Q&A Commercial Law: Comprehensive and Rational Answers. 100% Correct

QUESTION 1 ‘No matter what impression may be given by textbooks, there is no such thing as English Commercial Law. There are only a number of loosely connected areas of private law, which are lumped together and called ...

QUESTION 1 ‘No matter what impression may be given by textbooks, there is no such thing as English Commercial Law. There are only a number of loosely connected areas of private law, which are lumped together and called “Commercial Law” without any thought given to whether or not they form a coherent area of law.’  Discuss. QUESTION 2 ‘The strength of English commercial law has been its concern to provide solutions to practical problems facing commercial parties.’  Discuss. QUESTION 3 The Consumer Rights Act 2015 has been described by the UK government as ‘the biggest overhaul of consumer law for a generation’. What are the key changes introduced by the Act in relation to the implied contract terms for satisfactory quality, description, fitness for purpose, remedies and unfair terms. QUESTION 4 Longworth plc recently bought two used cars, each six months old, for its executives to drive. Lee, managing director of Longworth plc, first saw the two cars at Shoddy’s Garage a month ago, when he noticed that one, a Kuga, had an engine oil leak and the other, a Galaxy, had a water leak in the boot. He did not, however, look in the boot of the Kuga. Shoddy assured him: ‘They are good little buses; you can rely upon them.’ After test-driving both cars, Lee, on behalf of Longworth plc, signed two contracts of purchase, one for each car. Lee left the Kuga with Shoddy to have the oil leak repaired and drove away in the Galaxy. Two weeks later, he returned the Galaxy for its boot leak to be repaired and collected the Kuga. The next day, he discovered, first, that the Kuga had a water leak in its boot; second, that the engine oil leak had not been repaired and was irreparable (meaning that a new engine was necessary); and, third, that soon after delivery to its first buyer, the Galaxy had been in an accident and subsequently treated by its owner’s insurance company as a ‘write-off’. Upon learning these facts, Lee informed Shoddy’s Garage that he was rejecting the cars and demanded the return of the purchase price to Longworth plc.  Advise Longworth plc. QUESTION 5 Towning is a well-known dealer in antique vases. On 1 March, he went into China Emporium and asked the shop assistant if they had anything special. He was shown a vase described by the shop assistant as a ‘Shing’ vase and, after examining it behind a glass case, Towning agreed to buy it for £3,500 and took the vase with him. Towning was very pleased with the purchase because he had a customer who would pay handsomely for such a vase. On 12 March, Towning left the vase with his customer to see if he would be interested in buying it for £4,000. The vase was returned two days later because it emerged that it was not genuine and that it was worth less than £250. A week later, during a dinner party, Towning discovered that water leaked from the vase which he was using to display a bunch of flowers. QUESTION 6 Mary, in the course of her business, agreed to buy from Joseph ‘2,000 Christmas trees, Nordman Fir, five feet to six feet high, fair average quality for the season, packed 50 to a pallet, delivery to Mary’s premises on 10–12 December’. The contract contained an exclu- sion clause which satisfied the requirement of reasonableness in the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 and which excluded liability for any breach of the statutory implied con- ditions as to satisfactory quality and fitness for purpose. On 12 December, Joseph tenders delivery to Mary. QUESTION 7 Yvette wants to buy a washing machine. She walks into a branch of Home Appliance Ltd for advice. She tells Andy, the shop assistant, that she needs a machine that has a quick wash cycle. Andy recommended the Helper because, on average, it requires just 30 minutes for a wash cycle at 50 degrees Celsius. The machine is delivered later that day. It turns out that for a wash cycle at 50 degrees Celsius the machine in fact requires 60 minutes. Two weeks later, the machine is beginning to make funny noises and starts belching smoke. The load it is washing at the time is completely destroyed. When Yvette phones Andy to ask for her money back, Andy tells her that the contract Yvette signed included a clause stating: ‘All conditions relating to the quality or condition of any machine are hereby excluded. The seller accepts no liability in respect of any statements made prior to the contract unless such statements have been put in writing. QUESTION 8 Vinco Wines Ltd is a wine merchant. Its stock in its warehouse a month ago was:  100 bottles of 1990 Château Rayas;  200 bottles of 1921 Vintage Armagnac which, unknown to Vinco Wines Ltd, were the last bottles of that vintage remaining unconsumed anywhere in the world;  350 bottles of 2000 Château-Grillet;  assorted other wines. In the last month, Vinco Wines has made and received no deliveries of wine, but has made the following agreements to sell wine:  ‘100 bottles of 1990 Château Rayas’ to Hotel Anatoly;  ‘200 bottles of 1921 Vintage Armagnac’ to Viktor plc;  ‘300 bottles of 2000 Château-Grillet, currently in Vinco Wines’ warehouse’ to Sergei Bank;  ‘50 bottles of 2000 Château-Grillet’ to Restaurant Gleb. As regards payment: Anatoly paid Vinco Wines when it made the contract; Viktor agreed to pay upon collecting the goods from Vinco Wines’ warehouse; Sergei and Gleb each agreed to pay upon delivery by Vinco Wines to their respective premises. Yesterday, Vinco Wines despatched to Gleb 50 bottles of 2000 Château-Grillet. Unfortu- nately, the lorry (Vinco Wines’ own) crashed en route and all the wine on board was lost. Last night, a fire destroyed Vinco Wines’ warehouse and its contents.  