NLN Practice Test Science Pax Exam All 227 Questions with Answers 2023,100% CORRECT

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NLN Practice Test Science Pax Exam All 227 Questions with Answers 2023 An organism with chloroplast in its cell is probably a - CORRECT ANSWER autotroph autotrophs - CORRECT ANSWER are organ ... isms that produce their own food from inorganic substances, plants are autotrophs heterotrophs - CORRECT ANSWER obtain their food by consuming plants or other animals. They are also referred to as consumers. Primary consumers may be herbivores herbivores - CORRECT ANSWER plant eaters omnivores - CORRECT ANSWER plant and meat eaters Secondary consumers - CORRECT ANSWER are carnivores, meat eaters, or omnivores that eat herbivores. Tertiary consumers are carnivores that eat - CORRECT ANSWER other carnivores or omnivores. What property of water allows someone to fill a glass slightly above the rim without the water flowing over? - CORRECT ANSWER surface tension Water molecules are polar. This is due to the fact that oxygen draws the electrons in the molecule toward itself. Thus, there is a negative charge surrounding the oxygen and a positive charge around the hydrogen. The unbalanced charges cause the water molecules to cluster, and this gives the water the properties called surface tension. Surface tension is the the attraction between molecules at the surface of a liquid, which allows a glass to be filled above the rim without the water flowing over. The gap between the neurons are called - CORRECT ANSWER synapses Which group of chemicals are not normally found in most living things? - CORRECT ANSWER silicates Carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) are all very important chemicals in living things. Silicates examples are in sand and glass The alimentary canal is associated with the - CORRECT ANSWER the whole passage along which food passes through the body from mouth to anus. It includes the esophagus, stomach, and intestines. digestive tract The numerous villi in the small intestine serve to - CORRECT ANSWER provide greater surface area for absorption As light passes obliquely from air to water, it is bent. The bending is called - CORRECT ANSWER refraction refraction is the bending of light as it passes obliquely from one medium to another, in this case from air to water. The speed of light wave changes changes when it changes media. When the light wave enters the second medium at an oblique angle, it changes direction; the light wave is bent. diffraction - CORRECT ANSWER refers to the spreading of light waves as they pass through a narrow opening reflection - CORRECT ANSWER occurs when light bounces off an object. dispersion - CORRECT ANSWER occurs when light is separated into its spectrum Which of the following organelles is not involved in protein synthesis? - CORRECT ANSWER mitochondrion To be absorbed by cells, proteins must be changed into - CORRECT ANSWER amino acids A neuron that transmits impulses from the receptors to the spinal cord is called - CORRECT ANSWER a sensory neuron Potential energy can be thought of a function of height. Since total energy is always conserved, the kinetic energy is at its maximum when the potential is at its minimum. - CORRECT ANSWER or at the bottom of the incline. Which group of organisms can helps prevent the accumulation of organic wastes in nature? - CORRECT ANSWER mosses is an algae the correct answer is bacteria = bacteria comprise the decomposer portion of the food chain. They are responsible for recycling organic material into inorganic material that plants can use to undergo photosynthesis. As the eardrum is made to vibrate more rapidly, the sound is perceived as - CORRECT ANSWER higher in pitch high pitch sounds are heard when the receptor cells closer to the oval window are stimulated, and low-pitch sounds result from the stimulation of the cells that are farther down the cochlea. The more rapid the vibration is, the higher the pitch In a field of pure white asters, a grower noticed a single blue aster. How could the grower test whether this change affected the gamete-producing cells of the plant? - CORRECT ANSWER self-pollinate the flower, and plant the resulting seeds. Self pollination would allow the plant to produce gametes sperm and eggs that would unite and form seeds. Observing the color of the plants from these seeds would allow the planter to determine whether this change occurred at the level of the gametes. A human egg will develop into a female if it is fertilized by a sperm containing - CORRECT ANSWER XX chromosome XY - male` In a food chain involving grass, grasshoppers, birds, and mammals, the original source of energy is - CORRECT ANSWER sunlight Which of the following is an neutralization reaction? H2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 ---> 2H2O + CaCO3 Is an reaction between an acid (carbonic acid) and a base [Ca(OH)2] to form water and a salt. - CORRECT ANSWER A reaction that removes essentially all H+ and OH- In the context of a chemical reaction the term neutralization is used for a reaction between an acid and a base acid + base → salt + water Acids are ionic compounds ( a compound with a positive or negative charge) that break apart in water to form a hydrogen ion (H+). Example: HCl (Hydrochloric acid) in water *Bases are ionic compounds that break apart to form a negatively charged hydroxide ion (OH-) in water. Example: NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide-a strong base) in water When oxygen goes from air in the lungs into the blood, it does so by - CORRECT ANSWER diffusion Which of the following organs controls the amount of calcium in the blood? parathyroid - CORRECT ANSWER They produce parathyroid hormone. Parathyroid hormone (PTH, parathormone) works antagonistically with calcitonin, which is produced in the thyroid gland. When calcium levels in the blood are low, PTH causes bone cells to break down and release calcium. When calcium levels are high, calcitonin causes calcium to deposit onto the bones. pituitary gland - CORRECT ANSWER located under the brain hormones: growth-stimulating hormones, follicle stimulating hormones (FSH) thyroid - stimulating hormones function: master gland, controls other endocrine glands thyroid gland - CORRECT ANSWER location: on