NSG 5003 Midterm (2018): Advanced pathophysiology: South University

What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential to initiate an action potential? Potassium gates open and potassium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive *Sodi ...

What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential to initiate an action potential? Potassium gates open and potassium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive *Sodium gates open and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive. Sodium gates close, allowing potassium into the cell to change the membrane potential from positive to negative. Potassium gates close, allowing sodium into the cell to change the membrane potential from positive to negative. Question 2 (5 points) What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury? *Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis. Influx of potassium ions into the mitochondria occurs, halting the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Edema of the Golgi body occurs, preventing the transport of proteins out of the cell. Shift of calcium out of the plasma membrane occurs, destroying the cytoskeleton. Question 3 (5 points) In hypoxic injury, sodium enters the cell and causes swelling because: The cell membrane permeability increases for sodium during periods of hypoxia. *Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is insufficient to maintain the pump that keeps sodium out of the cell. The lactic acid produced by the hypoxia binds with sodium in the cell. Sodium cannot be transported to the cell membrane during hypoxia. Question 4 (5 points) What mechanisms occur in the liver cells as a result of lipid accumulation? Obstruction of the common bile duct, preventing the flow of bile from the liver to the gallbladder *Increased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids and decreased synthesis of apoproteins Increased binding of lipids with apoproteins to form lipoproteins Increased conversion of fatty acids to phospholipids Question 5 (5 points) Which solution is best to use when cleaning a wound that is healing by 101. During an Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, the degranulation of mast cells is a result of which receptor action? *Histamine bound to H2 Chemotactic factor binding to the receptor Epinephrine bound to mast cells Acetylcholine bound to mast cells Question 6 (5 points) What is the mechanism that results in type II hypersensitivity reactions? Antibodies coat mast cells by binding to receptors that signal its degranulation, followed by a discharge of preformed mediators. Antibodies bind to soluble antigens that were released into body fluids, and the immune complexes are then deposited in the tissues. Cytotoxic T (Tc) lymphocytes or lymphokine-producing helper T 1 (Th1) cells directly attack and destroy cellular targets. *Antibodies bind to the antigens on the cell surface. Question 7 (5 points) Type III hypersensitivity reactions are a result of which of the following? Antibodies coating mast cells by binding to receptors that signal its degranulation, followed by the discharge of preformed mediators *Antibodies binding to soluble antigens that were released into body fluids and the immune complexes being deposited in the tissues Cytotoxic T (Tc) cells or lymphokine-producing helper T 1 (Th1) cells directly attacking and destroying cellular targets Antibodies binding to the antigen on the cell surface Question 8 (5 points) Tissue damage caused by the deposition of circulating immune complexes containing an antibody against the host deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the cause of which disease? Hemolytic anemia Pernicious anemia *Systemic lupus erythematosus Myasthenia gravis Question 9 (5 points) Why does tissue damage occur in acute rejection after organ transplantation? *Th1 cells release cytokines that activate infiltrating macrophages, and cytotoxic T (Tc) cells directly attack the endothelial cells of the transplanted tissue. Circulating immune complexes are deposited in the endothelial cells of transplanted tissue, where the complement cascade lyses tissue. Receptors on natural killer (NK) cells recognize antigens on the cell surface of the transplanted tissue, which releases lysosomal enzymes that destroy tissue. Antibodies coat the surface of the transplanted tissue to which mast cells bind and liberate preformed chemical mediators that destroy tissue. Save Question 10 (5 points) Oncogenes are genes that are capable of: *Undergoing mutation that directs the synthesis of proteins to accelerate the rate of tissue proliferation Directing synthesis of proteins to regulate growth and to provide necessary replacement of tissue Encoding proteins that negatively regulate the synthesis of proteins to slow or halt the replacement of tissue Undergoing mutation that directs malignant tissue toward blood vessels and lymph nodes for metastasis Question 11 (5 points) After the baroreceptor reflex is stimulated, the resulting impulse is transmitted from the carotid artery by which sequence of events? From the vagus nerve to the medulla to increase parasympathetic activity and to decrease sympathetic activity