Advise Hotel Anatoly, Viktor plc, Sergei Bank and Restaurant Gleb. QUESTION 9 (a)‘The rules in the Sale of Goods Act 1979 relating to the passing of risk do not always place the risk upon the party who should sensibly bear it.’  Discuss this statement. QUESTION 10 Wallace left his car for repair at Smithfield Garage, carelessly leaving the car’s registration document in the glove compartment which was unlocked. While the car was at Smith- field Garage, Smithfield telephoned Wallace and informed him that another customer had seen the car and wished to buy it for £3,000. Wallace said that he had not intended to sell the car, but that if Smithfield were to receive an offer in excess of £4,000, he would be interested. Without again contacting Wallace, Smithfield sold the car for £3,500 to Marion, handing over the registration document and the ignition key.  Consider the legal position. QUESTION 11 Benedict had a car on hire purchase terms from Logbook Finance. He still owed three monthly instalments on the car when four months ago he sold it to Albert, a car dealer, who bought it for his wife to use as a runabout to do the shopping and collect the chil- dren from school. Before buying the car, Albert had a check done by HPI, of which he was a member. HPI responded that the vehicle in question was not registered with HPI as being the subject of a credit agreement. Two months later, Albert sold the car to another car dealer, Ashwin, who has since sold it to Edward.  Advise the parties as to who owns the car now and what claims and liabilities each might have. QUESTION 12 Natasha owns a jewellery shop in Islington. Rafael came into the shop, selected a ruby bracelet and paid for it. Rafael explained to her that he had an appointment to play foot- ball that afternoon and asked if it would be all right to leave the bracelet with Natasha until after his football game. A little later that same afternoon, Weller, who looked the very image of Cristiano Ronaldo, the famous football player, and had a strong Portugese accent, came into the shop and selected the very same bracelet (which by an oversight Natasha had failed to remove to be kept for Rafael). Natasha let Weller pay the £1,000 price by cheque, which Weller did – signing himself Cristiano Ronaldo. Subsequently, the cheque was dishonoured and Natasha informed the police, who traced the bracelet to Bean’s shop in Croydon. It has turned out that Weller has a stall at Bermondsey market in south London and that he sold the bracelet (for £700) early one morning to Bean, a jewel- lery dealer, who considered at the time that he had a real bargain.  Advise Natasha. QUESTION 13 On 1 January, Ted had 2,000 widgets in stock. On that date, Dougal contracted with Ted to buy 1,000 widgets from Ted’s current stock for £1,000, delivery to take place at Dou- gal’s premises on 1 February. On 25 January, when the market price of widgets had dropped to 50 pence per widget, Dougal sent a fax to Ted informing him that Dougal no longer wanted the widgets. On 26 January, the market price of widgets began to rise and thereafter it fluctuated, so that on the succeeding days it was as follows: 26 January, 60 pence per widget; 27 January, 65 pence; 28 January, 70 pence; 29 January, 60 pence; 30 January, 80 pence; 31 January, 85 pence; 1 February, 90 pence. On 27 January, Dougal telephoned Ted stating that after all, he did need the widgets. Ted stated, however, that he could not supply them because he had already sold and delivered his whole stock of widgets to Doyle. Advise Dougal in each of the following alternative situations: (a) that Ted sold and delivered his stock of widgets to Doyle on 24 January; (b) that Ted sold and delivered his stock of widgets to Doyle on 26 January QUESTION 14 Kane agreed to sell to Marley 900 oak desks. The contract required delivery to be made in three equal instalments on 20 January, 25 January and 30 January. It also contained the clause ‘This entire contract is governed by English law’. On 20 January, Kane delivered 280 desks (260 oak desks and 20 walnut desks). Today is 25 January and Kane has delivered 250 oak desks. Marley has now found a cheaper supplier and wishes to return all the desks delivered so far and to cancel delivery of the third consignment.  