the trachea, in the neck region hormones: thyroxin (iodine -containing compound) function: regulates metabolism parathyroid gland - CORRECT ANSWER location: behind the thyroid gland hormones: parathormone function: regulates calcium metabolism adrenal gland - CORRECT ANSWER location: on the kidneys hormones: adrenaline. steroids (cortisone) function: so-called flight or fight hormone, regulate water balance, blood pressure, joint articulation. isles of Langerhans - CORRECT ANSWER location: pancreas hormones: insulin, glucagon function: control storage of sugar in liver and blood level sugar testes male glands - CORRECT ANSWER location: male scrotum hormones: testosterone function: male secondary sex characteristics ovaries female glands - CORRECT ANSWER location: pelvic region hormones: estrogen and progesterone function: female secondary sex characteristics, menstrual cycle Which of the following organs has the added function of producing digestive enzymes? - CORRECT ANSWER the pancreas produces enzymes that take part in digestion. In addition, the pancreas produces hormones insulin and glucagon A reading on the Celsius scale is 5 degrees. On the Fahrenheit scale, the reading would be closest to - CORRECT ANSWER Which of the following represents an alcohol? - CORRECT ANSWER CH3COOH An alcohol is usually represented by structurally by the presence of an OH group attached to a hydrocarbon. The presence of a COOH group represents a carboxylic acid. If a car rate's of velocity is negative, the car is - CORRECT ANSWER slowing down If a car's rate of change of velocity is negative, the car's acceleration is negative. This means that the car is decelerating (slowing down) Which of these nitrogenous bases may be found in RNA, but not DNA? - CORRECT ANSWER uracil Adenine (A) pairs with Uracil (U), and Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G DNA 4 base sequences - CORRECT ANSWER They complement each other in DNA as follows: Cytosine = Guanine and Adenine = Thymine A substance with a pH of 8 is a - CORRECT ANSWER strong base Binary fission in paramecia and budding in yeast cells are examples of - CORRECT ANSWER asexual reproduction only because cell division in both cases depends on mitosis Which of the following form an alkaline solution in water? - CORRECT ANSWER An alkaline solution is one that is a pH higher than 7.0. For instance, venous blood, at a pH of 7.3, is an alkaline solution, as is household ammonia at a pH of 12. Generally, as you advance from 7.1 up through a pH of 14, the concentration of hydroxyl ions (OH-) also increases in solution. Mg(OH)2 The experiment uses the technique of - CORRECT ANSWER chromatography paper chromatography is a method that uses the natural capillary action of liquids to separate substances into thir components. Which diagram represents a nonpolar covalent pond? page 226 #45 - CORRECT ANSWER Cl2 The bonding between the chlorine atoms involves an equal sharing of electrons. HBr and NH3 are polar molecules with polar covalent bonds LICl is an ionic bond Certain seaweeds accumulate iodine in a concentration as much as a million times greater than that of a the surrounding ocean. This is due to - CORRECT ANSWER active transport Since the concentration is so much in seaweed than in the surrounding water, iodine must have to move against a concentration gradient. Thus, the transport process using energy must be involved for the seaweed to accumulate such a great concentration of iodine. Single replacement reactions involve an element reacting with a compound. During this reaction, an atom of the single element replaces an element in the compound. For example - CORRECT ANSWER Cl2 + 2NaBr ---> 2NaCl + Br2 Chlorine replaces bromine in the compound ` Which of the following organisms has a nutritive process most similar to that of animals? - CORRECT ANSWER bread mold is a fungus. Fungi are unable to make their own food and are dependent on other life forms for nutrition. Fungi is a heterotrophs, however seaweed, grass and mold = autotrophs The solubility of a solid in a liquid generally increases with - CORRECT ANSWER an increase in temperature but is unaffected by pressure. Pressure will only affect the solubility of a gas Which of these substances has the highest boiling point? - CORRECT ANSWER water water molecules are attracted to each other by hydrogen bonds. Ethanol, glycerol, ether are dipoles, so the attraction between the molecules is minimal. In humans, if the diaphragm is pushed upward, there is a decrease in chest volume. The decrease is followed by - CORRECT ANSWER an increase in pressure in the chest cavity and exhalation a decrease in volume results in an increase in pressure due to Boyle's law and thus exhalation Which of the biological processes includes the other three? - CORRECT ANSWER cellular respiration cellular respiration begins with the splitting of glucose. The products then enter the Kreb's cycle and then then the electron transport chain. A 5 year old and her father each lifted identical chairs from the floor to a table top. Which person did the most work? - CORRECT ANSWER They both did the same amount An excess of which of the following ions tends to make a solution acidic? - CORRECT ANSWER Hydronium ions or H3O+ are essentially hydrogen ions combined with a nearby water molecule. In essence, acids are characterized by the presence of hydrogen or hydronium ions. In the classification of two organisms, which of the following is the best evidence of a close relationship? - CORRECT ANSWER similar sequence of amino acids in their proteins A similarity in amino acids suggests a similarity in the structure of the DNA and thus a close relationship between two organisms. In Einstein equation, E = mc2 which does the c represent? - CORRECT ANSWER speed of light means energy = mass x (speed of light)2 The vaporization of solid dry ice to gaseous carbon dioxide by heating is an example of - CORRECT ANSWER sublimation is the direct vaporization of a solid by heating, without passing through a liquid phase On top of a mountain, the boiling point of water is - CORRECT ANSWER lower than at sea level, because the atmospheric pressure is lower on the mountain the boiling point of a solution is the temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to the pressure of the