CPH Exam 233 Questions with Verified Answers,100% CORRECT

CPH Exam 233 Questions with Verified Answers Which of the following terms refers to the systematic method by which environmental exposure to a substance is quantified using information about the hazardous propertie ...

CPH Exam 233 Questions with Verified Answers Which of the following terms refers to the systematic method by which environmental exposure to a substance is quantified using information about the hazardous properties of the substance, human exposure to the substance, dose-response relationships, and risk characterization? A risk management B risk assessment C risk communication D risk control - CORRECT ANSWER risk assessment A state health department is trying to reduce the HIV/AIDS risk for African Americans age 50 years and older. Which of the following communication strategies is most important to serve this community? A Ensure the information is evidence-based. B Make the information available on social media. C Write the information at a 12th grade reading level. D Present the information in a culturally competent manner. - CORRECT ANSWER D Present the information in a culturally competent manner. Researchers want to present the comparative distribution of office visits in the three communities in one figure. Which of the following displays is most appropriate? A pie chart B bar graph C histogram D stem and leaf plot - CORRECT ANSWER B bar graph A public health worker is charged with investigating family violence in a community of nearly 1 million residents. The worker uses principles of systems theory in her approach. She incorporates individuals, groups, and their environments. Which of the following terms best describes this concept? A community psychology B demography C ethnobiology D social ecology - CORRECT ANSWER D social ecology Which of the following organizations accredits local public health departments? A American Public Health Association B Centers for Disease Control and Prevention C Public Health Accreditation Board D state licensing boards - CORRECT ANSWER C Public Health Accreditation Board Vaccination against polio provides lifelong protection, whereas influenza vaccines have to be administered each year. Which of the following statements best explains this difference in vaccine action? A Influenza vaccines are prepared from killed viruses, but polio vaccines are prepared from live, attenuated viruses. B Influenza vaccines have to be administered by injection, but the oral polio vaccine can be ingested. C Influenza viruses mutate at a much higher rate than poliovirus. D Poliovirus can only cause disease in humans, whereas influenza viruses can infect other species. - CORRECT ANSWER C Influenza viruses mutate at a much higher rate than poliovirus. A multi-state regional coalition is in place to identify successful state-level strategies for enhancing health care and other community services for children with special health needs. The coalition membership currently includes health care professionals and representatives from state departments of public health, housing, education, Medicaid, and social services. There is one remaining open seat. Which of the following representatives is most appropriate to fill the open slot? A a principal from one of the region's elementary schools B a member of a parent advocacy group C a pediatric cardiologist D a pharmacist - CORRECT ANSWER B a member of a parent advocacy group What percentage of all spending on health in the United States is devoted to public health funding? A 3% B 11% C 28% D 52% - CORRECT ANSWER A 3% Which of the following United States federal laws prohibits a public health practitioner from sharing individually identifiable health information stored on public health department computer systems? A Occupational Safety and Health Act B American Health Security Act C Health Communications Act D Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act - CORRECT ANSWER D Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act The theory of reasoned action is a model of health behavior targeted at which of the following levels? A community B global C individual D organizational - CORRECT ANSWER C individual Which of the following historical events raised awareness of the need for the protection of research subjects and resulted in the 1947 creation of the International Code of Ethics for research? A Nazi human experimentation B Willowbrook hepatitis studies C publication of the Belmont Report D Tuskegee Syphilis Study - CORRECT ANSWER A Nazi human experimentation Literacy advocates in the U.S. recommend that for health promotion materials to be effective, they should be written at which of the following reading levels? A 2nd-4th grades B 6th-8th grades C 10th-12th grades D college level - CORRECT ANSWER B 6th-8th grades The management of a health care facility requires staff to adhere to ethical principles and provide culturally appropriate care. The institutionalization of these values is most likely to influence which of the following aspects of health care provided by this facility? A acceptability B accessibility C accountability D adequacy - CORRECT ANSWER A acceptability Researchers are seeking a spokesperson for a health communication campaign to promote breast cancer screening for low-income women. To ensure the strongest effect of the campaign on the target group, the researcher should select a spokesperson who shares which of the following characteristics with the target group? A personal attitudes B ethnic background C level of knowledge D socioeconomic status - CORRECT ANSWER A personal attitudes A researcher is calculating the infant mortality rate of several states. Which of the following methods is most appropriate to use during this analysis to adjust for racial differences in infant mortality rates among the states? A logistic regression B direct standardization C life table analysis D linear regression - CORRECT ANSWER B direct standardization Researchers ask a random sample of 1,001 adults nationwide whether they favor or oppose the legalization of marijuana. Fifty-five percent of respondents say they oppose it. If the researchers increase the sample size of the poll by a factor of 4 (to n=4,004), which of the following effects on the length of the 95% confidence interval for the proportion is most likely to be observed? A It will decrease by a factor of 4. B It will decrease by a factor of 2. C It will increase by a factor of 2. D It will increase by a factor of 4. - CORRECT ANSWER B It will decrease by a factor of 2. When a public health issue emerges for which there is no "evidence base" to suggest a response strategy, which of the following actions on the part of a public health professional is most appropriate? A Defer action on the issue until further information about the appropriate intervention is available. B Dismiss the issue because there is insufficient evidence to make an informed decision. C Implement several different strategies at once to assess which is most effective. D Invest in data collection and community-based research to build a more thorough understanding of the issue. - CORRECT ANSWER D Invest in data collection and community-based research to build a more thorough understanding of the issue. When considering culture in research and practice, which of the following reflects best practice? A treating members of all cultural groups in the same way B engaging culturally diverse advocacy leaders in the community C recognizing that cultural uniformity is necessary for effective health intervention delivery D helping members in the community more easily fit into the mainstream culture to increase a sense of belonging - CORRECT ANSWER B engaging culturally diverse advocacy leaders in the community Most funding for nursing home care