Edexcel GCSE Psychology - The Self Latest 2023 Graded A+

Edexcel GCSE Psychology - The Self Latest 2023 Graded A+ Self concept ✔✔how you see yourself based on how others see us and own beliefs Self actualisation ✔✔achieving one's full potential and what we can become Self ...

Edexcel GCSE Psychology - The Self Latest 2023 Graded A+ Self concept ✔✔how you see yourself based on how others see us and own beliefs Self actualisation ✔✔achieving one's full potential and what we can become Self esteem ✔✔how we value ourselves ideal self ✔✔how we would like to be true (real) self ✔✔who we actually are Self image ✔✔how we see our selves Congruence ✔✔ideal self and self image are similar and self actualization is possible Incongruence ✔✔ideal self and self image are different and self actualization is difficult Well adjusted personality ✔✔ideal self, self image, true self, aligning Mal adjusted personality ✔✔ideal self, self image and true self not aligning with self concept Conditions of worth ✔✔according to Rogers, expectations we place on ourselves for appropriate and inappropriate behavior Conditional positive regard ✔✔there are conditions for someone to be accepted or loved Unconditional positive regard ✔✔accepting and supporting someone no matter what they say or do Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust ✔✔• 0-1; most fundamental stage in life b/c an infant is utterly dependent, TRUST VS. MISTRUST; no one develops 100% Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt ✔✔• 1-3; early childhood - children developing AUTONOMY • TOILET TRAINING (food choices, toy preferences, & clothing) vital to process b/c learning to CONTROL BODY FUNCTIONS & CHOICE leads to feeling of control & indepen. • balance = will Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt ✔✔• 3-5; preschool kids begin to ASSERT POWER & CONTROL over the world THROUGH PLAY & SOCIAL INTERACTIONS; CONFIDENT can lead others • balance = purpose Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority ✔✔5-12 years Can I keep trying? Perseverance Capacity to work, to problem solve Teachers play a big role Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion ✔✔12-18 years Who am I? Family, friends, teachers, coaches, mentors Where do I fit in? What do I want to do? What do I believe? Answering these questions for yourself leads to knowing who you are Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation ✔✔-18 to 40 years -how do I love? -how do I want to be loved? -what do relationships mean to me? -romantic relationships and friendships -commitment Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation ✔✔(40 - 65) - Marriage/Parenthood - Working cooperatively and productively becomes most important rather than independent goals Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair ✔✔- old age, 65-85 -How have I lived my life? -Finding the meaning in one's life - going within Strengths of Erikson's Psychosocial Theory ✔✔- applied to people all throughout their lives - Practical application Weaknesses of Erikson's Psychosocial Theory ✔✔- diff cultures have diff age development - gender stereotyping Free will ✔✔ability to choose exactly what type of behaviour we want to show Determinism ✔✔our actions come from what we are born with and what we experience Hard determinism ✔✔the belief that crime results from forces beyond the control of the individual Soft determinism ✔✔the belief that human behavior is the result of choices and decisions made within a context of situational constraints and opportunities strengths of Free will theory - Baumeister ✔✔- can be measured - scientific experiments (vohs and schooler) weaknesses of free will theory - Baumeister ✔✔- reduces free will to small measurable behaviours - evidence that randomness may be mistaken for free will Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs ✔✔physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, selfactualization Strengths of Maslow's theory ✔✔- Uses positive psychology - helps build positive culture weaknesses of Maslow's theory ✔✔- focus on western culture - not really measurable Internal influences on self (and self esteem) ✔✔- Temperament (emotions and self control) biological aspect - affects self-concept Effortful control - self-regulation Persistence Effortful control ✔✔using reasoned effort to control actions and thoughts External influence on Self (and self esteem) ✔✔- Experiences - influence of parents and how others see us Self efficacy ✔✔An individual's belief we can achieve a certain task Self ✔✔organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions Trait theory of personality ✔✔we are made up of traits which are characteristics on a continuum Type theory of personality ✔✔personalities are sets of distinct qualities and dispositions into which people can be grouped (we are either 1 thing or another thing) Cardinal traits (allport) ✔✔rare traits that govern us strongly Central traits (allport) ✔✔more common - less strong traits secondary traits (Allport) ✔✔traits we have but don't always show Catell Personality theory ✔✔16 personality traits that we all possess Big 5 Personality Traits ✔✔O - Openness C - Conscientiousness E - Extraversion A - Agreeableness N - Neuroticism (tendency to feel depressed) Likert-type scale ✔✔A scale where a person can rate their level of agreement to a statement existential self ✔✔awareness that you are separate from others Categorical self ✔✔awareness that we are seen by others by means of categories Identity ✔✔who or what someone or something is 16PF ✔✔a personality test based on peoples own judgement of themselves on 16 factors factor analysis ✔✔using statistical analysis to find overarching patterns