From the glossopharyngeal cranial nerve through the vagus nerve to the medulla to increase sympathetic activity and to decrease parasympathetic activity *From the glossopharyngeal cranial nerve through the vagus nerve to the medulla to increase parasympathetic activity and to decrease sympathetic activity From the glossopharyngeal cranial nerve through the vagus nerve to the hypothalamus to increase parasympathetic activity and to decrease sympathetic activity Question 12 (5 points) Regarding the endothelium, what is the difference between healthy vessel walls and those that promote clot formation? *Inflammation and roughening of the endothelium of the artery Hypertrophy and vasoconstriction of the endothelium of the artery Excessive clot formation and lipid accumulation in the endothelium of the artery Evidence of age-related changes that weaken the endothelium of the artery Question 13 (5 points) What is the expected electrocardiogram (ECG) pattern when a thrombus in a coronary artery permanently lodges in the vessel and the infarction extends through the myocardium from the endocardium to the epicardium? Prolonged QT interval *ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) ST depression myocardial infarction (STDMI) Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (non-STEMI) Question 14 (5 points) A patient reports sudden onset of severe chest pain that radiates to the back and worsens with respiratory movement and when the patient is lying down. These clinical manifestations describe: Myocardial infarction (MI) Pericardial effusion Restrictive pericarditis *Acute pericarditis Question 15 (5 points) Respirations that are characterized by alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing are a result of which respiratory mechanism? *Decreased blood flow to the medulla oblongata Increased partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2), decreased acid-base balance (pH), and decreased partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) Stimulation of stretch or J-receptors Fatigue of the intercostal muscles and diaphragm Question 16 (5 points) Which cytokines activated in childhood asthma produce an allergic response? IL-1, IL-2, and interferon-alpha (IFN-α) L-8, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor–alpha (TNF-α) IL-4, IL-10, and colony-stimulating factor (CSF) *IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 Question 17 (5 points) Which statement accurately describes childhood asthma? *An obstructive airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperreactivity, and inflammation A pulmonary disease characterized by severe hypoxemia, decreased pulmonary compliance, and diffuse densities on chest X-ray imaging A pulmonary disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein, producing viscous mucus that lines the airways, the pancreas, the sweat ducts, and the vas deferens An obstructive airway disease characterized by atelectasis and increased pulmonary resistance as a result of a surfactant deficiency Improvement on a trial of asthma medication Question 18 (5 points) Which statement best describes cystic fibrosis? Obstructive airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperreactivity, and inflammation Respiratory disease characterized by severe hypoxemia, decreased pulmonary compliance, and diffuse densities on chest X-ray imaging *A pulmonary disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein, producing viscous mucus that obstructs the airways, the pancreas, the sweat ducts, and the vas deferens A pulmonary disorder characterized by atelectasis and increased pulmonary resistance as a result of a surfactant deficiency Question 19 (5 points) What are the abnormalities in cytokines found in children with cystic fibrosis? A deficit of IL-1 and an excess of IL-4, IL-12, and interferon-alpha (IFN-α) A deficit of IL-6 and an excess of IL-2, IL-8, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) *A deficit of IL-10 and an excess of IL-1, IL-8, and TNF-α A deficit of IL-3 and an excess of IL-14, IL-24, and colony-stimulating factor (CSF) Question 20 (5 points) Examination of the throat in a child demonstrating signs and symptoms of acute epiglottitis may contribute to which life-threatening complication? Retropharyngeal abscess *Laryngospasms Rupturing of the tonsils Gagging induced aspiration Question 21 (5 points) Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases? *Cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease Renal diseases, such as acute tubular necrosis and glomerulonephritis Gastrointestinal diseases, such as peptic ulcer disease and Crohn disease Muscular diseases, such as muscular dystrophy and fibromyalgia Question 22 (5 points) What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria? Enzymatic digestion halts deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis. *Influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Edema from an influx in sodium causes a reduction in ATP production. Potassium shifts out of the mitochondria, which destroys the infrastructure. Question 23 (5 points) In addition to osmosis, what force is involved in the movement of water between the plasma and interstitial fluid spaces? Oncotic