in the United States comes from which of the following sources? A Medicaid B Medicare C out-of-pocket D private insurance - CORRECT ANSWER A Medicaid n addition to ozone and particulates, which of the following pollutants is most likely to aggravate asthma? A arsenic B carbon monoxide C lead D sulfur dioxide - CORRECT ANSWER D sulfur dioxide A needs assessment process identifies several behavioral and environmental factors on which the intervention could potentially focus. However, to keep the project on budget, the scope of the intervention must be limited. Which of the following criteria is most appropriate to consider when deciding on which behavioral and environmental factors to focus the intervention? A compliance with guidance from the project's sponsor B what is feasible within the project budget C the specific research interests of the planning team members D the strength of the evidence that the desired changes can be achieved - CORRECT ANSWER D the strength of the evidence that the desired changes can be achieved A supplemental tax levy supporting a local health department has just failed and the impact will be a loss of tax revenues of $300,000 a month, beginning the following month and lasting at least 5 months. The health commissioner must quickly formulate an emergency plan. Which action is most likely to advance the commissioner's success as a leader in this crisis? A Direct the Chief Financial Officer to impose fair and proportional cuts on each division. B Adopt a positive attitude, and announce to the directors a plan to evenly distribute the budget cuts across the entire organization. C Express dissatisfaction with the electorate, and direct the Chief Financial Officer to impose fair and proportional budget cuts on each division. D Meet with all the directors to prioritize the possible operational changes that would result in cost reductions. - CORRECT ANSWER D Meet with all the directors to prioritize the possible operational changes that would result in cost reductions. A local health department establishes a program with community outreach and clinical components that is intended to reduce the number of drug-resistant tuberculosis cases. A measure of the program's outcomes is the number of A clinical visits for drug-resistant tuberculosis. B community education sessions. C drug-resistant tuberculosis cases. D patients receiving follow-up care for drug-resistant tuberculosis. - CORRECT ANSWER C drug-resistant tuberculosis cases. Variation in rates of medical procedures by race, even when controlling for insurance status, income, age, and severity of conditions, is an example of A health disparity. B racism. C inadequate access to health care. D a high rate of uninsured individuals. - CORRECT ANSWER A health disparity. A group uses problem solving to reconcile underlying differences and create a win-win situation for the mutual benefit of all parties. This approach exemplifies which of the following styles of conflict management? A accommodating B avoiding C collaborating D compromising - CORRECT ANSWER C collaborating Which of the following types of leadership would be most helpful in an organization experiencing rapid change? A servant B Theory X C contingency D transactional - CORRECT ANSWER C contingency A health services researcher is studying a new influenza vaccination to determine whether it should be recommended for all senior citizens. Which of the following vaccination attributes is most appropriate to evaluate first in the process of assessing the new vaccination? A cost-benefit B effectiveness C efficacy D efficiency - CORRECT ANSWER C efficacy Which of the following methods is most appropriate for collecting data from stakeholders for a community-based intervention? A conducting a mail survey B conducting a telephone survey C holding key informant interviews D reading the blogs of community members - CORRECT ANSWER C holding key informant interviews Diversity of the workforce is considered important in health care research, education, and administration for which of the following reasons? A It increases efficiency. B It improves health literacy. C It decreases work-related stress. D It demonstrates institutional commitment. - CORRECT ANSWER D It demonstrates institutional commitment. Which of the following most accurately describes an organizational design that applies to independent units that are joined by a shared administrative overlay, such as a county government? A adhocracy B machine bureaucracy C professional bureaucracy D divisionalized bureaucracy - CORRECT ANSWER D divisionalized bureaucracy Which of the following is a characteristic of a health care system based on social justice? A Access to medical care is viewed as an economic reward of personal effort and achievement. B Production and distribution of health care are determined by market-based demand. C An individual's ability to pay is considered inconsequential for receiving medical care. D Markets are assumed to be more efficient than government at allocating health resources equitably. - CORRECT ANSWER C An individual's ability to pay is considered inconsequential for receiving medical care. Approximately how many local health departments are there in the United States? A 890 B 3,000 C 10,600 D 59,000 - CORRECT ANSWER B 3,000 A federal law is passed requiring labeling on food products. In subsequent years, the rate of obesity among adults decreases. Which of the following terms best describes the relationship between the law and the change in obesity rates? A causal B correlated C retrospective D prospective - CORRECT ANSWER B correlated A 22-year-old Latina woman brings her 13-month-old daughter to a health department clinic for routine well-child care. Both are enrolled in the Medicaid program. They live in an inner-city apartment building that the mother describes as "old and run down." The infant's diet consists of table foods; the principal protein sources are eggs, peanut butter, cheese, and canned tuna. Screening of the infant for which of the following conditions is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)? A allergies and asthma B pesticide exposure C elevated blood lead concentration D mercury poisoning - CORRECT ANSWER C elevated blood lead concentration To ensure successful collaboration and partnership, as well as effective use of resources, a public health professional needs to identify key stakeholders in a new project. Which of the following will determine if an organization is truly one of the key stakeholders for this initiative? A The organization regulates the public health professional's work. B The organization previously partnered with the public health professional. C The public health professional's relationship with the organization is static. D The public health professional can clearly identify what is needed from the organization. - CORRECT ANSWER D The public health professional can clearly identify what is needed from the organization. At a town hall meeting, several residents of a community of 10,000 raise concern about plans to build a new chemical treatment plant within walking distance of local schools, day-care centers, and parks. The community needs a new treatment plant, but the residents' concerns about the environmental effect of the plant need to be addressed. The local health department is charged with developing a method whereby citizens can provide information about concerns and recommend alternative strategies. Which of the following is the most effective method of gathering this information? A Conduct telephone interviews with residents. B Schedule face-to-face interviews with residents. C Mail surveys to a random selection of households. D Organize focus groups with representatives from the community. - CORRECT ANSWER D Organize focus groups with