HS 370 FINAL EXAM ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECT SPRING FALL-2023/24 EDITION GUARANTED GRADE A+

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You are working in the epidemiology office at the local health department and have received 7 new lab reports for patients who have norovirus. Your first activity should be to: Create a spot map to s ... ee if there is a trend Which of the following is the BEST example of using epidemiology to make individual decisions? Deciding to wear a seat belt while driving Epidemiology is a fairly new medical profession requiring the use of microbiology, medical diagnoses and sociology. False Developing guidelines/criteria about which patients coming to the clinic should be tested for influenza is an example of using epidemiology to conduct: Policy development Comparing people who have been infected with influenza versus the common cold to separate signs and symptoms for each disease is an example of using epidemiology to conduct: Analytic studies Epidemiologists find new cases with a case definition so that they can count individuals with disease and then... Divide by an appropriate denominator to get disease rates Spot maps help the epidemiologist with descriptive epidemiology by defining cases according to: ) Place Isolation separates people who are sick from the rest of the population so that they do not spread a disease. If you isolate a person with Tuberculosis, you are protecting other individuals by breaking the epidemiological triad between: Environment and host Mary Mallon was a cook and house servant in New York around the turn of the 1900's. Many of the people whom she worked for became ill with Salmonella typhi. Mary would move from place to place after being fired when household members became ill. Mary was eventually quarantined on North Brother Island in New York Harbor. Mary never became ill from the same thing the families did. Mary was: A carrier of Typhoid Zoonosis is the term used to describe diseases that pass from animal to human. Therefore, most animals that pass disease to humans can be classified as: Vectors When considering norovirus (typically transmitted through indirect, fomite transmission), which phase of the chain of infection is involved when a stair railing of a hospital is not cleaned daily? Mode of transmission The onset of symptoms and the usual time of diagnosis occur at the same time on the natural progression of disease timeline. False During the smallpox eradication effort, workers from the world health organization would receive a notification that a smallpox cases was diagnosed and would immediately fly to the area and vaccinate everyone in the region for smallpox... even if they were already vaccinated. The epidemiological principle that was being used in this effort was: Herd immunity Consider the data set (23, 23, 23, 25, 26, 27, 27, 28, 29, 30, 30, 30, 30). What measure of central tendency would equal 30? Mode Which measure of central tendency can have 2 numbers? Mode What type of data would the following question collect? "How old are you (in years)?_________ Ratio 22, 28, 34, 37, 38, 40, 47, 50, 56, 59, 65, 73, 73 What is the mean? 47.85 22, 28, 34, 37, 38, 40, 47, 50, 56, 59, 65, 73, 73 What is the median? 47 22, 28, 34, 37, 38, 40, 47, 50, 56, 59, 65, 73, 73 What is the mode? 73 Use the following data set and calculate the geometric mean 7, 9, 37, 66, 102, 318, 444, 686, 1075, 1891, 2934, 5841 What is the Geometric mean? 247.55 In 2016 the worldwide number of people with HIV was 36.7 million. This is an example of: Frequency of disease Which of following is NOT an example of using epidemiology to search for the causes of disease? Children receiving MMR vaccine before going to kindergarten Conducting an analysis of patient flow at influenza vaccination sites to determine waiting times for patients is an example of using epidemiology to conduct: Evaluation Reviewing weekly reports of test results for influenza from global "sentinel" sites is an example of using epidemiology to conduct: Public Health surveillance A patient who shows up at the Emergency department of the hospital with a headache states that he heard a kid at his school was just diagnosed with meningitis (a swelling of the brain). You have not received any reports of new cases. This new patient in the Emergency department would be considered a: Suspect case of meningitis Confirmed cases are the only numbers that epidemiologists should use because they are "valid." False Descriptive epidemiology typically includes: Time, Place, Person Elder Uchtdorf told a story about a research study conducted on children. The children were told that