Research Methods - AQA psychology A2 level (2022/2023) Already Graded A+

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Research Methods - AQA psychology A2 level (2022/2023) Already Graded A+ Empirical methods ✔✔A method of gaining knowledge which relies on direct observation or testing. Independent variable ✔✔A variable that is directly manipulated by the experimenter. Dependent variable ✔✔A measurable outcome of the action of the independent variable in an experiment. Replicability ✔✔If findings from a study are true it is possible to obtain the same findings if the study is repeated. Falsification ✔✔The attempt to prove something wrong. Peer review ✔✔the practice used by academic journals and research assessments of using experts to assess other experts. Laboratory experiment ✔✔Experiments carried out in a controlled setting. Field experiment ✔✔A controlled experiment that is conducted outside a laboratory. Natural experiment ✔✔A research method in which the experimenter cannot manipulate the independent variable directly, but where it varies naturally. Content analysis ✔✔A kind of observational study in which behaviour is observed indirectly in written or verbal material. Reliability ✔✔A measure of consistency within a set of scores or items and also over time to obtain the same results on subsequent occasions. Internal reliability ✔✔A measure of the extent to which something is consistent with itself. External reliability ✔✔A calculation of the extent to which a measure varies from another measure of the same thing over time. Validity ✔✔Refers to legitimacy of a study, the extent to which the findings can be applied beyond the research setting. Internal validity ✔✔Whether a study has tested what it set out to test. External validity ✔✔The degree to which a research finding can be generalised to other settings. Opportunity sample ✔✔A sample of participants produced by selecting people who are most easily available at the time of the study. Volunteer sample ✔✔A sampling technique that relies solely on volunteers to make up the sample. Random sample ✔✔A group of participants selected using a random technique so that every member of the target population has an equal chance. Type 1 error ✔✔Rejecting a null hypothesis that is true. Type 2 error ✔✔Accepting a null hypothesis that is false. Spearman's Rho ✔✔Statistical test used when the hypothesis states a correlation with ordinal or interval data. Chi-squared ✔✔Statistical test used when the hypothesis states a difference , with independent groups and nominal data. Mann-Whitney U ✔✔Statistical test used when the hypothesis states a difference , with independent groups and ordinal or interval data. Wilcoxon T ✔✔Statistical test used when when the hypothesis states a difference, with matched pairs or repeated measures with ordinal or interval data. Qualitative data ✔✔Data that expresses the 'quality' of things. Cannot be counted or quantified. Quantitative data ✔✔Data that represents a number of something. Correlational analysis ✔✔Determining the extent of a relationship between two variables.

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