representatives from the community. A study is conducted to compare colorectal screening rates in white and African-American men. Researchers contact 50 white men and 50 African-American men older than 50 years of age by telephone and ask them if they have undergone colorectal screening. Fifty-five percent of white men and 49% of African-American men report undergoing appropriate screening. Which of the following tests is the most appropriate method of analysis of the survey data? A paired t-test B Pearson chi-square (X2) test C two-sample t-test D Spearman correlation test - CORRECT ANSWER B Pearson chi-square (X2) test On the basis of the present evidence, the greatest reduction in injuries and death related to motor vehicles in the United States is most likely to be a result of which of the following? A increase in law enforcement and highway patrol officers B stricter motor vehicle inspection laws C modifications to vehicles and highway systems D stiffer penalties for drunk drivers and repeat speeders - CORRECT ANSWER C modifications to vehicles and highway systems The classic study by Schulman on the effect of race and sex on physicians' recommendations for cardiac care used a standardized computer program to measure primary care physicians' treatment plans for patients with chest pain. The investigators videotaped interviews of identically dressed actors reading from identical scripts and standardized other variables (age, cardiac risk factors, medical and social histories, health insurance, and employment) to vary only two factors — gender and race. The actors included African Americans and whites of both genders. Which of the following statements best summarizes the results of this study? A African Americans and women with chest pain had relative odds of referral for cardiac catheterization that were 60% of the odds for whites and men, and the relative odds of referral for African Americans were 40% of those for white men. B African Americans and women with chest pain had relative odds of referral for catheterization that were actually higher than those for whites and men, respectively. C African Americans with chest pain had the same relative odds of referral for catheterization as whites; however, women with chest pain had relative odds of referral that were 20% of those for men. D Women with chest pain had the same relative odds of referral for catheterization as men; however, African Americans with chest pain had odds that were 60% of the odds for whites. - CORRECT ANSWER A African Americans and women with chest pain had relative odds of referral for cardiac catheterization that were 60% of the odds for whites and men, and the relative odds of referral for African Americans were 40% of those for white men. Which of the following is a modeling and simulation tool used to investigate stocks, flows, and feedback loops of complex problems? A interactive planning B operations research C organizational cybernetics D system dynamics - CORRECT ANSWER D system dynamics A health department is designing a web-based health promotion intervention. Which of the following issues is most important with regard to effective communication of this health information to the community? A the health literacy of the target population B the diagrams and visual aids associated with the promotion materials C the color and size of the health promotion materials D the organization of the health promotion materials - CORRECT ANSWER A the health literacy of the target population The introduction of sewage into a stream is most likely to cause a measurable change in which of the following ways? A decrease in decomposing organic concentration B increase in biochemical oxygen demand C increase in dissolved oxygen concentration D stabilization of biochemical oxygen demand - CORRECT ANSWER B increase in biochemical oxygen demand Which of the following terms describes the process of working with and through groups of people in partnerships and coalitions that help mobilize resources and influence systems to address their wellbeing? A collaboration B community action C community engagement D constituency development - CORRECT ANSWER C community engagement Which of the following is the most important limitation in the use of vital statistics data for public health research? A Births and deaths that occur outside of institutions are not recorded. B Data collected vary substantially from state to state. C Data files are not readily available to people collecting data outside the agency. D Variables of research interest may not be collected. - CORRECT ANSWER D Variables of research interest may not be collected. The association between disease status and exposure for a sample from a population is as follows: ExposedNot ExposedTotal Diseased 50 400 450 Not diseased 50 5,000. 5,050 Total 100. 5,400 5,500 Which of the following is the estimated ratio of the odds of disease in the exposed versus unexposed groups? A (50 / 450) ÷ (50 / 5,050) B (50 / 50) ÷ (400 / 5,000) C (50 / 5,050) ÷ (50 / 450) D (400 / 5,400) ÷ (50 / 100) - CORRECT ANSWER B (50 / 50) ÷ (400 / 5,000) The probability associated with specific results when the null hypothesis is true is expressed by A the p-value. Ba type II error. C the sampling distribution. D conditional independence. - CORRECT ANSWER A the p-value. Which of the following terms best describes the power of a local jurisdiction to independently regulate public health, safety, and welfare? A unionism B home rule C preemption D self-administration - CORRECT ANSWER B home rule Community public health goals and objectives are best developed by which of the following? A elected officials who are accountable to the public B public health professionals who have access to data trends C medical professionals who treat members of the community D members of the community who understand community needs - CORRECT ANSWER D members of the community who understand community needs According to the transtheoretical model of change, as individuals go from pre-contemplation to maintenance, "con" behavioral beliefs decrease and "pro" behavioral beliefs increase. This process is best described as which of the following? A decisional balance B self-liberation C reinforcement management D self-efficacy - CORRECT ANSWER A decisional balance The best example of community engagement and empowerment refers to which of the following? 1. Teaching community members how to best communicate with providers 2. Conducting health needs and assets assessment with communities and sharing the information 3. Teaching self-determination to community members 4.Reciprocal transfer of knowledge and skills among all collaborators and community partners - CORRECT ANSWER Reciprocal transfer of knowledge and skills among all collaborators and community partners By what programmatic mechanism does the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) work with states to implement national environmental standards such as NAAQS? 1.By creating a memorandum of understanding focusing on cost-sharing of environmental burdens 2.By establishing air quality monitoring stations 3.By using a State Implementation Plan (SIP) approved by the EPA 4.By funding risk assessment studies that provide a basis for the NAAQS for any criterion pollutan - CORRECT ANSWER 3.By using a State Implementation Plan (SIP) approved by the EPA A supervisor of a small community health clinic serving a largely multi-national immigrant community assigns their project manager the responsibility of developing a new process to ensure complaints and conflicts are addressed promptly and respectfully for each patient. This is prompted by a recent complaint that a staff member was rudely addressing a limited English-speaking patient and her family when trying to communicate a diagnosis. In order to create a new process that takes into account the cultural and communication needs of the patients, the program manager must: 1. Create a new conflict process based solely on examples from other clinics. 