PATHO 3129: Pathophysiology Review for Exam 1, Answered-1. Know the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
a. Prokaryotes –
i. Bacteria and Archaea
ii. no nucleus (single, circular chromosome)
iii. genes not
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PATHO 3129: Pathophysiology Review for Exam 1, Answered-1. Know the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
a. Prokaryotes –
i. Bacteria and Archaea
ii. no nucleus (single, circular chromosome)
iii. genes not surrounded by a membrane
iv. cell walls composed of a polysaccharide called peptidoglycan, though some bacteria lack cell walls
v. smaller than eukaryotes
vi. Lack histones (they coil stuff)
vii. live singly, in pairs, chains, or clusters
viii. enjoy moist environments like Yellowstone National Park
b. Eukaryotes –
i. Fungi and Yeasts
ii. Cells contain a nucleus, or nuclear membrane that surrounds their DNA
iii. Fungi obtain food from other organisms
iv. Microscopic fungi are molds
1. Grow as long intertwined filaments
v. Yeasts are unicellular
1. Reproduce asexually by budding.
2. Eukaryotic organelles are specialized structures that act like tiny organs to carry on the various cell functions.
a. Nucleus – the largest organelle and usually the only one visible via microscope.
i. The cell’s genetic control center
ii. Shelters the DNA
iii. RBC’s do not have a nucleus.
iv. RNA made in nucleus but leaves
v. Nucleoplasm found in the nucleus
b. Mitochondria –
i. Cell power house
ii. ATP synthesis
iii. Round or bean-shaped
iv. Responsible for cellular respiration
c. Endoplasmic reticulum –
i. synthesizes steroids and other lipids, manufactures all cell membranes.
ii. Smooth
1. Tubular, branch more extensively, no Ribosomes.
2. Detoxifies alcohol (liver and kidneys)
iii. Rough
1. Parallel, flattened sacs with Ribosomes
d. Peroxisome –
i. Provides the peroxide
ii. Contain enzymes for detoxifying free radicals, alcohol, other drugs
iii. Oxidizes fatty acids
e. Golgi apparatus
i. The cell post office – it receives, sorts, and packages proteins.
ii. Synthesizes carbohydrates and finishes protein and glycoprotein synthesis.
f. Lysosome –
i. membrane bounded enzymes “package” that digest cell components to recycle nutrients - autophagy
g. Plasma membrane
i. Involved in intracellular communication
ii. Regulates material exchange between cytoplasm and extracellular fluid
iii. Prevents escape of cell contents
h. Ribosome –
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