Psychology A Level – Attachment Questions and Answers 100% Pass

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Psychology A Level – Attachment Questions and Answers 100% Pass What is Attachment and its importance? ✔✔Attachment - The emotional bond between 2 people. It's a two-way process. Importance - ... Babies are born altricial (born at early stage in development), bonds are crucial to be formed for adults to protect and nurture them. Precocial animals are born at advanced stages of development. Short-term - survival. Long-term - emotional relationships. What is Reciprocity? + Psychologist description of it. ✔✔Reciprocity - Caregiver + Infant respond to each other's signal and each elicits a response from the other. E.g. Smiling triggering a smile in the caregiver - social releaser. It becomes like a conversation rhythm - Brazelton 1979 believed this rhythm as important for later communications where behaviours are adapted to respond accordingly. What is Interactional Synchrony? ✔✔Interactional Synchrony - Caregiver + Infant reflect the actions and emotions of the other and they do this in a coordinated, synchronised way. A dance between caregiver and infant. Who researched into Interactional Synchrony + description of the study? ✔✔Meltzoff & Moore 1977 - An association was found between the expression/gesture the caregiver displays and the infant (interactional synchrony). Procedure: Controlled Observation with 4 stimuli made by adult (3 faces, 1 gesture) and observed infant response. Each observer watched twice (things like tongue out and in, mouth opening and closing) for intra-observer + there was inter-observer reliability - scored 0.92+. Findings: Infants as young as 2-3 weeks showed signs of imitations (3 days old in a later study 1983). Imitation isn't learned it's innate - an innate drive to communicate with caregiver for attachment. Evaluation Points for Caregiver-Infant Interactions (4)? ✔✔- High reliability: Meltzoff & Moore had reliability of 0.92+ in the inter-observer correlation co-efficient, lack of subjectivity or bias + trusted. Difficult to Measure: Behavioural categories in M&M (opening and closing of mouth) hard to measure as it is a fairly consistent behaviour anyway through breathing, unable to ask infant why they opened their mouth. Lack of internal validity. Isabella et al: Observed 30 mothers + infants assessing degree of synchrony. High levels of synchrony associated with quality of mother-infant attachment. Contrasting Evidence: Koepke et al 1983 - failed to replicate findings, Piaget questioned whether infant is repeating rewarding behaviour rather than mirroring caregiver. M&M's study is vague, unable to answer this question, less useful. What did Schaffer & Emerson find out about Attachments to Fathers? ✔✔Schaffer & Emerson found majority attach first to mother then weeks/months later form secondary attachments with father/other family members. 75% infants formed attachment to father by 18 months (shown by separation protest). Role of the Father - Less likely to become primary attachment figure (less time spent with infant). What did Grossman find out to do with Father Attachment? ✔✔- Grossman - Longitudinal study found fathers have a different role in attachment, m [Show More]

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