Advise Marley. QUESTION 15 Bert, in partnership with his two brothers, runs a sub-post office. Concerned about the continued viability of the business, the brothers agree that they need to offer added value services to entice customers in. Bert is approached by Reg, a self-employed sales- man, who acts for a variety of firms, including Stingray Photography, who specialise in placing photography booths in shops and other public areas. Reg is very experienced and has been dealing with Stingray Photography for over ten years. The booth is equipped with computerised printing facilities, which allow customers to produce prints of various sizes and to edit their photographs. Reg informs Bert that the hire is £300 per month, that the minimum duration of a hire agreement is 36 months and he must give three months’ notice of termination. Reg assures Bert that based on his considerable experience, and taking into account the location of the sub-post office, annual takings are likely to be of the order of £10,000. The partnership enters into a hire contract and the booth is installed. After six months, Bert is extremely unhappy because takings from the machine are barely covering half the monthly hire fee, the computerised printing facilities are very temperamental and are continually jamming, and so he wants to terminate the hire contract, which Stingray Photography, the owners of the booth, are refusing to allow him to do. (1) Advise the partnership; and (2) would your advice differ if instead of hiring the machine, the partnership had licensed Stingray Photography to place the booth in their shop, agreeing to account for the takings on a monthly basis to Stingray Photography minus a 10% commission for doing this, dealing with customer queries and minor maintenance such as removing jams in the print facility? QUESTION 16 Pedro, who has no regular employment, but who has inherited subject to mortgage with a building society his late mother’s house, earns small sums of money from part-time decorat- ing. As a result of his small and intermittent earnings Pedro owes a variety of creditors some £30,000 unsecured debts. He sees an advertisement on the Internet by Access Finance which states ‘We can provide you with peace and security from pressing creditors, easy to arrange and cheap consolidation loans; contact us straightaway, no delays. Mainstream lenders such as banks or credit card companies refusing you? Visit us.’ The site goes on to give various examples of loans made to allegedly satisfied customers. It also states a £1,500 arrangement fee will be charged upfront or deducted from the amount of the loan. The advertisement fails to state that Access Finance are credit-brokers and do not provide the loans themselves and that any loans they arrange will have to be secured by a first or subsequent charge on the debtor’s property, if the debtor owns any property. The adver- tisement does not specify the name of any lenders with whom Access Finance deal, nor has it been approved by any of those lenders. Pedro contacts Access Finance to try and arrange a loan for £35,000, which will pay off his existing creditors and leave him with some money left over to meet urgent house renova- tion expenses. Access Finance arrange a secured loan with sub-prime lenders Severn Finance at an APR of 40% per annum and secured by a second charge on Pedro’s house. This is in fact a different credit contract from the one Access Finance initially sent him with Cymru Finance for a loan at 30% APR and which would be unsecured, but Pedro was later informed that this contract was not apparently available for ‘reasons connected with the credit crunch’. Pedro only gets £33,500 as Access Finance deduct a £1,500 arrangement fee and Pedro is further informed that his future repayments will include a brokerage fee of £2,500 payable to them – this is set out in the consolidation agreement but no mention was made in Access Finance’s Internet advertisement. Pedro has received no copy of either the unexecuted or executed consolidation loan agreement. Pedro is concerned about the transaction and, in particular, the way it was advertised and carried out.  (a) Advise Pedro; and  (b) would your advice differ if Pedro discovered that while Severn Finance are fully licensed under the Financial Services and Markets Act, Access Finance hold no licence under the Act at all.12 QUESTION 17 Just over five months ago, Fred traded in his old car in part-exchange for a new car which he acquired from XYZ Finance under a regulated hire purchase agreement. The hire pur- chase agreement showed the following details:  a cash price of £21,000;  a total hire purchase price of £24,000;  a part-exchange allowance of £4,000. Under the agreement, Fred agreed to make an initial cash payment of £2,000 and 36 monthly instalment payments of £500.1 Upon trading in his old car and taking delivery of the new one, Fred paid the initial payment of £2,000 and has since paid the first three of the £500 monthly instalments. However, he is now two months in arrears with his instalments and a week ago wrote to XYZ Finance, informing them that he was temporarily out of work and unable to keep up his payments.  