they could have a marshmallow (right in front of them) but if they waited for 15 minutes, they could have two marshmallows. These researchers were conducting a(n): Observational study Between 1948 and 1952, researchers in London selected lung cancer patients in hospital and compared their smoking rates with people who were similar in age in hospital for other medical conditions. This study is an example of a: Case/Control study Gun control advocates frequently cite the number of deaths from firearms. What is the MOST IMPORTANT epidemiological error made by these advocates? They do not use a comparison group in their analysis A state highway patrolman rescues a truck driver from a major accident. Both the patrolman and the driver are covered in blood. The state patrolman tests positive for HIV 6 months later. What is the most reasonable pathway that the HIV virus entered the patrolman's body. Through the skin because of cuts and abrasions of both people The rate at which those who are exposed to a pathogen become infected is referred to as: Infectivity A term that refers to the proportion of people who are infected with a pathogen, who develop disease: Pathogenicity When considering norovirus (typically transmitted through indirect, fomite transmission), which phase of the chain of infection is involved when a hospital employee fails to wash their hands prior to eating lunch? Portal of entry Herd immunity is irrelevant in public health because humans are not random. False In 2006, there were over 800 human cases of West Nile virus in Idaho (the previous year there were 10). Since then there have been between 2 and 128 cases per year. West Nile Virus is now considered _______________________ in Idaho: Endemic In 2006, there were over 800 human cases of West Nile virus in Idaho (the previous year there were 10). Therefore, in 2006, West Nile virus was: An Epidemic Herd immunity is: The threshold at which the probability of two susceptible hosts coming in contact with each other is very low The vaccination rate for mumps among college aged students is now lower than 85%. In 2006, there was a multi-state epidemic of mumps on college campuses. What principles of infection prevention could have been used to stop this epidemic? Herd Immunity - improving vaccination rates Which measure of central tendency has half of the observations below it, and half above it? Median Which measure of central tendency represents the value(s) in a data set that occur most frequently? Mode Which measure of central tendency is the sum of all observations divided by the number of observations? ) Mean What type of data would the following question collect? "What is your annual income? 25,000 - 50,000 50,001 - 75,000 75,001 - 100,000 100,001 - 125,000 Interval The interquartile range is defined as The distance between Q1 and Q3 What is the range of values for 68% of the observations in a data set if the mean is 156 and the variance is 49? NOT 107-205 If you have a range of 48 to 370 and the interquartile range is 218 - 305, then you could state that the data is Skewed 82, 88, 94, 97, 98, 100, 107, 110, 116, 119, 125, 133, 133 What is the mean? 107.85 82, 88, 94, 97, 98, 100, 107, 110, 116, 119, 125, 133, 133 What is the median? 107 82, 88, 94, 97, 98, 100, 107, 110, 116, 119, 125, 133, 133 What is the mode? 133 45, 112, 127, 168, 168, 206, 208, 211, 230, 307, 387, 784, 841 Report the sum of squares 728957.692 45, 112, 127, 168, 168, 206, 208, 211, 230, 307, 387, 784, 841 Report the variance. 60746.474 45, 112, 127, 168, 168, 206, 208, 211, 230, 307, 387, 784, 841 Report the standard deviation. 246.468 197, 198, 203, 205, 208, 211, 211, 216, 219, 221, 223, 224, 228, 229, 230 What is the Value of Q1? 205 197, 198, 203, 205, 208, 211, 211, 216, 219, 221, 223, 224, 228, 229, 230 What is the Value of Q2? 216 197, 198, 203, 205, 208, 211, 211, 216, 219, 221, 223, 224, 228, 229, 230 What is the Value of Q3? 224 197, 198, 203, 205, 208, 211, 211, 216, 219, 221, 223, 224, 228, 229, 230 What is the Value of Q4? 230 197, 198, 203, 205, 208, 211, 211, 216, 219, 221, 223, 224, 228, 229, 230 Interquartile Range 19 You work for your local health department, and you want to report on the burden of asthma in your county. You find the following information. The total population in your county is 84,000. A breakdown of the population by age, with the number of people diagnosed with asthma within each age group, is as follows: Number of People in Population Number of People Diagnosed Age 0-17 16,800 1,210 Age 18-64 55,440 4,491 Age 65+ 11,760 988 What is the prevalence of asthma among children ages 0-17 in your county? 