atmosphere. At the top of the mountain, the atmospheric pressure is lower, and thus the temperature it takes for the vapor pressure of a solution to reach this pressure is lowered. The organ in the human female that develops to nourish the embryo is called the - CORRECT ANSWER the placenta is a highly vascular organ through which the fetus absorbs nutrients and excretes waste Which of these is an product of cellular respiration in animals? - CORRECT ANSWER ATP Cellular respiration is an energy-yielding process that releases ATP from organic molecules. Ethanol is produced by fermentation. RNA has nothing to do with respiration. Oxygen is a reactant, not a product. What would be the likely result if all the bees and butterflies in an area were destroyed? - CORRECT ANSWER fewer plant seeds would be produced The tiny projections in the small intestine adapted for absorption are called - CORRECT ANSWER villi villi are tiny projections that are barely visible to the naked eye. They are clustered over the entire mucous surface of the small intestine, serving to increase surface area for absorption. Alveoli are in the lungs, nephrons are in the kidney, and venules are small veins. More energy is used in pushing a box up along an inclined plane to a height of 4 m than in lifting the box straight up to the same height. This is because - CORRECT ANSWER work is done against friction in pushing the box along the plane Whenever, a box is pulled along the surface, energy goes into counteracting friction. The amount of energy required is determined by the coefficient of friction Which of the arrows in the following graph represents the wavelength of the wave shown? pg. 230 #6 - CORRECT ANSWER The wavelength of a wave is defined as the distance between two successive crests Which type of circuit is shown? - CORRECT ANSWER A parallel circuit is defined as a circuit with the same voltage across all of its resistors. The circuit components are connected like the rungs of a ladder. The device shown in the following circuit diagram consist if a copper wire wrapped around an iron rod and connected to a switch and a battery. When the switch is closed, the device could serve as - CORRECT ANSWER an electromagnet Whenever a wire is wrapped around a rod and connected across a power source such as a battery, the device acts as a electromagnet. A student wants to grow a bacterial culture. Which of these environments is best suited for growing most kinds of bacteria? - CORRECT ANSWER an incubator at 37 C A closed container of hydrogen gas is warmed from 20C to 25C. If the volume remains the same, what will happen to the pressure in the container? - CORRECT ANSWER it will increase According to Gay-Lussac's law of gases, as temperature increases at a constant volume, pressure increases proportionally. The pressure will increase. Most of the work done in the human kidney occurs in the - CORRECT ANSWER nephron the functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. Urine is formed in the nephron by the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Compounds with different molecular structures but the same formula are called - CORRECT ANSWER isomers are compounds that have the same formula but different molecular structure. Isobars - CORRECT ANSWER indicate the same pressure. Isotopes - CORRECT ANSWER are atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers isotherms - CORRECT ANSWER indicate the same temperature Vinegar is a common antidote for the ingestion of lye. What is the chemical process underlying this treatment? - CORRECT ANSWER neutralization vinegar is an acid and lye is a base Bean seed diagram Which letter represents stored food for growing embryo? page 233` - CORRECT ANSWER A points to the endosperm, which provides the growing embryo with nutrients. B and D point to the seed coat, an C points to the embryo. Objects X and Y are identical. In a laboratory, object X is dropped at the same moment that object Y is thrown horizontally. The paths followed by X and Y are shown in the following diagram - CORRECT ANSWER X and Y will hit the ground simultaneously Any horizontal motion, such as that of an object Y, is irrelevant because it will not affect the time taken to drop that distance. Blue litmus paper will turn red when placed in a solution having which of the following pH values? - CORRECT ANSWER 3 blue litmus paper turns red when placed in an acidic solution. A pH below 7 indicates an acid. The compound H2SO4 is an example of an - CORRECT ANSWER acid H2SO4 is sulfuric acid. Acid may be defined as substances that release hydrogen ions in the solution as the only positive ions. Bases = OH salts = have neither H+ or OH- ions halogens = elements Which of the following is considered a principal ecological role of green plants in the environment? - CORRECT ANSWER manufacturing food from simple materials Plants undergo photosynthesis, which allows them to make glucose from the simple materials carbon dioxide and water Page 236 = the apparatus shown is - CORRECT ANSWER distillation of a solution The apparatus allows for two solvents to be separated from each other. For instance, assume the flask contains water and alcohol. Alcohol will boil first because it has a lower boiling point, and the gas will be collected in the ling tube, recondense, and collect in a second flask ( which is not shown). Thus, the alcohol can be separated from the water. Which of the following processes best explains this phenomenon? - CORRECT ANSWER phototropism is the response to the stimulus of light, hydrotropism = external stimulus is water tropism = is the response of a plant to external stimuli as light. Wavelength, crests diagram - CORRECT ANSWER solvent - CORRECT ANSWER able to dissolve other substances: "osmotic, chemical, or solvent action" water solute - CORRECT ANSWER the minor component in a solution, dissolved in the solvent. In a flask containing 500 mL of NaCl(aq), the solvent is - CORRECT ANSWER water the notation the (aq) refers to an aqueous solution, indicating that the solvent is water In pea plants, plant height and seed color obey the law of independent assortment. If seeds are hybrid for both of these traits, how will their offspring most likely appear? - CORRECT ANSWER some tall and some short, with either green or yellow seeds The