GCSE Psychology: Research Methods Questions and Answers 100% Pass

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GCSE Psychology: Research Methods Questions and Answers 100% Pass Independent variable ✔✔The factor which is changed by the researcher in an experiment to make two or more conditions. Dependen ... t variable ✔✔The factor which is measured in an experiment. Laboratory Experiment ✔✔A highly controlled method which measures participants' performance in two or more conditions. Experimental design ✔✔The way that participants are used in different conditions in an experiment. They may do all conditions or different participants may do each condition. Independent groups design ✔✔Different participants are used in each condition in an experiment Repeated measures design ✔✔Each participant takes part in every condition under test. Hypothesis ✔✔A testable statement (of the difference between the conditions in an experiment). This is rejected if not enough evidence is found and the null is accepted. Controls ✔✔Ways to keep variables constant in all conditions of an experiment. Mode ✔✔An average that is the most common score in a set. Descriptive statistics ✔✔Ways to summarise results from a study. This could be a measure of central tendency or spread of data. Bar chart ✔✔A graph with separate bars. usually there is one bar for each condition in an experiment. Median ✔✔An average that is the middle number in a set of scores when they are put in order from smallest to largest. Mean ✔✔An average that is calculated by adding up the scores in a set and dividing by the number of scores Range ✔✔A way to show how spread out a set of results is by looking and the biggest and smallest scores. Ethical issues ✔✔Potential psychological or physical risks for people in experiments. Informed consent ✔✔An individual's right to know what will happen in an experiment, and its aims, before agreeing to participate. Right to withdraw ✔✔A participant's right to leave a study at any time Ethical guidelines ✔✔Advice to help psychologists solve ethical issues. Case Study ✔✔A research method studying an individual or a small group and gathering indepth and detailed information using various methods Qualitative data ✔✔Data involving stories or attitudes, data is descriptive language rather than statistics Valid ✔✔Refers to findings of studies and means that they are about real-life situations, real-life behaviour or feelings that are real. Generalisable ✔✔Refers to findings of studies and whether they can be true of other people (who were not studied in the experiment) Subjective ✔✔Where the researcher's view is somehow affecting the information that is gathered Objective ✔✔Where the researcher's views do not affect the information that is gathered. Aim ✔✔A statement of what the study is being carried out to find. Quantitative data ✔✔Data involving numbers and statistics, such as percentages. Reliability ✔✔Refers to whether findings from a study would be found again if the study was repeated. A study is reliable if the findings are replicated in a different method.. Privacy ✔✔An ethical guideline for studies that involve people as participants, which ensure that their names must not be recorded and they must not be identifiable. Confidentiality ✔✔An ethical guideline for studies that involve people as participants, which ensures that information gained must not be shared with others without permission. Opportunity sampling ✔✔A fast but not very representative method of recruiting participants Random sampling ✔✔Time consuming but representative sample of all participants in the target population. Very difficult to achieve (informed consent from random ppts) Stratified sampling ✔✔Taking a selection of people from important layers of your population to get a very representative sample. Systematic sampling ✔✔Asking every Nth person on a list of your target population to take part. Requires a list of all target population Normal distribution curve ✔✔Most people fall in the centre, smaller numbers of people towards the edge, creating a bell shape graph Scatter graph ✔✔Two variables on x and y axes and points plotted to find a correlation. Used with ordinal/interval data (numbers on a scale, e.g score on a test) Null hypothesis ✔✔A statement that the IV will have no effect on the DV. This is rejected if there is support for the alternate hypothesis. X axis ✔✔Independent variable goes here on a graph of your results Y axis ✔✔Dependent variable goes here on a graph of your results central tendency ✔✔a measure that represents the typical response or the behavior of a group as a whole. mean, median, mode spread of data distribution ✔✔a measure of the amount of variability, or how "spread out" a set of data is. structured interview ✔✔a research procedure in which all participants are asked to answer the same questions in the same order unstructured interview ✔✔An interview in which the question-answer sequence is spontaneous, open-ended, and flexible. questionnaire data ✔✔from people's responses (on paper, online, by post or verbally filled in) about attitudes, awareness, intentions, behaviors. positive correlation ✔✔two variables change in the same direction, both becoming either larger or smaller negative correlation ✔✔a relationship between two variables in which one variable increases when the other decreases Scatter graph ✔✔Graphs which show how two sets of data are related to each other. 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