7.20% You are analyzing state-wide influenza data for this past season, to compare influenza illnesses from this year to past years. You gather the following number of laboratory confirmed influenza cases by week, for the month of February, in a population of 2,750,000. Week of laboratory confirmation Number of confirmed cases Week 1 257 Week 2 319 Week 3 372 Week 4 276 What is the incidence rate of influenza for the month of February? 4.45/10,000 As you monitor reports from neurologists for 4 months in your own community, you find the following number of newly diagnosed Tourette Syndrome cases by month, in a population of 36,120 people. Month of Diagnosis Number Diagnosed March 6 April 14 May 2 June 9 What is the incidence rate of Tourette Syndrome for the 2nd Quarter of the year? 6.92/10,000 You are studying mortality rates due to malaria in a community where spread of the infection by mosquitoes is high. You use the following information to calculate your death statistics. Total population in your community = 590,118. Total deaths this year in the community = 3,895. Total deaths from malaria = 137. Total people diagnosed with malaria = 4,426. What is the crude death rate? 6.60/1000 You are studying breast cancer, which is the most common type of cancer in your state. It is often highly treatable, but can also lead to mortality. The following information will help you to calculate your death statistics. Total state population = 2,472,000. Total deaths this year in your state = 16,512. Total deaths from breast cancer = 263. Total people diagnosed with breast cancer = 1,691. What is the case fatality rate? 15.55% You study a deadly disease in your community; Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It is usually contracted in in-patient facilities. The following information will help you calculate your death statistics. Total population in your community = 97,432. Total deaths this year in the community = 515. Total deaths from MRSA = 21. Total people diagnosed with MRSA = 107. What is the Proportionate Mortality Rate? 4.08% Your are studying mortality rates due to malaria in a community where spread of the infection by mosquitoes is high. You use the following information to calculate your death statistics. Total population in your community = 590,118. Total deaths this year in the community = 3,895. Total deaths from malaria = 137. Total people diagnosed with malaria = 4,426. What is the Cause Specific Mortality Rate? 2.32/10,000 You have proportional (percentages) data identifying the brand of car people drive in your town. Which diagram or chart type will best display your information Pie chart You want to display the relationship between teenagers height in inches and average daily calorie intake. Which diagram or chart type would best display this data? Scatter diagram You want to display demographic data that represents family type (single, married, divorced, widowed, etc) in your recent research study. Which chart type would be best to display this? Bar chart How many variables are represented in the following chart? bar chart about ethnicity and weight. demographic is boys aged 12-19. 2 If you are comparing Health care expenditures (in millions) by diagnosis group between two similar developed nations, which chart type would best help you display the data? Stacked bar chart A box plot with whiskers displays median and range data. The whiskers display the minimum and maximum of the range Word and excel are great tools for graphing data, and epidemiologists should just use the default color settings so that most of the population is familiar with the data they are displaying False Data tables used in the context of a paper generally just need a sample title False The purpose of a spot map is to to identify the geographic distribution of illness in an area Which of the following statements accurately describes incidence as a measure of disease? It includes only new cases of disease over a period of time. Which of the following statements is NOT true when describing a proportionate mortality rate? This measure is used to describe the total number of deaths in a defined population, including all causes. Diabetes is a growing problem, in part due to the rising rates of obesity, which contribute to the development of type II diabetes. You are putting together a report to present to your state legislature, to make them aware of the scope of the problem within your state. You gather the following information. Your state population is 3,051,000. A breakdown of the population, with the number of people diagnosed with diabetes within each age group, is as follows: Number of People in Population Number of People Diagnosed Age 0-17 671,220 1,409 Age 18-34 518,670 5,705 Age 35-49 776,100 34,925 Age 50-64 654,890 76,622 Age 65+ 430,120 91,616 What is the prevalence of diabetes within your state? 