2. Select a group of patients to provide input on how complaints should be resolved. 3. Wait until a new complaint occurs to observe the existing process. 4. Ask their coworkers how they personally deal with complaints and conflicts in the office. - CORRECT ANSWER 2. Select a group of patients to provide input on how complaints should be resolved. An individual's capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make basic health decisions is called: 1.Medical informatics 2.Health literacy 3.Health education 4.Numeracy - CORRECT ANSWER 2. Health literacy Administrative law judges, who adjudicate conflicts involving the decision-making of units of government agencies: 1. have at the federal and state level full judicial power, like all trial judges. 2. are elected as non-partisan candidates within congressional districts. 3. ensure compliance with constitutional requirements of due process. 4. are in all respects the same as "hearing officers" within government agencies. - CORRECT ANSWER 3. ensure compliance with constitutional requirements of due process. To inform a policy decision so that an intervention will result in the largest possible number of persons benefitted, which of the following statistics provides the most useful indication of the magnitude of exposure to a factor and subsequent development of disease? 1. Likelihood ratio 2. Absolute risk difference 3. Relative risk ratio 4. Prevalence rate - CORRECT ANSWER 2. Absolute risk difference A district health department is trying to decide whether to invest in interpretation services and translated materials to address local language barriers, address needs of limited English proficient (LEP) clients and meet Federal requirements. The Four Factor Analysis-to guide LHDs in meeting these mandates and to provide recommendations for providing translated materials and interpretation services- is part of a 1.National Standards for Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services (CLAS) Assessment 2.Language Needs Assessment 3.Health Resource Access Assessment 4.Community Literacy Assessment - CORRECT ANSWER 2.Language Needs Assessment Which of the following is the best example of a process evaluation for a program designed to decrease mortality from drinking and driving among high school youth? 1.Document change in mortality associated with drinking and driving 2.Document change in numbers of youth riding with impaired drivers 3.Document risks of riding with impaired drivers 4.Document number of students who attend a drinking and driving education program - CORRECT ANSWER 4.Document number of students who attend a drinking and driving education program In part due to the public attention focused on environmental pollution by Rachel Carson's book "Silent Spring," as well as studies such as those showing a drastic decline in the American Bald Eagle population, a ban was issued on the use of: 1. Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerant gases 2. Leaded gasoline 3. DDT pesticide 4. Asbestos insulation materials - CORRECT ANSWER 3. DDT pesticide River water pollution due to storm water runoff from chemically fertilized farm fields is an example of: 1. Non-point source pollution 2. Point source pollution 3. Accidental and unforeseeable pollution 4.Unpreventable and inconsequential pollution - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Non-point source pollution Public health agencies should be aware of how to communicate the role of public health with external stakeholders. What is the role of public health agencies when communicating with external stakeholders? 1. To promote the agency and engage in advocacy 2. To promote favorable legislation 3. To provide STI tests and keep the public safe 4. To provide vaccinations - CORRECT ANSWER 1. To promote the agency and engage in advocacy Healthcare facilities share patient data through Health Information Exchange networks. Which of the following pairs address the definition of a covered entity among data recipients, and procedures for creating public use data sets de-identified of personal health information? 1. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and Safe Harbor conventions 2. Affordable Care Act (ACA) and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) 3. Safe Harbor conventions and the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA) 4. Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH) and Affordable Care Act (ACA) - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and Safe Harbor conventions Public health departments can use health profession students (eg. medicine, nursing, other allied health specialties) in projects to assess community health needs: 1. if those students are formally employed by that health department under a national fellowship program that puts selected applicants into mentorship placements. 2. provided the students interview but do not take clinical measurements or samples from individuals. 3. when supervised by their clinical instructors in actions within the scope of that profession's practice. 4. but this is not often done because the health department would be responsible for all supervision and liability. - CORRECT ANSWER 3. when supervised by their clinical instructors in actions within the scope of that profession's practice. Select the qualitative method that collects data through a simultaneous conversation with a group of people. 1. key informant interviews 2. discourse analysis 3. surveys 4. focus groups - CORRECT ANSWER 4. focus groups Which of the following practices enhances equity across populations when making health policy decisions in a community? 1. Requiring randomized control evidence of effectiveness 2. Allocating resources based on population size 3. Collecting health-related data about the individuals in the community 4. Including diverse constituencies in the decision-making groups - CORRECT ANSWER 4. Including diverse constituencies in the decision-making groups Which of the following level of evidence is at the top of the evidence pyramid that examines a number of relevant and valid studies on a topic, and combines results from those studies using accepted statistical methodology? 1.Cohort studies 2.Randomized controlled double-blind studies 3.Case control studies 4.Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis - CORRECT ANSWER 3. Case control studies Public health actions frequently involve a balancing of individual rights vs. the good of the community. Where that balance is struck is based on: 1. Explicit direction found in the Nation's Constitution 2. Societal values 3. Science 4. Deontological principles - CORRECT ANSWER 2. Societal values The biggest change in competencies for public health career professionals circa 2019 is 1.an increased emphasis in epidemiology and biostatistics course hours for entry to practice 2.more emphasis on 'soft' skills for leading teams and on integration across technical skills 3.separate lists of competency items for public health analysts versus program managers 4.a stronger focus on management and fiscal oversight - CORRECT ANSWER 2.more emphasis on 'soft' skills for leading teams and on integration across technical skills A public health survey that collects data on the health and diet of the U.S. population is the: 1.National Health Care Survey (NHCS). 2.Total Diet Study (TDS). 3.National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). 