Advise Fred as to his legal position now that he has received a default notice which complies with the requirements of the Consumer Credit Act 1974 and states that unless he pays off his outstanding arrears within seven days, XYZ Finance will regard the agreement as terminated. QUESTION 18 Harley had longed for a motorcycle which he had seen in the window of Cycles Sellers Ltd. On his 17th birthday, Harley acquired the motorcycle under the terms of a regulated hire purchase agreement which he made with Davison Finance. Davison Finance had refused to make the agreement until Harley’s father, Gullible, had provided a guarantee of Har- ley’s liabilities under the hire purchase agreement. Davison Finance also has a recourse agreement with the dealer, Cycles Sellers Ltd. The hire purchase agreement provided for an initial payment of £3,000 and 36 monthly payments of £200 each. After making the initial payment and paying one of the monthly instalments, Harley stopped making pay- ments. Davison served a default notice upon him at a time when he was two instalments in arrears and, upon expiry of the default notice without Harley having paid off his arrears, Davison Finance terminated the agreement and repossessed the motorcycle, taking it from outside Gullible’s house where Harley had left it. That was yesterday. The motorcycle is now worth £3,000 and Harley has no assets.  Advise Davison Finance. What difference, if any, would it make, if at the time when Harley fell into arrears, he had already paid three of the monthly instalments and if the agreement which Gullible signed was expressed as an indemnity? QUESTION 19 Consider what have been, so far, the most significant impacts on UK domestic consumer credit law brought about by the implementation of the EU Consumer Credit Directive 2008/48/EC of 23 April 2008. QUESTION 20 Steve acquires a car which has a cash price of £4,000 under a conditional sale agreement with Fleece You Finance (FYF) for a total price of £6,000 including interest and all other charges. He puts down a deposit of £1,500 and has made six further monthly payments of £100 when he is declared redundant and makes no further subsequent monthly pay- ments. He has missed three monthly payments so far. He then writes to FYF saying ‘I am in trouble with this car contract, I want to pay but cannot. I will have to give it back.’ Two days later FYF arrange for two mechanics from the garage which supplied the car to go to Steve’s house where they go up his drive and proceed to drive away the car, using a duplicate set of keys, from Steve’s open garage. FYF rely on a clause in the conditional sale agreement which states that the car can be repossessed at any time if the debtor defaults on a monthly instalment repayment. Steve, who is mowing his back garden lawn at the time, is very angry and that night he goes to the supplier’s garage, where the car is temporarily parked on their forecourt pending a decision as to its future, and using his set of keys takes the car back. Steve then decides to sell the car to his friend Mike who agrees over a pint in their local pub to pay him £2,000 cash for the car ‘no questions asked’. Steve intends to use this money to help pay off his debt to FYF. Unfortunately he is so drunk leaving the pub he loses the envelope with the £2,000 cash Mike has given him. When FYF demand Mike return ‘their’ car immediately he refuses saying that he bought the car in good faith.  Advise FYF. QUESTION 21 Betty decided to have a new kitchen installed. At Kitch Kitchens Ltd, she contracted to have the work done according to an agreed specification. She needed to borrow money to finance the new kitchen and, at Kitch Kitchens Ltd, she also signed a proposal form for a loan from Flash Finance. This was a loan of £5,000 to be paid direct to Kitch Kitchens and to be repaid by Betty by monthly instalments spread over five years. All documentation and other formalities required under the provisions of the Consumer Credit Act were observed in the making of the loan agreement. It is now three months since the new kitchen was installed and Betty has found that the new waste disposal unit is defective, the new cupboards are falling off the walls and the turbo-charged oven will never work properly, since it needs an outlet to the outside. Therefore, it must be installed immedi- ately in front of an outside wall, and Betty’s kitchen has no outside wall. It is going to cost £3,000 for Betty to get a substitute oven and to have the other matters put right. Kitch Kitchens Ltd is insolvent and has gone into liquidation.  (a) Advise Betty.  (b) Would your advice differ if the kitchen had a cash price of £50,000 and Betty had borrowed the money from Flash Finance? QUESTION 22 Andrew works as a debt adviser in a debt advice centre and has been approached by several clients in connection with disputes with their credit card company, the Excess Credit Card Company (‘Excess’): (a) Iain has used his Excess credit card to buy a Persian carpet from a dealer in Morocco while on holiday there. He has discovered a number of moth holes in the carpet and wishes to reject it on the grounds that it is not of satisfactory quality and recover his price and consequential damages. Excess have rejected his claim on the grounds that he was abroad when he used the card and has not attempted to pursue his claim against the retailer in the first instance. Further, as the Moroccan retailer has now gone out of business they will not be able to indemnify themselves if they have to compensate Iain. (b) Mark is refusing to pay his outstanding balance of £12,000 on his Excess credit card because Excess cannot supply him with a copy of the original agreement that Mark entered into in 1996. Mark has been sent by Excess copies of the standard terms and conditions in operation at the time instead. (c) David