6.89% Tourette Syndrome is the involuntary twitching of motor or vocal muscles. It usually presents symptoms in adolescence and is much more common among boys than girls. You are researching Tourette syndrome for the CDC and find the following information. Your study population is 87,026 Number of People in Study Number of People Diagnosed Boys 46,410 191 Girls 40,616 154 Age 6-11 37,775 169 Age 12-17 49,251 176 What is the prevalence of Tourette Syndrome in your study? 3.96/1000 Tourette Syndrome is the involuntary twitching of motor or vocal muscles. It usually presents symptoms in adolescence and is much more common among boys than girls. You are researching Tourette syndrome for the CDC and find the following information. Your study population is 87,026 Number of People in Study Number of People Diagnosed Boys 46,410 191 Girls 40,616 154 Age 6-11 37,775 169 Age 12-17 49,251 176 What is the prevalence of Tourette syndrome among girls (in your study)? 3.79/1000 You are working with your local hospital to measure emergency department visits due to head injuries during the first half of the year. The population in your community is 116,432. Use the following information, which shows the number of emergency department visits for head injuries each month, to calculate your statistics. Month Number of head injury ED visits January 38 February 27 March 41 April 76 May 119 June 94 What is the incidence rate of ED visits due to head injuries for April? 6.53/10,000 You are working with your local hospital to measure emergency department visits due to head injuries during the first half of the year. The population in your community is 116,432. Use the following information, which shows the number of emergency department visits for head injuries each month, to calculate your statistics. Month Number of confirmed cases January 38 February 27 March 41 April 76 May 119 June 94 What is the incidence rate of ED visits due to head injuries for the second quarter of the year? 2.48/1,000 You are studying breast cancer, which is the most common type of cancer in your state. It is often highly treatable, but can also lead to mortality. The following information will help you to calculate your death statistics. Total state population = 2,472,000. Total deaths this year in your state = 16,512. Total deaths from breast cancer = 263. Total people diagnosed with breast cancer = 1,691. What is the crude death rate? 6.68/1,000 You study a deadly disease in your community; Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It is usually contracted in in-patient facilities. The following information will help you calculate your death statistics. Total population in your community = 97,432. Total deaths this year in the community = 515. Total deaths from MRSA = 21. Total people diagnosed with MRSA = 107. What is the crude death rate? 5.29/1000 You are studying mortality rates due to malaria in a community where spread of the infection by mosquitoes is high. You use the following information to calculate your death statistics. Total population in your community = 590,118. Total deaths this year in the community = 3,895. Total deaths from malaria = 137. Total people diagnosed with malaria = 4,426. What is the case fatality rate? 3.10% You study a deadly disease in your community; Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It is usually contracted in in-patient facilities. The following information will help you calculate your death statistics. Total population in your community = 97,432. Total deaths this year in the community = 515. Total deaths from MRSA = 21. Total people diagnosed with MRSA = 107. What is the case fatality rate? 19.63% You are studying breast cancer, which is the most common type of cancer in your state. It is often highly treatable, but can also lead to mortality. The following information will help you to calculate your death statistics. Total state population = 2,472,000. Total deaths this year in your state = 16,512. Total deaths from breast cancer = 263. Total people diagnosed with breast cancer = 1,691. What is the Proportionate Mortality Rate 1.59% You are studying breast cancer, which is the most common type of cancer in your state. It is often highly treatable, but can also lead to mortality. The following information will help you to calculate your death statistics. Total state population = 2,472,000. Total deaths this year in your state = 16,512. Total deaths from breast cancer = 263. Total people diagnosed with breast cancer = 1,691. What