4.National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). - CORRECT ANSWER 4.National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The local health jurisdiction is seeking governmental funding to address breast cancer which has a lower incidence rate in group X than in group Y, though group X has a higher mortality rate. This is an example of: 1.Health disparity 2.Harm reduction 3.Modifiable risk factors 4.Life expectancy - CORRECT ANSWER 1.Health disparity The most important reason for reduced mortality during the initial stage of a demographic/epidemiologic transition in a population is: 1.Increased use of antibiotics 2.Improved sanitation 3.Increased immunization 4.Screening for common infectious diseases - CORRECT ANSWER 2.Improved sanitation Which of the following is not a disease that can be contracted by the food-borne route? 1.Salmonellosis 2.Giardiasis 3.West Nile virus neuro-invasive disease 4.Hepatitis A - CORRECT ANSWER 3.West Nile virus neuro-invasive disease Ethical standards apply to government officers and employees. For such individuals, these standards apply: 1.only during their normal working hours. 2.just when performing official duties regardless of time. 3.when they identify themselves with their official title. 4.at all times, whether they are on or off duty. - CORRECT ANSWER 4.at all times, whether they are on or off duty. In the funding applications that state public health departments typically submit every year, program and organizational budget requests: 1.are not included, only research project funding is described. 2.are justified by reasonable numbers on accounting spreadsheets. 3.need explanation in a budget narrative. 4.tend to always be funded. - CORRECT ANSWER 3.need explanation in a budget narrative. Which of the following is defined as a community's ability to survive, adapt and thrive? 1.Community capital 2.Community development 3.Community organization 4.Community capacity - CORRECT ANSWER 4.Community capacity After reviewing evidence demonstrating increased survival of narcotic self-overdose after immediate naloxone administration, the State Commissioner of Health issues the following standing order: "This order authorizes pharmacists who maintain a current active license practicing in a pharmacy located in Virginia that maintains a current active pharmacy permit to dispense one of the following naloxone formulations (notes intranasal or autoinject kits options), in accordance the current Board of Pharmacy-approved protocol." "The State Good Samaritan Act states in part that any person who, in good faith prescribes, dispenses, or administers naloxone or other opioid antagonist used for overdose reversal in an emergency to an individual who is believed to be experiencing or about to experience a life-threatening opiate overdose shall not be liable for any civil damages for ordinary negligence in acts or omissions resulting from the rendering of such treatment if acting in accordance with the Good Samaritan Act or in his role as a member of an emergency medical services agency." This order demonstrates: 1.Secondary Prevention and Harm Prevention Strategy 2.Secondary Prevention and Harm Reduction Strategy 3.Tertiary Prevention and Harm Reduction Strategy 4.Tertiary Prevention and Harm Prevention Strategy - CORRECT ANSWER 3.Tertiary Prevention and Harm Reduction Strategy Which of the following survey items best assesses an individual's socioeconomic status in terms of increasing validity and response rate? 1.Income in the past month 2.Highest level of education attained 3.Eligibility for public assistance 4.Perception of economic insecurity - CORRECT ANSWER 4.Perception of economic insecurity In the planning process, the group being served is referred to as the: 1.Pilot population 2.Key informants 3.General population 4.Priority population - CORRECT ANSWER 4.Priority population As identified in the seminal 1988 Institute of Medicine report on the future of public health, which of the following is not one of the three core functions of the roles and responsibilities of public health agencies? 1.Assessment 2.Financial performance management 3.Policy development 4.Assurance - CORRECT ANSWER 2.Financial performance management Safe Harbor provisions are intended to protect patient privacy by defining: 1.the covered entities with which patient data may be shared. 2.which data elements to remove to create de-identified data sets. 3.encryption protocols and Internet routes for transmitting data. 4.data use agreement provisions for sharing confidential data sets. - CORRECT ANSWER 2.which data elements to remove to create de-identified data sets. Which of the following is the least acceptable method for making drinking water available in an emergency situation? 1.Using a tank truck to deliver water from a potable source 2.Using a community tap connected to a potable source 3.Pumping water from an uncontaminated aquifer 4.Pumping water directly from a river - CORRECT ANSWER 4.Pumping water directly from a river Can federal environmental laws allow States to make parallel environmental laws? 1.Yes, if more stringent than federal standards 2.Yes, if less stringent than federal standards 3.Yes, if no less stringent than federal standards 4.No, states may not make their own environmental laws where federal laws exist - CORRECT ANSWER 3.Yes, if no less stringent than federal standards A research study with a statistical power of 60% and alpha is set at 0.05 reports finding no statistically significant difference (p=0.11). To interpret the findings of this study, if a true difference really exists then there is: 1.An 89% probability that it would be detected. 2.A 60% probability that it would be detected. 3.A 40% probability that it would be detected. 4.An 11% probability that it would be detected. - CORRECT ANSWER 2.A 60% probability that it would be detected. A management/leadership theory which posits that when staff are able to grow and develop staff performance results are better, is an example of: 1.Situational Leadership Theory 2.Douglas McGregor Theory Y 3.Contingency Leadership Theory (CLT) 4.Path-goal Theory - CORRECT ANSWER 2.Douglas McGregor Theory Y Succession planning involves a defined plan to: 1.cultivate a new group of leaders 2.outline new ideas for research studies 3.amend the mission and operations of an organization 4.update current programs and services to incorporate policy and regulatory changes - CORRECT ANSWER 1.cultivate a new group of leaders A researcher is working with local barber shops to plan a health promotion intervention. The intervention activities will include health education training workshops and educational print materials for the customers. The intervention activities are hypothesized to lead to changes in customers' fruit/vegetable intake, physical activity, and screening adherence. Which of the following statements describes how the researcher might start a formative evaluation plan? 1. Document which participating barbers attended each of the training workshops 2. Document the barbers' change in fruit/vegetable intake 3. Document the customers' change in physical activity 4. Convene focus groups in two barber shops to discuss print materials - CORRECT ANSWER 4. Convene focus groups in two barber shops to discuss print materials May government employees use the government room rate offered by hotels if they are on a personal rather than a business trip? 1. Yes, being a government employee one always is eligible to accept hotels' government rates regardless. 2. Yes, hotels and government agencies generally maintain a "don't ask, don't tell" position on this question. 