law of independent assortment states that traits are passed onto offspring independently of each other. Thus, a seed may contain either of the height alleles and either of the color alleles. During the 1930's and through the 1950's. thousands of American children received x-ray treatment for swollen tonsils and adenoids. X rays are no longer used to treat this condition because large doses of radiation - CORRECT ANSWER are thought to cause certain types of cancer A student studies a structure microscopically and notes that it contains glandular, cells. It has blood vessels entering and leaving it, but it has no duct leading out of the it. This structure must be an - CORRECT ANSWER endocrine gland endocrine glands are ductless glands with blood vessels. Exocrine glands, such as digestive and tear glands, empty their secretions through ducts. Which laboratory solution turns starch blue to black? - CORRECT ANSWER Lugol's solution (iodine plus potassium iodide) is an indicative that turns blue/black in the presence of solution Which type of body cells are most directly involved when a person walks uphill? - CORRECT ANSWER striated muscle cells Muscles are the tissues mostly involved when a person is exercising. Smooth muscles is found in the lining of the organs such as the uterus. Skeletal muscles, such as that found in the muscles of the legs and arms, is striated. When red food coloring is added to a beaker of water, the coloring slowly spreads until the water is all colored pink. This is best explained by the process of - CORRECT ANSWER diffusion In the diagram, a ray of light travels from air to glass page 239 which of these measuring instruments is needed to find the index of refraction of glass? - CORRECT ANSWER A protractor a light beam is bent as it passes obliquely into a substance of greater optical density. The device used to measure an angle is a protractor Many chemical reactions occur more rapidly with platinum as a catalyst. At the end of the reaction, the platinum is found to be - CORRECT ANSWER unchanged in weight A catalyst only affects the rate or speed of reaction and is not changed or consumed during it. Which formula represents a carbohydrate? - CORRECT ANSWER C6H12O6 glucose structural formula an organelle near the nucleus of a cell that contains the centrioles (in animal cells) and from which the spindle fibers develop in cell division. - CORRECT ANSWER When looking through a microscope, a student observes centrosomes in a group of cells. The cells are most likely from - CORRECT ANSWER skin of a mouse a centrosome is an organelle found in animal cells Ohm's law is used to study of - CORRECT ANSWER electricity Ohm's law applies to the application of electricity. It states that voltage (V) is proportional to current (I) and resistance (R) V =IR A cloud chamber is a device used for - CORRECT ANSWER studying charged particles a cloud chamber makes the paths of ionizing radiation rays visible. The device reveals the paths of high-speed charged particles. Which of these temperatures could not occur? - CORRECT ANSWER -10K 0K/zero kelvin is the absolute zero, which is the lowest possible temperature therefore, -10Kelvin could not occur Which organisms is classified as protisits? - CORRECT ANSWER protozoa and algae How much of 12 g of a radioactive isotope with a half life of 20 years will be left after 40 years? - CORRECT ANSWER 3 g Two atoms are isotopes if they have the same atomic number but a different number of - CORRECT ANSWER neutrons A example of isotopes are carbon 12 and carbon 14. Both have the same atomic number (number of protons) but, although, carbon 12 contains 6 neutrons and carbon 14 contains 8 neutrons Shivering to maintain a 98.6F temperature in cold weather is an example of - CORRECT ANSWER homeostasis The scientific name of a beaver is Castor Canadensis. Similarly, a coyote is Canis latrans, a mountain lion is Felis concolor, a wolf is Cantis lupus, and a cougar is Puma concolor. Which two of these animals belong to the same genus? - CORRECT ANSWER coyote and wolf The wolf and coyote both belong to the genus Canis. The scientific name consist of the genus name and the species name The first step by which a mutation may occur is a change in the - CORRECT ANSWER location of a nitrogen base in DNA The sequence of messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and amino acids in protein synthesis all depend on the sequence of DNA found in the nucleus. Thus, the first step in which a mutation may occur is at the level of the DNA, which is made up of a specific sequences of bases. In the equilibrium system A + B --->------< C = 30 kcal we can say that - CORRECT ANSWER forward reaction is exothermic because heat is shown as one of the product. Exo = heat exiting out of the equation on the product side An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that releases energy by light or heat. Expressed in a chemical equation: reactants → products + energy. Many chemical reactions release energy in the form of heat, light, or sound. These are exothermic reactions. A compound that can act as like either an acid or base is described as - CORRECT ANSWER amphoteric amphoteric substance can behave either as an acid or base. Water is an example, of an amphoteric substance because it can act as an acid by furnishing a proton, or it can act as a base by accepting a proton The diffusion of an water through a semipermeable membrane is called a - CORRECT ANSWER osmosis Bean plant seeds are germinated in a dark closet. The seedlings lack the color green. Which of the following statements is the best explanation for this? - CORRECT ANSWER the absence of an environmental factor limits its proper genetic expression. An organism that has jointed legs, an exoskeleton and a specialized segmented body belongs to the phylum - CORRECT ANSWER arthropods and example of an arthropod is a lobster Nerve impulses from the retina are transmitted to the brain by the - CORRECT ANSWER optic nerve Eustachian tube and auditory nerve are associated with - CORRECT ANSWER ear olfactory nerve is associated with - CORRECT ANSWER sense of smell In which of these structures does the normal development of human embryo occur? - CORRECT ANSWER uterus The ovary releases the egg into the oviduct, or fallopian tube where it is