is the Cause Specific Mortality Rate? 1.06/10,000 Diabetes is a growing problem, in part due to the rising rates of obesity, which contribute to the development of type II diabetes. You are putting together a report to present to your state legislature, to make them aware of the scope of the problem within your state. You gather the following information. Your state population is 3,051,000. A breakdown of the population, with the number of people diagnosed with diabetes within each age group, is as follows: Number of People in Population Number of People Diagnosed Age 0-17 671,220 1409 Age 18-34 518,670 5705 Age 35-49 776,100 34,925 Age 50-64 654,890 76,622 Age 65+ 430,120 91,616 Based on the above data, which age group would you identify to your state legislature as having the highest prevalence of diabetes? Elderly adults age 65+ You are monitoring Alzheimer's disease in your state. You come across a state report for last year that shows a proportionate mortality rate of 1.87% due to Alzheimer's disease. Your state population is 3,170,000. Of that population, 30,000 people were living with diagnosed Alzheimer's. If there were 21,270 total deaths in your state last year, how many of those deaths occurred due to Alzheimer's disease? 398 Which of the following is NOT true in regards to relative risk? It is the most appropriate measure of risk to use with a case-control study. When calculating relative risk, which of the following is true? You compare the risk of disease in the exposed to the risk of disease in the unexposed. Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe an odds ratio? This measure is based on disease prevalence within a group. : An odds ratio is the most appropriate measure of disease risk when conducting a cohort study. False Attributable risk is important because it can help health professionals to know how much of a disease can be prevented by eliminating contact with a related exposure. True Which diagram or chart type best displays the proportional contribution of multiple component parts of a single variable (like favorite foods of middle school students) Pie chart If you are comparing university enrollment BY MAJOR from two similarly sized universities, which chart type would best help you display the data? Stacked bar chart Which diagram or chart type best displays stacked bar data with equivalent height bars 100% component bar chart You are conducting a study on the risk of leukemia from drinking well water where tungsten exposure occurs. You interview 1,113 residents in the town. Only 322 residents get their drinking water from wells while the rest get their water from the city treatment plant. Of those that use wells, 76 contracted leukemia. Of those that drank city water, 48 contracted leukemia. Part I: Calculate the relative risk. 76/322=.236 49/791=.061 2.35/10=.235 6.07/100=.0607 Answer=3.89 You are conducting a study on the risk of leukemia from drinking well water where tungsten exposure occurs. You interview 1,113 residents in the town. Only 322 residents get their drinking water from wells while the rest get their water from the city treatment plant. Of those that use wells, 76 contracted leukemia. Of those that drank city water, 48 contracted leukemia. Part II: Interpret your results. If you are exposed you are 3.89 times more likely to have leukemia than if you are not exposed You are conducting a study on the risk of leukemia from drinking well water where tungsten exposure occurs. You interview 1,113 residents in the town. Only 322 residents get their drinking water from wells while the rest get their water from the city treatment plant. Of those that use wells, 76 contracted leukemia. Of those that drank city water, 48 contracted leukemia. Part III. Calculate the attributable risk. .236-.061/.236 Answer: .7415 or 74.15% You are conducting a study on the risk of leukemia from drinking well water where tungsten exposure occurs. You interview 1,113 residents in the town. Only 322 residents get their drinking water from wells while the rest get their water from the city treatment plant. Of those that use wells, 76 contracted leukemia. Of those that drank city water, 48 contracted leukemia Part IV. Interpret your results 74.15% of Leukemia can be attributable to the effect of the well water. You have access to medical records that identify women with cervical cancer, and you are conducting a case control study on the association between cervical cancer and smoking. From your records, you identify 173 women diagnosed with cervical cancer, and 348 women without cervical cancer. Through follow-up surveys, you find that 23% of women with cervical cancer had a smoking