3. Yes, if the hotel offers this rate to all government officials traveling on official business or not. 4. Yes, if the hotel offers it to you specifically by name. - CORRECT ANSWER 3. Yes, if the hotel offers this rate to all government officials traveling on official business or not. A linear regression model is estimated to understand the variation in flu vaccine coverage rates in the 88 counties of Ohio by gender, males vs. females, controlling for county-level per-capita income. Gender is coded as a dummy variable with 1=males, and 0 = females. The coefficient of this dummy variable is negative, and the coefficient of per-capita income is positive. Both coefficients are statistically significant. Based on this model, what is the interpretation of the coefficient of the dummy variable? 1.Vaccine coverage rates are lower among high income males than among high income females, but not for low income males vs. low income females 2.Vaccine coverage rates are lower among high income females than among high income males, but not for low income females vs. low income males. 3. Controlling for per-capita income, males have lower vaccine coverage rates than females. 4. Controlling for per-capita income, females have lower vaccine coverage rates than males. - CORRECT ANSWER 3. Controlling for per-capita income, males have lower vaccine coverage rates than females. To evaluate public health performance, we consider capacity, process, and outcomes. Which of the following represents an example of an "outcome?" 1.An increase in the types of vaccines offered to protect against common childhood diseases 2. Decrease in number of children age 0-2 with vaccine preventable disease 3. Routine health care 4. Increase in number of patients seen in the mobile immunization van - CORRECT ANSWER 2. Decrease in number of children age 0-2 with vaccine preventable disease A supervisor asks three staff members to work together on developing and implementing a community health needs assessment. The supervisor has requested the final needs assessment to be completed in three weeks and after two and a half weeks, only two of the staff members have completed their sections. What would be the best way for the supervisor to give constructive feedback to the staff member who has not completed their assignment? 1. Point out all the issues they have had with this staff member's performance to-date. 2. Prepare by developing a "feedback sandwich" approach with two reinforcing statements surrounding a corrective statement. 3. Give feedback to the staff member as the supervisor catches them on their way into the office. 4. Hold the entire team accountable in group meeting. - CORRECT ANSWER 2. Prepare by developing a "feedback sandwich" approach with two reinforcing statements surrounding a corrective statement. Which of the following methods is the most accurate exposure assessment in workers? 1.Determination of the chemical in the air 2. Biomonitoring of chemicals or metabolites of the chemicals in blood and urine 3. Determination of the chemical on the skin 4. Estimation of the exposure by taking an occupational history - CORRECT ANSWER 2. Biomonitoring of chemicals or metabolites of the chemicals in blood and urine Which statement best describes the role of public health professionals in government employ with respect to authoring manuscripts about their work for publication in peer-review journals? 1. Since, as government employees, they cannot sign copyright releases to publishers they cannot submit manuscripts as authors. 2. The role of government health departments does not include research nor writing for journals. 3. Conflict of interest and ethics rules allow public health department employees to write for government publications but not for-profit journals. 4. It is challenging to find the time and gain necessary internal clearances, but sharing lessons learned through such publication is an important aspect of professionalism. - CORRECT ANSWER 4. It is challenging to find the time and gain necessary internal clearances, but sharing lessons learned through such publication is an important aspect of professionalism. An anti-vaccine group is pressuring government to stop requiring vaccination of children because the disease incidence rate has become very low. The health department is defending the vaccination stance and looking for a way to explain this to legislators. In terms of systems theory, the relationship over time between required vaccination and decrease in incidence rate is a: 1. Positive feedback loop 2. Outflow effect 3. Negative feedback loop 4. Inflow effect - CORRECT ANSWER 3. Negative feedback loop Societies have fostered discrimination against certain communities in various ways. Policy makers must address this to move toward health equity. One theory, which explains the reinforcing feedback loop of poor housing quality, lesser paying jobs, poor education and poor health outcomes, may be summarized as: 1. Social Epidemiology 2. Institutional racism 3. Structural racism 4. Causative factors - CORRECT ANSWER 2. Institutional racism Social marketing is the use of marketing principles to influence human behavior in order to improve health. Which one below is NOT one of the 4 P's of social marketing? 1. Price 2. Promotion 3. Place 4. Process - CORRECT ANSWER 4. Process Which of the following pairs of values are most likely to conflict during a response to a public health emergency? 1. Truth-telling versus community welfare 2. Beneficence versus justice 3. Individual autonomy versus community welfare 4. Community welfare versus justice - CORRECT ANSWER 3. Individual autonomy versus community welfare Which leadership theory advances the notion that one's task-relationship orientation can only be modified within certain limits and that structural and power factors will dictate whether you have a good leadership "fit?" 1. Contingency 2. Path-Goal 3. Transactional 4. Transformational - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Contingency Generally, the largest single component in most public health budgets, and therefore the one with which managers must be most familiar is: 1. computer software and hardware 2. pharmaceuticals 3. personnel 4. shortfalls - CORRECT ANSWER 3. personnel The infant mortality rate (IMR) is calculated as the number of infant deaths under 1 yr of age divided by the: 1. total number of live births x 1,000 2. total population x 1,000 3. total number of deaths x 1,000 4. total number of live births plus the total number of stillbirths x 1,000 - CORRECT ANSWER Total coliform and E. coli counts are performed in routine monitoring of drinking water reservoirs because: 1. These bacteria commonly cause gastrointestinal infection in humans. 2. They are a more easily grown indicator of Legionella spp. contamination. 3. Outdated laws require heterotrophic plate count monitoring of water. 4. Their numbers give general indication of a water supply's sanitary condition. - CORRECT ANSWER 4. Their numbers give general indication of a water supply's sanitary condition. A short narrative or statement that describes the general focus and purpose of a program is called: 1. A mission statement 2.A long-term goal 3.A long-range plan 4. An objective - CORRECT ANSWER 1. A mission statement May a state officer or employee of a regulatory agency concurrently conduct an outside (private) business or accept outside employment? 1. Yes, provided the outside business activity is unrelated to the area that he or she regulates. 2. No, any outside business engagement gives the appearance of unacceptable conflict of interest. 