pressure Buffering Net filtration *Hydrostatic pressure Question 24 (5 points) Venous obstruction is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure? *Capillary hydrostatic Interstitial hydrostatic Capillary oncotic Interstitial oncotic Question 25 (5 points) At the arterial end of capillaries, fluid moves from the intravascular space into the interstitial space because: The interstitial hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary hydrostatic pressure. *The capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure. The interstitial oncotic pressure is higher than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure. The capillary oncotic pressure is lower than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure. Question 26 (5 points) Secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the perception of thirst are stimulated by: A decrease in serum sodium *An increase in plasma osmolality An increase in the glomerular filtration rate A decrease in osmoreceptor stimulation Question 27 (5 points) Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing because of which problem? The circulatory system cannot adequately perfuse tissues. Complement and chemotaxis are deficient. *Underlying chronic illnesses exist. The number of mast cells is insufficient. Question 28 (5 points) Lead poisoning affects the nervous system by: *Interfering with the function of neurotransmitters Inhibiting the production of myelin around the nerves Increasing the resting membrane potential Altering the transport of potassium into the nerves Question 29 (5 points) Carbon monoxide causes tissue damage by: Competing with carbon dioxide so that it cannot be excreted *Binding to hemoglobin so that it cannot carry oxygen Destroying the chemical bonds of hemoglobin so it cannot carry oxygen Removing iron from hemoglobin so it cannot carry oxygen Question 30 (5 points) Which statement is true regarding the difference between subdural hematoma and epidural hematoma? No difference exists, and these terms may be correctly used interchangeably. A subdural hematoma occurs above the dura, whereas an epidural hematoma occurs under the dura. *A subdural hematoma is often the result of shaken baby syndrome, whereas an epidural hematoma rapidly forms as a result of a skull fracture. A subdural hematoma usually forms from bleeding within the skull, such as an aneurysm eruption, whereas an epidural hematoma occurs from trauma outside the skull, such as a blunt force trauma. Question 31 (5 points) What physiologic change occurs during heat exhaustion? *Hemoconcentration occurs because of the loss of salt and water. Cramping of voluntary muscles occurs as a result of salt loss. Thermoregulation fails because of high core temperatures. Subcutaneous layers are damaged because of high core temperatures. Question 32 (5 points) Hemoprotein accumulations are a result of the excessive storage of: *Iron, which is transferred from the cells to the bloodstream Hemoglobin, which is transferred from the bloodstream to the cells Albumin, which is transferred from the cells to the bloodstream Amino acids, which are transferred from the cells to the bloodstream Question 33 (5 points) Hemosiderosis results in what substance being stored in excess as hemosiderin in cells of many organs and tissues? Hemoglobin Ferritin *Iron Transferrin Question 34 (5 points) What two types of hearing loss are associated with noise? *Acoustic trauma and noise induced High frequency and low frequency High frequency and acoustic trauma Noise induced and low frequency Question 35 (5 points) What type of necrosis results from ischemia of neurons and glial cells? Coagulative *Liquefactive Caseous Gangrene Question 36 (5 points) During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because: Potassium moves out of the cell, and potassium and sodium are inversely related. *The pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function because of a decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels. The osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional sodium across the cell membrane. Oxygen is not available to bind with sodium to maintain it outside of the cell. Question 37 (5 points) In decompression sickness, emboli are formed by bubbles of: Oxygen *Nitrogen Carbon monoxide Hydrogen Question 38 (5 points) What is an example of compensatory hyperplasia? *Hepatic cells increase cell division after part of the liver is excised. Skeletal muscle cells atrophy as a result of paralysis. The heart muscle enlarges as a result of hypertension. The size of the uterus increases during pregnancy. Question 39 (5 points) Current research has determined that chemical-induced cellular injury: Affects the permeability of the plasma membrane *Is often the result of the damage caused by reactive free radicals Is rarely influenced by lipid peroxidation Seldom involves the cell’s organelles Question 40 (5 points) What is the inflammatory effect of nitric oxide? It increases capillary permeability and causes pain. It increases neutrophil chemotaxis and platelet aggregation. It causes smooth muscle contraction and fever. *It decreases mast cell function and decreases platelet aggregation.