fertilized. If fertilization occurs, the zygote travels to the uterus, where it implants itself and develops. In humans, which of the these blood components carriers most of the oxygen? - CORRECT ANSWER red blood cells contains hemoglobin, which binds, transports, and delivers oxygen to throughout the body Question 8 on page 243 conditioned behavior - CORRECT ANSWER refers to the association of behavior with a specific stimulus, in the case of tapping Compound A reacts with compound B to give compound C plus compound D and E as shown by the following equation A + B ----> C + D + E In a closed system, 7g A react with 4g B to give 2g C plus 3g E, how many grams of D are produced? - CORRECT ANSWER 6 g The law of conservation of mass says that mass may be either creates or destroyed. Therefore, the mass of the reactants must be equal to the mass of the products. Which of the following statements best describes how pressure and volume are affected as a sample of ideal gas is heated in a rigid, sealed container? - CORRECT ANSWER pressure will increase, and volume remains constant a rigid container implies no change in volume. According to Gay Lussac's law, at constant volume an increase in temperature causes an increase in pressure and vice versa. An object is traveling at a constant velocity of 100 m/sec. How far will it travel in 20 sec? - CORRECT ANSWER 2,000 m 100m/sec x 20 sec - 2,000m A 36-W lamp is operate by a 9-v battery. How many amperes of current are flowing through the lamp? - CORRECT ANSWER power = voltage x current 36 watts = 9V x current in amperes power - CORRECT ANSWER watts V - CORRECT ANSWER voltage current - CORRECT ANSWER amperes Which of the following terms are included in the scientific name of an organism? - CORRECT ANSWER genus and species genus and species make up the scientific name of an organism Which of the following would be classifies as a connective tissue? - CORRECT ANSWER tendon connective tissue binds and supports other tissue. For example, tendons attach muscle to bone. Muscle is muscular tissue, epidermis is epithelial tissue, and nerve is nervous tissue The following is a diagram of endoplasmic reticulum. The structure labeled Z are the sites of protein synthesis. Z represents - CORRECT ANSWER ribosomes There are 2 types of ER, rough and smooth. Rough ER is studded with ribosomes, which are the sites of protein synthesis. The entry and exit of materials in the animal cell are regulated by which of the cell organelles? - CORRECT ANSWER plasma membrane The plasma membrane which is made up of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, is selectively permeable and regulates traffic into and out of the cell. Which of the following is a functional unit of the lung? - CORRECT ANSWER alveolus Alveoli are the functional units of the lungs. The oviduct, or fallopian tube, conveys the released egg to the uterus. Malpighian tubules are excretory organs found in the insects. Nephron is the functional unit of the kidneys. If a patient gallbladder was removed from surgery, which of the following substances would he have the most difficultly digesting? - CORRECT ANSWER fats The gallbladder stores bile, which is the substance produced by the liver. Bile contains bile salts, which aid in the digestion of and absorption of fats. Which of the following phenomena is most likely to speed the evolutionary rate of a species? - CORRECT ANSWER increase in mutations Mutations of DNA are the original source of variation and alter the gene pool in a population. An increase in the number of mutations increase the variation in the gene pool and thus speeds up the evolutionary rate of a species. The code of a gene is delivered to the protein-producing region of a cell by - CORRECT ANSWER m-RNA Messenger RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome carries the information contained in DNA molecules to the ribosome where proteins are made t-RNA Transfer RNA - CORRECT ANSWER carries amino acids to the ribosomes. ATP is involved in the storage of energy and not genetics. that transport amino acids from the cytoplasm of a cell to a ribosome. Which of the following particles are nucleons? - CORRECT ANSWER neutrons and protons neutrons and protons are contained in the nucleus of an atom, whereas electrons reside outside of the nucleus. Quantities having both magnitude and direction are called - CORRECT ANSWER vectors Which of the following statements best describes the functioning of a battery? - CORRECT ANSWER it changes chemical energy into electrical energy in an electrochemical cell, which make up a battery, chemical energy is converted into electric current A 4-N newton and an 18N is acting in opposite directions on the same point of an object. The magnitude of their resultant is - CORRECT ANSWER 14N When two forces act in opposite directions, the total force is determined by subtracting the smaller force from the larger one. Which of the following graphs represents an object at rest? page 247 #31 - CORRECT ANSWER Displacement is the distance that an object is from some starting point. Graph 2 shows an object with constant displacement. It is not moving. Which of the following equations represents aerobic respiration? ` - CORRECT ANSWER C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP Aerobic respiration is the breakdown of glucose and the formation of energy. 