has purchased a vintage car for a cash price of £100,000, paying part of the price, £58,000, using his Excess platinum super credit card. The car has frequently broken down and David wishes to reject for breach of s 9 and s 10 of the Consumer Rights Act 2015 and recover his price. The vintage car firm have gone into liquidation and were not insured and Excess say that as the cash price of the card exceeds £30,000, s 75 of the CCA 1974 is inapplicable and they have no joint liability with the retailer under the section. (d) Suzannah bought a kettle for £60 which was described on the box as ‘super efficient and safe to use’ with her Excess credit card. Due to faulty wiring the kettle causes a fire and Suzannah’s kitchen is severely damaged and will cost an estimated £50,000 to restore. Suzannah has no property insurance and is claiming the money from Excess. QUESTION 23 The duties owed by agents to their principals may or may not be dictated by the express terms of the contracts between them.  Explain the duties of an agent in the context of this statement. QUESTION 24 (a) When is an agent entitled to claim commission? (b) Jessop engages Penny to sell Jessop’s ‘Supaclean’ industrial carpet-cleaning service. The terms of the contract specify that Penny may only give 14 days’ credit to purchas- ers, and provide for Penny to be paid 2% commission on all sales arranged by her. Penny negotiates contracts with Hamish and Timothy, incurring considerable travel- ling and subsistence expenses in order to do so. In her negotiations, Penny discloses her agency to Hamish, but not to Timothy. In addition, Penny agrees that Timothy can have 30 days’ credit. Penny communicates her dealings to Jessop and Jessop agrees to allow Timothy 30 days’ credit. Contracts are entered into between Jessop and Hamish, and Penny and Timothy, Jessop subsequently confirming the latter con- tract directly with Timothy. Subsequently, a dispute arises between Penny and Jessop, and Jessop refuses to supply the Supaclean service to Hamish and Timothy. Jessop also refuses to have any further dealings with Penny. Discuss the legal posi- tion of the parties involved. QUESTION 25 To what extent is it true to say that, once an agent has brought his principal and a third party into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out, and has no rights or liabilities as against the third party? QUESTION 26 Homes Ltd appoints Juliet to act as its agent in the sale and purchase of furniture for sale through its shops in England. Juliet is instructed to obtain the consent of the company’s board of directors before making any purchase above £15,000. Juliet has undertaken various actions. (a) SilentNite, a bed manufacturer, contacts Juliet offering to sell a consignment of beds. SilentNite is in financial difficulties and, therefore, offers the beds for £20,000, which represents a substantial discount on the normal price, but SilentNite requires an imme- diate decision. Juliet says, ‘I need to check with the company’s board for such a large transaction, but they usually back my opinion on such matters, especially in an emer- gency like this.’ Juliet, therefore, agrees to buy on behalf of Homes Ltd. The next day, SilentNite receives a better offer for the beds from another furniture retailer. SilentNite telephones Juliet and says it is withdrawing from the deal. That afternoon, the board of directors of Homes decides it wishes to go ahead with the purchase from SilentNite. (b) Juliet is offered, by Heritage Ltd, wardrobes for £10,000, which is the normal price. During negotiations, the sales manager of Heritage says to Juliet, ‘Once this deal goes through, you’ll be on the top of the list for a Christmas hamper which contains a voucher for a one-week all expenses paid caravan holiday.’ Juliet agrees to buy the wardrobes, but manages to persuade Heritage to agree to a price of £9,500. Later, she receives a Christmas hamper containing the holiday voucher from Heritage. When asked about this by the board of directors, Juliet strongly denies that she was influenced by the promise of a Christmas hamper. Juliet points out that Heritage wardrobes have always been popular with customers. (a) Juliet contracts to buy table lamps from a manufacturer in Estonia for £5,000. The lamps do not conform to safety standards and cannot be sold in England.  Advise Homes Ltd. QUESTION 27 On 1 April, Xavier, an art dealer in Manchester, appoints Rosalind as his agent in Liverpool and that same day, he sends a letter to FineArt Ltd, a company dealing in paintings in Liv- erpool, confirming Rosalind’s appointment and her authority to buy and sell pictures on his behalf. In fact, Rosalind is under an express instruction not to deal with any pictures alleged to have been painted by Lowry, because of the risk of forgery. On 10 May, Rosalind, purporting to act on behalf of Xavier, contracts with FineArt to buy from it The Floating Bridge, a genuine Lowry painting, for £470,000. On 12 May, Rosalind visits the office of Princeton Galleries and, without mentioning Xavier, contracts to sell it for £530,000. Rosalind intends to keep the profit from this transaction for herself. On 16 May, FineArt discovers what Rosalind is trying to do, and tells Xavier that it intends to withdraw from the contract and keep The Floating Bridge. On 17 May, Xavier purports to ratify Rosalind’s actions of 10 and 12 May.  