only source of knowledge. Formulated by John Locke. Epigenentic ✔✔states that an individual is formed by successive development of an unstructured egg rather than by the growth of a preformed entity. Kohlberg, Erikson, and Maslow used these principles in developing their theories of human development Epistemology ✔✔the theory of knowledge Ethology ✔✔study of animals in their natural habitats Genotype ✔✔the genetic makeup of an organism In vivo desensitization ✔✔a behavior technique in which a person is gradually exposed to something they fear Organicism ✔✔the theory that the total organization of an organism is the determinant of life processes. Phenotype ✔✔the physical or biochemical characteristics determined by genetics and the environment Plasticity ✔✔The smooth transition of a person from one stage of development to the next Psychodiagnosis ✔✔a type of testing that assess how a patients thinking and emotions may affect their behavior Psychometrics ✔✔the design, administration and interpretation of tests that measure intelligence, aptitude and personality characteristics Symbolic Schema ✔✔Process allows a child to substitute one object for another. Piajet. preopositional phase. Tabula Rasa (blank slate) ✔✔John Locke's philosophy that a child is born with an uniformed mind that develops through experience. " Umwelt, Mitwelt, and Eigenwelt ✔✔Existential philosophy. Conscious experience of being alive. Umwelt- biological Mitwelt- social Eigenwelt psychological