6CO2 + 12H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H20 - CORRECT ANSWER The reaction shows in equation d is the reverse of aerobic respiration = photosynthesis C6H12O6 -> 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH +2ATP - CORRECT ANSWER fermentation C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 -> C12H22O11 +H20 - CORRECT ANSWER dehydration synthesis An overdose of muscle relaxant may cause a person to cease breathing because - CORRECT ANSWER the diagram will be unable to contract the diagram must contract for inhalation to occur, and, as a muscle, the diaphragm is affected by the muscle relaxant A decrease in acetylcholine synthesis in humans most likely lead to - CORRECT ANSWER a decrease in nerve impulse transmission acetylcholine is a common neurotransmitter. Neuro transmitters act as chemical messengers and spread information from one neuron to the next. An unknown substance is boiled with Benedict's solution. The brick red color that results is the presence of - CORRECT ANSWER glucose Benedict's solution is used to indicate the presence of monosaccharides , glucose Which are herbivores? - CORRECT ANSWER insects herbivories are animals that that feed on plants. Thus, insects are herbivores because they consume green plants. Ozone is an allotrope of - CORRECT ANSWER oxygen O3 Ozone is an allotrope of oxygen. It is a molecule made up of more than two atoms of the same element Which of these values could be the pH of an acid rain sample? - CORRECT ANSWER 4.0 acid = 0 - 6.9 acid pH range A specific isotope has an atomic number of 51 and a mass number of 122. How man electrons are contained in the neutral atom? - CORRECT ANSWER 51 electrons The mass number is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons. The atomic number is the number of protons, which is always equal to the number of electrons in an neutral atom. A mixture such as mayonnaise is best described as - CORRECT ANSWER an emulsion Mayonnaise is made up of oil, vinegar and eggs, which form a type of heterogeneous mixture called emulsion. An emulsion will eventually separate, while a solution will not. The terms "saturated" and "unsaturated" refer to solutions. Mixtures are not substances Which of the following terms is the SI unit for work? - CORRECT ANSWER joule the joule is the unit of energy equal to the work done by a force of 1 N acting over a distance of 1m. watt - CORRECT ANSWER power is expressed in watts watt = volts x amperes electrical power is equal to the voltage times the current - CORRECT ANSWER power = voltage x current Ampere - CORRECT ANSWER is an unit to measure electrical current voltage - CORRECT ANSWER another term for potential difference, is a measure of the electrical energy available. series circuit - CORRECT ANSWER has all its resistors in a row so that all current must travel through all resistors. parallel circuit - CORRECT ANSWER all the resistors are arranged side by side, so that they are all at the same voltage A woman standing at a bus stop hears the siren of an approaching ambulance. As the ambulance passes by her, she observes a shift in frequency of the siren. The effect she heard is known as the - CORRECT ANSWER Doppler Effect The Doppler effect occurs whenever there is a relative motion between the source of the sound waves and the observer. The pitch of a siren becomes higher as it approaches you and lower as it drives away. The siren has not changed its frequency, but the motion of the siren toward you increases the frequency of the sound waves you hear. The pitch of a vibrating string depends on all of the following except - CORRECT ANSWER amplitude of the string observed pitch is independent of the amplitude of the vibration. The amplitude is related to the loudness of the sound. The pitch of a string is affected by thickness, length and frequency The specific heat if water is 1 Cal/g/C. How many Calories of heat are needed to raise the temperature of 30 g of water from 25C to 75C? - CORRECT ANSWER 1,500 calories As the angle of incidence of a ray of light striking a mirror increases, the angle of reflection will - CORRECT ANSWER increase According to the law of reflection, the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection will be equal. When a light wave bounces off a surface that doe snot absorb its energy, it is reflected. The type of surface that light strikes determines the kind of reflection such as a mirror will have a good reflection Refraction - CORRECT ANSWER is the bending of light rays as they pass from one medium to another because light moves at different speeds through different mediums. Refraction - CORRECT ANSWER The Doppler Effect - CORRECT ANSWER occurs whenever there is a relative motion between the source of waves and the observer. For example, the pitch of a siren gets higher as an ambulance approaches you and lower as it drives away. The siren has not changes its frequency, but the motion of the ambulance toward you increases the frequency of the sound waves you hear. As the sirens moves away, the frequency you hear is less than the source frequency, and the pitch Is lower. The idea that new varieties of organisms are evolving today is best supported by the - CORRECT ANSWER increasing need for new antibiotics the development of resistant strains of bacteria, thus promoting the need for new antibiotics, is an example of evolution occurring today. The ozone layer, global warming and increasing population size are changes in selective pressure but not examples of evoltuion Green plants are _____________ because they produce their own food through photosynthesis - CORRECT ANSWER producers consumers - CORRECT ANSWER depend on other organisms for their food sources. a first order or primary consumer - CORRECT ANSWER is an herbivore and eats plants and algae A second order/ secondary consumer - CORRECT ANSWER is an carnivore and eats herbivores The sun is the source of all the energy in food chains. Green plants, usually the first level of any food chain, absorb some of the Sun's light energy to make their own food by photosynthesis. Green plants (autotrophs) are therefore known as ' - CORRECT ANSWER Producers' in a food chain. The second level of the food chains is called ______________ These consume the green plants. Animals in this group are usually herbivores. Examples include insects, sheep, caterpillars and even cows. - CORRECT ANSWER the Primary Consumer. The third in the chain are_____________. These usually eat up the primary consumers and other animal matter. They are commonly called carnivores and examples include lions, snakes and cats. - CORRECT ANSWER Secondary Consumers The fourth level is called _____________ These are animals that eat secondary consumers. - CORRECT ANSWER Tertiary Consumers At the top of the levels are _________________ They are animals that have little or no natural enemies. They are the 'bosses' of their ecosystems. Predators feed on preys. A prey is an animal that predators hunt to kill and feed on. Predators include owls, snakes, wild cats, crocodiles and sharks. Humans can also be called predators. - CORRECT ANSWER At the top of the levels are Predators. When any organism dies, detrivores (like vultures, worms and crabs) eat them up. The