Consider the rights and liabilities of all parties. QUESTION 28 Lillian, who owned a shop named ‘Lillian Fruits and Flowers’, sold the business earlier this year to Wilmslow, which appointed Lillian as manager and renamed the business ‘Lillian Flower Specialists’. A sign was put up stating ‘Under new management, part of the Wilmslow group’. Lillian knows that Wilmslow does not sell fruit at any of its business outlets. Lillian, however, continues to sell at the shop fruit grown in her own garden. Robert, who bought some strawberries from her, is claiming that the fruit was infected, causing him severe stomach pains which prevented him from working for two weeks. Robert is an architect and lost the opportunity to bid for a lucrative contract during that period. He is threatening to sue Wilmslow. Thomas, Lillian’s former landlord, accepts five bouquets of flowers in part-settlement of Lillian’s unpaid rent. Lillian is persuaded by Joanna on one occasion to sell some fairy cakes which she has baked. Joanna gives Lillian £10 for doing this.  Advise Wilmslow. QUESTION 29 Edward, the owner of a shop selling antique British goods, has several red telephone boxes for sale. Edward is an eccentric and is well known for his dislike of Americans. Regan, an American, knows that Edward is unlikely to sell a telephone box to him and therefore asks his friend, Nancy, to visit Edward’s shop and to purchase one of the telephone boxes on his behalf, promising to buy it from Nancy for 10% more than she paid for it. Nancy takes Edward out for lunch (the bill for which came to £30) and buys from him a telephone box for £300. She also agrees to buy an old chimney pot for £100. Regan is delighted with the tele- phone box and also wants to take up Nancy’s offer to sell the chimney pot for £120. Edward learns of Nancy’s association with Regan and purports to cancel both agreements.  Consider the rights and liabilities of all parties. QUESTION 30 In January, Pedro appoints Karen as the manager of his restaurant. He tells her not to buy dairy products from a new company, Celebrate & Co, because he has heard that its prod- ucts are of poor quality. In February, Barnaby, a representative of Celebrate & Co, visits the restaurant and as a result, Karen orders £100 worth of dairy products. Barnaby is unaware of Pedro’s instructions to Karen. When, later in the day, Pedro discovers what Karen has done, they have an argument and Karen resigns. The following day, Karen goes to Mages- tic Ltd, Pedro’s regular supplier of wines and spirits, and purchases three cases of whisky on credit in Pedro’s name. She then absconds with the whisky.  Advise Pedro as to his liability to Celebrate & Co and Magestic Ltd. QUESTION 31 In October 2015, Greene approached Elizabeth, New Business Manager of Experian Bank plc, seeking a loan of £200,000 to start up a business selling sportswear. Elizabeth told Greene that approval was needed from Head Office for loans over £100,000. She sought approval for him, but Greene’s application was rejected. In January 2016, Greene, together with his wife, Anne, again approach Elizabeth, this time seeking a loan of £150,000 to set up an Internet business selling sportswear. On 10 January 2016, Greene and Anne receive a letter from Elizabeth, addressed to them both, stating ‘I am pleased to inform you that your loan can proceed’ and asking them to call in to deal with the paperwork. In fact, the papers are made out in Greene’s name alone, since the loan is secured on property which is in his sole ownership. Anne resigns from her well-paid job as a lawyer so that she can devote her time to the new business. Before the money is paid, however, Experian Bank informs Greene that Elizabeth has agreed the loan without authorisation. Although they have in the recent past ratified some loans of more than £100,000 arranged by Elizabeth without authorisation, in this case they are not prepared to do so because of the risks involved in Internet businesses.  Advise Greene and Anne QUESTION 32 Aurelia enters into three separate contracts for the sale of 4,000 tons of pinto beans to Augustus, 5,000 tons of kidney beans to Marcus and 1,500 tons of mung beans to Caesar. Each contract calls for shipment in May, fob Southampton, and contains a clause permit- ting the buyer, on giving reasonable notice, to call for delivery at any time within the ship- ment period. On 5 May, Augustus informs Aurelia that he has nominated The Cavalry to take delivery of the consignment, ready to load on 11 May. Aurelia protests at the length of notice, and since she is not able to have the consignment packed in time, she pur- chases 4,000 tons of already-packed pinto beans from a third party at 5% above the normal market price. Aurelia is able to send the pinto beans to the docks at Southampton on 11 May. The Cavalry is not ready to load and Augustus nominates The Commius to take the consignment on 28 May. By this time, the pinto beans have deteriorated due to rain seeping through the packaging. Augustus refuses to load the consignment. On 8 May, Marcus nominates The Gaul and asks Aurelia to have the consignment ready to load on 20 May. The general market price of kidney beans has unexpectedly dropped