CPCE EXAM (human growth and
development)
Who developed the 8 stages pf psychosocial development ✔✔Erikson
Infancy or Trust vs. Mistrust ✔✔Birth- 1 or 1/2
Toddler or Autonomy vs. Shame ✔✔1-2
Preschooler or Initiative
...
CPCE EXAM (human growth and
development)
Who developed the 8 stages pf psychosocial development ✔✔Erikson
Infancy or Trust vs. Mistrust ✔✔Birth- 1 or 1/2
Toddler or Autonomy vs. Shame ✔✔1-2
Preschooler or Initiative vs. Guilt ✔✔2-6
School Age or Industry vs. Inferiority ✔✔6-12
Adolescence or Identity vs. Diffusion ✔✔12-18
Young Adulthood or Intimacy vs. Isolation ✔✔19-40
Middle Adulthood or Generativity vs. Self-Absorption ✔✔40-65
Late Adulthood or Integrity vs. Despair ✔✔65-death
Psychoanalytic and Psychosexual Development Theory ✔✔All humans have instincts to satisfy
their needs for food, shelter, and warmth
2 Basic Drives ✔✔sex and aggression/life or death
Who developed 5 stages of human development ✔✔Freud
Stage one of development (Freud) ✔✔oral birth- 18 months
Stage two of development (Freud) ✔✔Anal 2-3 years
Stage three of development (Freud) ✔✔Phallic 3-5 years
Stage four of development (Freud) ✔✔Latency 6years-Puperty
Stage five of development (Freud) ✔✔Genital puberty to adulthood
Fixation ✔✔incomplete development of any 5 stages
Who came up with the stages of cognitive development ✔✔Piaget
Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years) ✔✔The child learns about themselves and their environment
through sensory perceptions and motor activties
Preoperational (2 to 7 years) ✔✔Language develops and the child is egocentric
Concrete Operational (7-11 years) ✔✔Child begins to think logically but still has trouble with
abstract concepts
Formal Operational (11-12 Years) ✔✔Child develops the capability of logical thought, deductive
reasoning and systematic planning
Who developed 3 levels of moral development ✔✔Kohlberg
Preconventional Morality Level ✔✔Period in which a child is influenced by reward and
punishment
Two Stages in Preconventional Morality Level ✔✔(1) Obedience and punishment (2)
Individualism and exchange
The Conventional Morality Level ✔✔Period during adolescence when the person strives to meet
standards set by the family
Two Stages in Conventional Morality Level ✔✔(1) Good interpersonal relationships
(2)Maintaining the social order
Postconventional Morality Level ✔✔Period of self-accepted principles
Two stages of postconventional morality level ✔✔(1) Social contract and individual rights (2)
Universal principles
Who believed that attachment to be an innate tendency? ✔✔Harry Barlow (work with monkey)
Who believes that bonding with an adult before the age of 3 is vital if a person is to lead a
normal social life? ✔✔John Bowlby
What are the four categories of human development? ✔✔Learning, Cognitive, Psychoanalytic,
and Humanistic
The learning category includes? ✔✔behavioral, social learning and information-processing
theories
The cognitive category is... ✔✔concerned with obtaining knowledge
The psychoanalytic category is? ✔✔the method of investing psychological phenomena
developed by Freud
The humanistic category explains.. ✔✔The development through reasoning and the scientific
method
Human growth and development changes are viewed as... ✔✔qualitative, quantitative,
discontinuous, continuous, mechanistic, and organismic
Who developed hierarchy of needs ✔✔Abraham Maslow (humanistic psychologist)
Maslow's theory says ✔✔A person must satisfy basic needs before they can turn their attention
to higher needs
Name the order from basic to higher needs (maslow) ✔✔physiological, security/safety,
belonging/love, esteem, and self-actualization
Which three theorist's work has been important to behaviorism ✔✔Skinner, Thorndike, and
Watson
Who developed "Scheme of Intellectual and Ethical Development" ✔✔William Perry
The Scheme consists of 4 general categories. Name them ✔✔(1) Dualism (2) Multiplicity (3)
Relativism (4) Commitment
Dualism is divided into ✔✔Basic and Full. In basic students believe that authorities know the
truth. In full they realize that not all authorities know all truths
Multiplicity is divided into ✔✔Early and late positions. Any opinions is as good as any other and
there are more than one approach to solving a problem
Relativism is divided into ✔✔Contextual and Pre-commitment. Knowledge is subject to change
and that opinions develop from values, experience, and knowledge
Commitment is divided into ✔✔Challenges to commitment and post-commitment. Students are
focused on moral, ethical, and identity development
Id ✔✔concerned with primitive instincts such as hunger, sex, and aggression
Ego ✔✔responsible for balancing id and super ego or conscience
What is the id, ego. and super ego ✔✔Freud's theory of personality
Adler ✔✔Individual psychology; people are essentially good. Birth order determines much of a
persons behavior
Berne ✔✔Transactional analysis. Each person has the 3 egos states of parent, adult, and child
Ellis ✔✔REBT (rational emotive behavioral therapy; a person's instincts are both rational and
irrational, but different reactions can be taught
Frankl ✔✔Existenial: People are good, rational, and have freedom to choose their behavior
Glasser ✔✔Reality Therapy; people have physical needs such as food and shelter plus the need
to feel worthwhile and successful
Jung ✔✔Analytic Psychology. People strive for self-fulfillment
Perls ✔✔Gestalt: People are whole and complete but are affected by their environment. Learning
and change result from how a person organizes experience
Rogers ✔✔Person-Centered. People are essentially good and under the right conditions will
move themselves towards self-actualization
Skinner ✔✔Behavioral/ cognitive behavioral modification Humans are machines that cannot
make free-will decisions. Behavior is learned from a person's environment and the
reinforcements they receive from others.
Williamson ✔✔Trait-factor; the potential for both good and bad is innate
Centration ✔✔In Piaget's preopositional phase. Focusing on one feature of an object while
ignoring the rest of the object.
Cephalocaudal ✔✔Means from head to tail and can be used to refer to the head of a fetus
developing before the legs.
EDMR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) ✔✔information processing therapy that
uses an eight phase approach to reduce the emotional stress of a distressing even of memory
Empiricists ✔✔Maintain that experience is the only source of knowledge. Formulated by John
Locke.
Epigenentic ✔✔states that an individual is formed by successive development of an unstructured
egg rather than by the growth of a preformed entity. Kohlberg, Erikson, and Maslow used these
principles in developing their theories of human development
Epistemology ✔✔the theory of knowledge
Ethology ✔✔study of animals in their natural habitats
Genotype ✔✔the genetic makeup of an organism
In vivo desensitization ✔✔a behavior technique in which a person is gradually exposed to
something they fear
Organicism ✔✔the theory that the total organization of an organism is the determinant of life
processes.
Phenotype ✔✔the physical or biochemical characteristics determined by genetics and the
environment
Plasticity ✔✔The smooth transition of a person from one stage of development to the next
Psychodiagnosis ✔✔a type of testing that assess how a patients thinking and emotions may
affect their behavior
Psychometrics ✔✔the design, administration and interpretation of tests that measure intelligence,
aptitude and personality characteristics
Symbolic Schema ✔✔Process allows a child to substitute one object for another. Piajet.
preopositional phase.
Tabula Rasa (blank slate) ✔✔John Locke's philosophy that a child is born with an uniformed
mind that develops through experience. "
Umwelt, Mitwelt, and Eigenwelt ✔✔Existential philosophy. Conscious experience of being
alive. Umwelt- biological Mitwelt- social Eigenwelt psychological
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