3. Perhaps, but only if the outside business engagement is approved by the agency's head. 4. There is no clear ethical standard - this is more a question of ability to manage both schedules. - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Yes, provided the outside business activity is unrelated to the area that he or she regulates The U.S. Supreme Court interpreted the 10th amendment to the U.S. Constitution to give the states 'police powers' to pursue public health initiatives that protect general welfare, however differences in such initiatives persist across the states because: 1. Police powers prohibit states from defining standards of care and required the federal government to do so 2. Standards of care are implied by police powers but implementation is left to the states 3. Police powers permit each state the right to define and delegate authority and responsibility for public health services 4. States use police powers to fund public health services only through property taxes, and these vary from state to state - CORRECT ANSWER 3. Police powers permit each state the right to define and delegate authority and responsibility for public health services Which of the following makes community-based participatory research (CBPR) unique compared to other research methods? 1. Approval from the institutional review board (IRB) is needed 2. The methods are heavily survey based 3. The participants (target population) becomes a part of the research process 4. It is only used with specific populations - CORRECT ANSWER 3. The participants (target population) becomes a part of the research process When making decisions, public health leaders face the ethical challenge of: 1. Ignoring the rights and liberties of those individuals affected by disease 2. Creating maximum benefit for all while minimizing individual harm 3. Maximizing resource expenditures 4. Demanding trust from health care providers serving patients - CORRECT ANSWER 2. Creating maximum benefit for all while minimizing individual harm The difference between primary and secondary prevention of disease is: 1. Primary prevention focuses on control of causal factors, while secondary prevention focuses on control of symptoms 2. Primary prevention focuses on control of acute disease, while secondary prevention focuses on control of chronic disease 3. Primary prevention focuses on control of causal factors, while secondary prevention focuses on early detection and treatment of disease 4. Primary prevention focuses on increasing resistance to disease, while secondary prevention focuses on decreasing exposure to disease - CORRECT ANSWER 3. Primary prevention focuses on control of causal factors, while secondary prevention focuses on early detection and treatment of disease SMART objectives are: 1. small, manageable, active, ready, and timely 2. scientific, management-oriented, affirmative, rational and testable 3. sizable, market-based, action-oriented, reliable and trendy 4. specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time bound - CORRECT ANSWER 4. specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time bound Societies have fostered discrimination against certain communities in various ways. Policy makers must address this to move toward health equity. One theory, which explains the reinforcing feedback loop of poor housing quality, lesser paying jobs, poor education and poor health outcomes, may be summarized as: 1. Social Epidemiology 2. Institutional racism 3. Structural racism 4. Causative factors - CORRECT ANSWER 2. Institutional racism The best multi-platform software product to support public health field investigators who want a program on their portable device capable of generating survey questionnaires and analyzing survey data is: 1. Excel 2. Epi-Info 3. R 4. SPSS - CORRECT ANSWER 2. Epi-Info HACCP is a food safety system employed to: 1. Detect bacterial contamination in food after it happens 2. Identify and control problems that may cause foodborne illness before they happen 3. Isolate and identify bacterial pathogens from a foodborne illness outbreak 4. Set temperature limits for food containing eggs - CORRECT ANSWER 2. Identify and control problems that may cause foodborne illness before they happen What is the MOST important statistical attribute a confirmatory test must have to limit false positives effectively? 1. High sensitivity 2. High specificity 3. Low sensitivity 4. Low specificity - CORRECT ANSWER 2. High specificity U.S. mandates Creutzfeld-Jacob disease, a prion disease to be nationally notifiable from all the states. What kind of infectious agent is a prion? 1. A bacterium 2. A virus 3. A protozoan 4. A protein - CORRECT ANSWER 4. A protein An investigator would like to assess the association between two categorical variables, but the expected value of at least one cell was less than five. Which statistical test would be most appropriate in this situation? 1. Scheffe's test 2. Fisher's exact test 3. McNemar's test 4. Student t-test - CORRECT ANSWER 2. Fisher's exact test That individuals are motivated to satisfy or pursue food, drink, or shelter before focusing on esteem or self-actualization is an example of which model? 1. Hierarchy of needs (Maslow) 2. Expectancy theory (Vroom) 3. Two-factor theory (Herzberg) 4. Theory X/Theory Y (McGregor) - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Hierarchy of needs (Maslow) A collaborative approach to research that equitably involves all partners in the research process and recognizes the strengths that each brings. For example, these partners could include community members, organizational representatives, and researchers. Please identify which of the following options best describes this type of research. 1. Ecological Study 2. Community Based Participatory Research 3. Theory of Reasoned Action 4. Randomized Community Trial - CORRECT ANSWER 2. Community Based Participatory Research Which leadership theory advances the notion that one's task-relationship orientation can only be modified within certain limits and that structural and power factors will dictate whether you have a good leadership "fit?" 1. Contingency 2. Path-Goal 3. Transactional 4. Transformational - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Contingency A population of rural women experiences a high rate of mortality related to breast cancer. A local university hospital implements a breast cancer screening intervention. This intervention is an example of: 1. Routine prevention 2. Primary prevention 3. Secondary prevention 4. Tertiary prevention - CORRECT ANSWER 3. Secondary prevention Under which circumstance would there be no ethical violation for an officer or employee of a governmental regulatory agency to accept food or beverage paid for by others? 1. Any meal, at any time, can be accepted from anyone except when an actual regulatory transaction is taking place. 2. Breakfast or dinner alone at his or her hotel provided in lieu of an honorarium for speaking at an industry-sponsored event. 3. Lunch provided on-site by an organization to everyone involved during day-long inspections of their operational facilities. 4. Meals or social events provided to all registrants at a regional conference attended as a registrant at an agency approved event - CORRECT ANSWER 4. Meals or social events provided to all registrants at a regional conference attended as a registrant at an agency approved event A local public health department (LHD) must make significant budget cuts. Area managers are directed to review and compare current services, service utilization and cost to areas of need identified a recent community health needs assessment completed by the LHD. This approach, as a prelude to decision-making, is based on: 1. internal assessment and strategic goals 2. External assessment and department policy review 3. Internal assessment and external assessment 4. Strategic planning and maximizing program efficiency. - CORRECT ANSWER 3. Internal assessment and external assessment To help lay, professional and policy audiences understand the rationale for a program proposal, it is best to: 1. provide everyone with the same report, written in plain language aimed for a Grade 10 reading level. 2. recognize that policy or professional audiences prefer to see benefit or risk projections as ratios, lay audiences prefer them expressed as number-needed-to-treat or harm. 3. present a comprehensive literature review, summarize all the numbers in one table and let the facts speak for themselves. 