rest are broken down by decomposers (mostly bacteria and fungi), and the exchange of energy continues. - CORRECT ANSWER Decomposers start the cycle again. Which of the following parts of a compound microscope is used to adjust the amount of light? - CORRECT ANSWER diaphragm adjusts the amount of light in a microscope Many microscopes have a rotating disk under the stage. This diaphragm has different sized holes and is used to vary the intensity and size of the cone of light that is projected upward into the slide coarse adjustment knob - CORRECT ANSWER The coarse adjustment knob elevates the microscope's stage up and down quickly A cell is placed in a drop of distilled water. The cell swells and bursts. The most likely cause of this reaction is that - CORRECT ANSWER water moves from an area of low particle concentration to an area of high particle concentration Osmosis refers to the diffusion of water from areas that contain a high concentration of water and low concentration of solute (outside the cell) to areas that contain a low concentration of water and high concentration of solute (inside the cell) The diameter of the field of a microscope under low power is 2mm. The following diagram represents a long, narrow cell as seen under the microscope. What is the approximate length of the cell? - CORRECT ANSWER The field is 2mm, which equals 2,000 micrometers. The cell takes up half of the field; therefore, the approximate length of the cell is 1mm or 1,000 micrometers. In pea plants, tallness is dominant over shortness. If 25% of one generation of pea plants is short, what were the probable genotypes of the parents? - CORRECT ANSWER Tt x Tt Which of the following terms refers to the capacity of a microscope to distinguish between objects that lie very close to each other? - CORRECT ANSWER resolving power resolving power is the capacity to distinguish between objects that lie very close to each other Which of the following formulas is most probable for a compound formed from aluminum and sulfur ( Aluminum has an oxidation number of 3+. Sulfur has an oxidation number of 2-. - CORRECT ANSWER Al2S3 Which of the following is not used as a means of separating mixtures? - CORRECT ANSWER electrolysis filtration, chromatography and distillation are means of separating compounds of mixtures (physical means). Electrolysis is used to decompose compounds, as in electrolysis of water The law of chemical equilibrium states that in the reversible reaction N2 + 3H2 -> 2NH3 the equilibrium constant is expressed as - CORRECT ANSWER products over reactants products -------------- reactants (NH3) raised to 2 --------------------------- (N2)(H2) raised to 3 the concentrations are raised to the power equal to the coefficient Which of the following elements is a nonmetal? Na (sodium) Hg(mercury) Mn(manganese) - CORRECT ANSWER S (sulfur) sulfur is the only element listed as a nonmetal Machines may be used for all of the following purposes except to - CORRECT ANSWER increase energy conservation of energy forbids a machine from increasing energy. Machines are designed to use energy efficiently. Machines cannot be designed to increase energy; they use energy to do work Question 60 refers to the diagram showing a ray of light as it strikes a mirror at angle of 30 degrees which of the rays in this diagram best represents the reflected ray? - CORRECT ANSWER B reflection is the bouncing back of a wave after it strikes a surface that does not absorb its energy. According to the law of reflection, the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. This ray strikes a mirror at a 30 degree angle. Therefore, the reflected ray is 30. Comprehensive Test 1 - CORRECT ANSWER Page 289 Which of the following organisms would be classified as a vertebrate? - CORRECT ANSWER Snake Vertebrates are animals that have a back bone and include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. The human diaphragm can be describe as - CORRECT ANSWER a muscular sheet that assists in the mechanics of breathing The diagram is a muscular sheet that assists in breathing. Which of the following diagrams correctly shows a water passing through a small opening of a barrier? - CORRECT ANSWER When a wave passes through a small opening in a barrier, it spreads at the same rate in all directions. Diffraction Which of these conditions most likely explains the the sudden death of many fishes in a river on a hot summer day? - CORRECT ANSWER reduced amount of dissolved oxygen Fish, being animals need a constant supply of oxygen to carry out their aerobic respiration. They obtain this form surrounding water using gills. As the temperature of the water increases, the solubility of most gases, including oxygen, decrease. The other choices may result in death, but over a longer period of time. The energy associated with an object motion is called - CORRECT ANSWER kinetic energy By definition, kinetic energy is associated with an object motion In the reaction 2H2O2 ------------> 2H2O + O2 MnO2 - CORRECT ANSWER Magnesium dioxide (mnO2) is a common catalyst used to decompose hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. "MnO2" is written above the arrow, indicating that it is not a reactant, but a catalyst The frequency of a sound wave is directly related to its - CORRECT ANSWER loudness The loudness of a wave is directly related its amplitude; timbre and resonance do not refer to simple properties of waves Pitch depends on the frequency of the sound wave. When the rib cage moves upward, and outward, and the diaphragm flattens out - CORRECT ANSWER air is drawn into the lungs The term that describes how the stem of a plant grows toward the light IS - CORRECT ANSWER + phototropism is toward the light The electrical activity of a brain is recorded as an - CORRECT ANSWER electroencephalogram "cephalo" which refers to head region The first living thing found colonizing in hitherto barren area is called a - CORRECT ANSWER pioneer organism or species such as lichens from the basis for succession. Photographs of an old family album reveal that an area now covered with shrubs and small trees, which occasionally gets swampy in the springs, once was a pond. This is an example of - CORRECT ANSWER ecological succession If attempts to decompose a substance prove to be unsuccessful, the