by half since the contract was made. Owing to a strike at the farm, Aurelia is not able to send the kidney beans to the docks at Southampton until 23 May, and Marcus uses this as a reason for refusing to load the consignment. On 25 May, Caesar informs Aurelia that The Eurymedon will be ready to load on 30 May. When Aurelia tries to load the goods, she is informed that recent regulations require an export licence for the supply of mung beans in excess of 1,000 tons. Caesar refuses to accept a smaller quantity when asked by Aurelia. The contracts are governed by English law. QUESTION 33 Bridget agrees to sell to Gwen in Bristol 1,000 kilograms of anchovies packed in boxes, 25 kilograms in each box, fob Hamburg, payment by letter of credit on tender of documents to Birken Bank. The contract called for October shipment. On 3 October, Gwen nominates The Enterprise to take the goods and Bridget arranges for the consignment to arrive at the docks shortly afterwards. Gwen had not booked shipping space on The Enterprise but Bridget finally manages to persuade the master to take the goods on 31 October. The fol- lowing day, a fire breaks out on The Enterprise and the boxes containing the anchovies are wetted while the fire is being extinguished. The boxes are unloaded and repacked in boxes of 50 kilograms. They are reloaded on 2 November. The master of the ship issues a bill of lading for ‘20 x 50 kilograms anchovies shipped on 31 October’. When Bridget presents the documents to Birken Bank, she is refused payment on the ground that the bill of lading shows incorrect packaging. Bridget takes the bill of lading back to the master of The Enterprise, who agrees to have the anchovies repacked on the voyage and issues a fresh bill of 40 boxes of 25 kilograms of anchovies. When the boxes arrive in Bristol, Gwen discovers that the anchovies had been infected with fungus, causing the anchovies to deteriorate.  Advise the parties. Advise Aurelia. QUESTION 34 Cednex plc, wholesalers based in London, enters into two separate contracts for the pur- chase of 5,000 (3,000 superior models and 2,000 standard models) Blu-ray players cif London from Kanazawa (Japan) Ltd, and the purchase of 10,000 Selfie Jewellery kits fob Amsterdam from Glamclub. Both contracts called for September/October shipment and payment by irrevocable letter of credit at Saga Bank on presentation of the shipping docu- ments. The contract with Glamclub contained a clause requiring the Selfie Jewellery kits to be delivered in time to catch the Christmas trade. An irrevocable letter of credit in favour of Kanazawa (Japan) Ltd was opened on 5 Septem- ber and the bank paid on presentation of a received for shipment bill of lading, an insur- ance policy and an invoice. When the Blu-ray players arrived in London, the 2,000 standard models were immediately delivered to Precision Ltd, which had agreed to buy them from Cednex plc, and the superior models were transferred to Cednex’s warehouse. Three weeks later, Precision returned all 2,000 Blu-ray players on discovering that the electrical wiring was faulty. A revocable letter of credit in favour of Glamclub was opened on 27 August and the bank paid on presentation of the shipping documents, which included a bill of lading dated 31 October and a certificate of quality dated 1 November. The Selfie Jewellery kits arrived in London on 28 November but, due to a shortage of staff at the docks, Cednex plc was not notified of this until 26 December. Both contracts are governed by English law.  Advise Cednex plc as to its remedies QUESTION 35 Discuss the rights of the parties in all of the following situations: (a) Zeus bought a quantity of silk from Hades, a Belgian silk manufacturer, ‘cif South- ampton’. The contract did not stipulate the type of vessel to be used. Hades was unable to find a cargo ship, but knew that Zeus needed the silk urgently, and so sent it on a canal barge, which was not designed for sea journeys. As a result, the silk was damaged by sea water. (b) Zeus bought a quantity of wool from Poseidon ‘cif Bristol’. Poseidon bought the wool from Rhea, who claimed to have shipped it. Poseidon tendered to Zeus a bill of lading which recorded that the wool was on a ship called The Titans. When this ship arrived there was no wool on board, and it was discovered that no wool had ever been carried on the ship. (c) Zeus bought a quantity of cotton from Cronus, ‘cif London’. Shortly afterwards, Zeus found a cheaper supplier and so rejected the documents tendered by Cronus. When Cronus threatened to bring a claim, Zeus responded by correctly stating that when the cotton arrived it was not of satisfactory quality. QUESTION 36 Callaghan buys 3,000 tons of wheat germ from Heath, October shipment, cif Irani. Irani is a port in the Middle West where war has been raging continuously for many years. The wheat germ is put on board The Askari. On 27 October, the master, believing the loading will have been completed by the end of October, issues a bill of lading to Heath dated 31 October. In fact, loading was not completed until 1 November. The wheat germ is in good condition on shipment but deteriorates on the voyage and by the time the consignment arrives, the wheat germ is unsuitable for use in the manufac- ture of bread. The wheat germ would not have deteriorated on the voyage but for the fact that The Askari was forced to make a substantial detour in order to avoid hostile sub- marines which were known to be patrolling the area. Such detours are normal in the Middle West. The bill of lading contained a deviation clause. Heath tenders the bill of lading and a certificate of insurance (which is customary in the wheat germ trade). Callaghan discovers that the wheat germ is insured against ordinary marine risks, but not against war risks. The general market price of wheat germ has unexpectedly dropped.  