Medical Studies > EXAM > MEDICAL-SURGICAL NURSING STUDY GUIDE NOTES 2023 (All)

MEDICAL-SURGICAL NURSING STUDY GUIDE NOTES 2023

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By: Anthony T. Villegas R.N. Overview of structures and functions: NERVOUS SYSTEM • The functional unit of the nervous system is the nerve cells or neurons • The nervous system is composed of the ff: Central Nervous System • Brain • Spinal Cord serves as a connecting link between the brain & the periphery. Peripheral Nervous System • Cranial Nerves 12 pairs; carry impulses to & from the brain. • Spinal Nerves 31 pairs; carry impulses to & from spinal cord. Autonomic Nervous System ➢ subdivision of the PNS that automatically controls body function such as breathing & heart beat. ➢ Special senses of vision and hearing are also covered in this section • Sympathetic nervous system generally accelerate some body functions in response to stress. • Parasympathetic nervous system controls normal body functioning. • Not capable of regeneration. • Myocardial cells, Neurons, Bone cells, Osteocytes, Retinal Cells. B. NEUROGLIA • Support and protection of neurons. TYPES 1. Astrocytes • maintains blood brain barrier semi-permiable. • majority of brain tumors (90%) arises from called astrocytoma. • integrity of blood brain barrier. 2. Oligodendria • produces myelin sheath in CNS. • act as insulator and facilitates rapid nerve impulse transmission. 3. Microglia • stationary cells that carry on phagocytosis (engulfing of bacteria or cellular debris, eating), pinocytosis (cell drinking). 4. Epindymal • secretes a glue called chemo attractants that concentrate the bacteria. MACROPHAGE ORGAN CELLS A. NEURONS • Primary component of nervous system • Composed of cell body (gray matter), axon, and dendrites • Basic cells for nerve impulse and conduction. Axon • Elongated process or fiber extending from the cell body Microglia Monocytes Kupffers Histiocytes Alveolar Macrophage Central Nervous System Composition Of Brain Brain Blood Kidney Skin Lung • Transmits impulses (messages) away from the cell body to dendrites or directly to the cell bodies of other neurons • Neurons usually has only one axon Dendrites • Short, blanching fibers that receives impulses and conducts them toward the nerve cell body. • Neurons may have many dendrites. Synapse • Junction between neurons where an impulse is transmitted Neurotransmitter

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