substance is probably - CORRECT ANSWER an element Decomposition as a chemical reaction, is the breakdown of a complex substance into simpler substances. An element is the simplest chemical substance A solution with an hydrogen ion concentration of 1 X 10 raised to -7 is classified as - CORRECT ANSWER neutral it has a pH of 7 and by definition is neutral An animal whose retina has no cones cells probably cant - CORRECT ANSWER distinguish colors Cone cells in the retina are receptors for different frequencies of visible light and therefore can distinguish colors The average kinetic energy of a substance increases when - CORRECT ANSWER the temperature increases as the temperature increases, the average kinetic energy of the molecules of the substance increases Within which of these structures of the female reproductive tract is the human egg fertilized? - CORRECT ANSWER fallopian tube or oviducts fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube or oviducts The xylem vessels of a plant carry - CORRECT ANSWER water up the roots Xylem tissue is the water transporter cells of plants. It carries water around a plant. A small foil disk was attached to a leaf of a plant that was placed in a well lighted spot. After 2 hours, the leaf was removed from the plant, and chlorophyll extracted from it. How would the leaf appear after it was stained with Lugol' s solution (iodide) - CORRECT ANSWER mostly black, except for a white area corresponding to the presence of the disk. Iodine is used to test for the presence of starch, which is a secondary product of photosynthesis. The portion of the leaf covered by the disk would have not carried out photosynthesis while it was covered. Rods and cones are found in the structured labeled - CORRECT ANSWER #5 the retina contains the rods and cones, which are structures that respond to light and send messages to the brain, resulting in vision. Light entering the eye is normally finely focused for near vision by the action of the structured labeled - CORRECT ANSWER the lens focuses light on the retina When a human blood cell is placed in distilled water, it will - CORRECT ANSWER swell up and eventually burst Through osmosis, water moves into the cell along a concentration gradient from higher concentration to lower concentration Blood returning to the heart from the body travels through the vena cavae and enters the - CORRECT ANSWER right atrium the right side of the heart collects deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs. The atrium is the entryway to the heart A particle of light energy is called - CORRECT ANSWER photon light can be described as both being wavelike and particulate properties A simple series circuit carries a current of 3.00 amps when the potential difference across it is 24.0 v. The resistance of the circuit is - CORRECT ANSWER Ohm's Law Resistance = voltage/amps R = 24.0v/ 3.00 amps 8.0 Ohms The tissue below is composed of striated multi nucleated cells - CORRECT ANSWER Skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated and form in layers (striated) the heart contains cardiac muscles cells, and the stomach contains smooth muscle cells. In which of these media will monochromatic light have the lowest speed? - CORRECT ANSWER diamond with an refractive index of 2.42 the higher the refractive index is, the greater the effect will on energy passing through a medium. An unbalanced force of 5.00N causes an object to accelerate at 2.0m/sec. The mass of the object, in kilograms is - CORRECT ANSWER According to Newton second law of motion, the mass of an object is directly proportionally to the force exerted on it an inversely proportionally to its acceleration m = F/a m = 5/2 = 2.5kg The region of the human brain where speech function and conscious thought processes are located is called the - CORRECT ANSWER cerebrum the cerebrum is responsible for higher-level thought processes. A structure associated with osmosis in the amoeba and paramecium is the - CORRECT ANSWER contractile vacuole the contractile vacuole in fresh water protozoa is used to pump out excess water that enters the cell with the concentraction gradient by osmosis. What is the correct voltage of a chemical cell that has reached equilibrium? - CORRECT ANSWER 0 v voltage is defined as the potential difference in a system in which current is flowing. A system in equilibrium has no net flow; therefore the voltage is 0 A cross between a plant with red flowers and one bearing white flowers produces offspring, all of which have pink flowers. This is an example of - CORRECT ANSWER incomplete dominance this is an classical example of dominance, or incomplete dominance. The gene for red flowers and the gene for white flowers are not dominant over each other, as in the case of for many other traits. A chemical change always involves the formation of a - CORRECT ANSWER new substance a substance can be either an element or a compound If a solution turns litmus blue, it will also turn phenolphtalein - CORRECT ANSWER pink turning the litmus paper blue = base thus phenolphtalein will turn pink in a base Which of the these equations represents a neutralization reaction? - CORRECT ANSWER HCI + KOH -----> KCI + H2O when acids and bases neutralize each other, water and a salt in this case potassium chloride are produced. The interaction of bone and muscle that results in a specific musculoskeletal movement can best be described by the physical principle of a - CORRECT ANSWER lever A lever transfers a forces across a distance. The muscle provides the force, and the bone acts as the lever arm One possible reason that animals such as mice, moles, and rabbits have such rapid heart rates of reproduction is that they - CORRECT ANSWER serve as prey for many other animals Solid objects become positively charged by - CORRECT ANSWER loosing electrons Which of these statements accurately describes what happens to an object as it falls freely (neglecting air resistance) near the surface of the Earth? - CORRECT ANSWER its kinetic energy is increases as the potential energy decreases the total energy is conserved, as an object falls freely, the force of the gravity acting on it causes it to speed up. Gravitational potential energy is transfered to kinetic energy. [Show More]

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