Advise Callaghan as to whether he must accept the shipping documents. QUESTION 37 Pugwash agrees to buy 10,000 tons of garbanzo beans from Jake out of the 15,000 tons of garbanzo beans currently in Jake’s warehouse in Portsmouth, cif Hong Kong. Shortly afterwards, Jake sells to Barnabas the remaining 5,000 tons of garbanzo beans, fob Bristol, Jake to make the shipping arrangements to Hong Kong. Payment is to be in cash against shipping documents on both contracts. Jake ships all 15,000 tons on board The Flying Dustman and the cargo of garbanzo beans is put into two separate holds – 10,000 tons in hold No 1 and 5,000 tons in hold No 2. The master of The Flying Dustman is hesitant in signing clean bills of lading because he knows of the rumour that the garbanzo beans were suspect, having been lying in Jake’s ware- house for some time. The gossip is that the garbanzo beans are unlikely to be usable by the time the cargo arrives in Hong Kong. Nevertheless, he is persuaded by Jake and signs two clean bills of lading, one relating to hold No 1 and the other to hold No 2. Before the ship sails, the garbanzo beans are severely wetted due to an exceptionally heavy storm. Water penetrates into both holds due to inadequate sealing of the hatch covers. The master notes on both bills of lading as follows: ‘Cargo wetted by rain after shipment.’ After the ship sails, Jake tenders the bill of lading relating to hold No 1, with the insurance policy and the invoice, to Pugwash who, having now heard about the rumours regarding the garbanzo beans, refuses to pay on the ground that the bill of lading is not ‘clean’. Jake tenders the bill of lading relating to hold No 2 to Barnabas, who also refuses to pay on the ground that because he had not been given any information about the shipping arrange- ments, he had not taken out an insurance policy covering the sea transit.  Advise Pugwash and Barnabas as to their legal position. QUESTION 38 Brixton agreed to buy the following goods under separate contracts: (a) 1,000 tons of oats cif Antwerp from Angel; (b) 2,000 potatoes fob Yarmouth from Vauxhall; (c) 3,000 staves of Latvian timber cif Mumbai from Chelsea. Each contract stipulated for payment by irrevocable letter of credit at Southern Bank on presentation of the shipping documents, and called for shipment in August/September. The following events have occurred and you are asked to advise Brixton: (i) Angel has the oats ready to load by 10 September, but discovers that no credit has been opened and hence refuses to load. The credit was in fact opened on 28 Septem- ber, and although Angel begins to load the oats, loading was not completed until 1 October. The bank refused to pay against the shipping documents, which included the bill of lading showing a shipment of 1 October. (ii) Southern Bank informed Vauxhall that the credit was opened on 30 July. Brixton con- tacted Vauxhall to say that he wanted his local representative to inspect the pota- toes before shipment, but Vauxhall refused to allow the representative to do so. The bank paid on presentation of the shipping documents. On arrival of the vessel, the potatoes were found to have been damaged due to severe storms during the voyage. The shipment date was 10 August, but Brixton knew nothing of this. (iii) On 7 August, the Latvian authorities announced that the exportation of timber was prohibited as from 1 September. Since the market price for timber was rising, Chelsea used the prohibition announcement as an excuse for not being able to ship the con- tract goods. QUESTION 39 Watson ships 10,000 tons of rapeseed oil from Southampton to Hamburg via Antwerp on board The Bluenose. While the goods are afloat, Watson enters into the following three separate contracts: (a) to sell 5,000 tons of rapeseed oil to Charlotte cif Antwerp, payment to be made by letter of credit to be issued by Charlotte’s bank; (b) to sell 3,000 tons of rapeseed oil to George cif Hamburg, payment by cash against documents; (c) to sell 2,000 tons of rapeseed oil to Alice ex The Bluenose, payment in full in advance. The voyage between Antwerp and Hamburg is beset with difficulties and the master of The Bluenose informs Watson that 1,000 tons of rapeseed oil have been lost. Charlotte’s bank accepts a bill of exchange on tender of documents which include a delivery order for 5,000 tons of rapeseed oil, but Charlotte refuses to take delivery of the goods, claiming that the rapeseed oil is of inferior quality. Watson couriers the shipping documents to George, who rejects them because they included a delivery order indicating that 500 tons of rapeseed oil have been lost. Alice refuses to pay Watson because only 1,500 tons of rapeseed oil had been discharged at Hamburg.  Advise Watson.