history. A total of 429 women in the study did not have a smoking history. Part I: Calculate the odds ratio. Cervical Cancer No Cervical Cancer Total Smoked 40 52 92 No Smoking 133 296 429 173 348 521 Part I: Calculate the odds ratio. OR = ad/bc = (40 x 296)/(52 x 133) = 11,840/6,916 1.71 You have access to medical records that identify women with cervical cancer, and you are conducting a case control study on the association between cervical cancer and smoking. From your records, you identify 173 women diagnosed with cervical cancer, and 348 women without cervical cancer. Through follow-up surveys, you find that 23% of women with cervical cancer had a smoking history. A total of 429 women in the study did not have a smoking history. Women with cervical cancer were 1.71 times more likely to have had a smoking history, compared to women who did not smoke. Calculate the matched pairs odds ratio for the following data. The disease is colon cancer... The exposure (X) is daily consumption of high fat foods. We have matched each case with a control that has the same family history of colon cancer. CASES CONTROL X O X X X X O X X O O X X O X O O X X O O X O O X X X O O X X O O X X O X O X X O X X O O X X O X X X X O X CONTROLS CASES X O Total X O TOTAL Part I. Calculate the matched pairs odds ratio for this problem. CONTROLS CASES X O TOTAL X 6 11 17 O 9 1 10 Total 15 12 27 Part I. Calculate the matched pairs odds ratio for this problem (4 pts) Matched pairs OR = b/c = 11/9 = 1.22 Part II. Interpret your results. People with colon cancer were 1.22 times more likely to have consumed high fat foods daily, compared to those without colon cancer, even after controlling for a family history of colon cancer. (Please use a separate piece of paper to calculate the answer for this problem.) A study to determine the sensitivity and specificity of a new test for celiac disease is conducted on 7642 people. Studies have shown that celiac disease occurs at a rate of 1.32%. Your sample has the same prevalence of celiac disease. You find that 99 people with celiac disease tested positive with the new test. You also have a total of 7495 negative test results in your study. CALCULATE THE SENSITIVITY of this test. 98.02% (Please use a separate piece of paper to calculate the answer for this problem.) A study to determine the sensitivity and specificity of a new test for celiac disease is conducted on 7642 people. Studies have shown that celiac disease occurs at a rate of 1.32%. Your sample has the same prevalence of celiac disease. You find that 99 people with celiac disease tested positive with the new test. You also have a total of 7495 negative test results in your study. CALCULATE THE SPECIFICITY of this test. 99.36% (Please use a separate piece of paper to calculate the answer for this problem.) A study to determine the sensitivity and specificity of a new test for diabetes is conducted on 576 people. The national prevalence of diabetes in adults is 9.7%. Your sample has the same prevalence of diabetes. You find that 51 people with diabetes tested positive with the new test. You also have a total of 83 positive test results in your study. CALCULATE THE POSITIVE PREDICTIVE VALUE of this test under these circumstances. 61.45% (Please use a separate piece of paper to calculate the answer for this problem.) A study to determine the sensitivity and specificity of a new test for diabetes is conducted on 576 people. The national prevalence of diabetes in adults is 9.7%. Your sample has the same prevalence of diabetes. You find that 51 people with diabetes tested positive with the new test. You also have a total of 83 positive test results in your study. CALCULATE THE NEGATIVE PREDICTIVE VALUE of this test under these circumstances. 98.99% Which of the following is NOT part of a public health surveillance program? Actions to control the disease problem Syndromic surveillance is the most accurate of all surveillance methods. False Which of the following statements is NOT true when describing Positive Predictive Value? It is the ability of a test to correctly identify people who have the disease you are testing for. Negative Predictive Value is the probability that a test reflects a person who does not have the disease you are testing for. True Which of the following statements is NOT true when describing Specificity? It is the ability of a test to correctly identify people who have the disease you are testing for. Match the following description with most appropriate analysis __1__ Analyzing by time __2__ Analyzing by Person __3__ Analyzing by time and place CONTINUED... [Show More]

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