4. tailor expression of need or gap, logic model of intervention, and expression of magnitude of anticipated benefit or harm to each audience. - CORRECT ANSWER 4. tailor expression of need or gap, logic model of intervention, and expression of magnitude of anticipated benefit or harm to each audience The recent HIV/AIDS campaign to encourage testing and 'knowing your status' has resulted in an increase in testing in group A but has not had the intended impact in group B. In thinking about the campaign and to increase its impact on group B, the most important consideration in redesigning the print and social media content should be: 1. To present additional statistics to highlight the magnitude of the problem 2. To request a larger budget -- print and post more posters; more radio, and TV ads 3. To hire a consultant to determine if the literacy level is appropriate 4. To conduct focus groups to learn more about the groups' beliefs and values - CORRECT ANSWER 4. To conduct focus groups to learn more about the groups' beliefs and values The t-distribution approaches which distribution as its degrees of freedom increases? 1. Exponential distribution 2. Normal distribution 3. Binomial distribution 4. Chi-square distribution - CORRECT ANSWER 2. Normal distribution From a political perspective, which type of analysis provides the weakest identification of social and economic impact? 1. Cost-benefit analysis 2. Cost-effectiveness analysis 3. cost-minimization analysis 4. cost-utility analysis - CORRECT ANSWER 3. cost-minimization analysis In a state with a state-directed public health organization, the State Commissioner of Health has notified health districts to close health department dental programs in response to a state legislature vote to defund and discontinue health department dental services. The district health department has identified dental services as a leading community health need. To help assure continued access to services, the best first step is to: 1. develop a list of possible service venues and proposals to secure financial support, and present them to the Commissioner's office. 2. develop agreements with local providers or organizations for the provision of dental services. 3. Continue the dental program in-house at the local health department, since it was already financially sustainable and heavily utilized. 4. ensure implementation of contracts and other agreements with community partners to provide community dental services. - CORRECT ANSWER 1. develop a list of possible service venues and proposals to secure financial support, and present them to the Commissioner's office. For the governance of an organization, which of the following should be measurable? 1. Vision and values 2. Mission and vision 3. Goals and objectives 4. Mission and goals - CORRECT ANSWER 3. Goals and objectives The biggest change in competencies for public health career professionals circa 2019 is 1. an increased emphasis in epidemiology and biostatistics course hours for entry to practice 2. more emphasis on 'soft' skills for leading teams and on integration across technical skills 3. separate lists of competency items for public health analysts versus program managers 4. a stronger focus on management and fiscal oversight - CORRECT ANSWER 2. more emphasis on 'soft' skills for leading teams and on integration across technical skills Activists criticized America's public health policy response during initial years of its AIDS epidemic on the grounds that: 1. Absence of universal health care insurance prevented victims from accessing expensive treatment 2. Government indifference and political infighting resulted in apathy toward a suffering gay community. 3. Too much money was being spent on treatment, not enough on prevention to stop the epidemic. 4. Too much resource was being spent on urging people to change risk behaviors, not enough on medication. - CORRECT ANSWER 2. Government indifference and political infighting resulted in apathy toward a suffering gay community. Public health departments can use health profession students (eg. medicine, nursing, other allied health specialties) in projects to assess community health needs: 1. if those students are formally employed by that health department under a national fellowship program that puts selected applicants into mentorship placements. 2. provided the students interview but do not take clinical measurements or samples from individuals. 3. when supervised by their clinical instructors in actions within the scope of that profession's practice. 4. but this is not often done because the health department would be responsible for all supervision and liability. - CORRECT ANSWER 3. when supervised by their clinical instructors in actions within the scope of that profession's practice. If a population has a standard deviation σ, then the standard deviation of the mean of 100 randomly selected items from this population is: 1. σ 2. 100 σ 3. σ /10 4. σ /100 - CORRECT ANSWER 3. σ /10 In the funding applications that state public health departments typically submit every year, program and organizational budget requests: 1. are not included, only research project funding is described. 2. are justified by reasonable numbers on accounting spreadsheets. 3. need explanation in a budget narrative. 4. tend to always be funded. - CORRECT ANSWER 3. need explanation in a budget narrative. Policy analysis when designing public health programs is: 1. involves a straightforward statistical analysis of health and public polling data. 2. a subjective political task accomplished by legislative debate and trade-offs. 3. complex, involving data collection and clarification of objectives. 4. impossible to define because different policy areas require different approaches. - CORRECT ANSWER 3. complex, involving data collection and clarification of objectives. Historically, which of the following had the greatest impact on average life expectancy? 1. Vaccinations for infectious diseases 2. Improvements in sanitation and hygiene 3. Advances in medical care technology 4. Increased application of health education - CORRECT ANSWER 2. Improvements in sanitation and hygiene Public health agencies should be aware of how to communicate the role of public health with external stakeholders. What is the role of public health agencies when communicating with external stakeholders? 1. To promote the agency and engage in advocacy 2. To promote favorable legislation 3. To provide STI tests and keep the public safe 4. To provide vaccinations - CORRECT ANSWER 1. To promote the agency and engage in advocacy Rocky Mountain spotted fever and Lyme disease are examples of diseases transmitted by: 1. Mosquitoes 2. Polluted water 3. Contaminated food 4. Ticks - CORRECT ANSWER 4. Ticks Can a state public health agency authorize its employees to use or donate frequent flyer miles for personal travel that were acquired during state business travel? 1. Yes, there is no ethical violation in allowing a government employee to keep frequent flyer miles for personal use or to specify their preferred airline for business travel. 2. Yes, there is no ethical violation in allowing a government employee to keep frequent flyer miles for personal use, but they cannot specify their own preferred airline for business travel. 3. No, this would violate the "de minimis" use of government resources so any frequent flyer miles acquired during business travel must be retained by the government agency. 4. No, this would violate several ethical constructs, so any participation in frequent flyer programs during government service must be prohibited. - CORRECT ANSWER 2. Yes, there is no ethical violation in allowing a government employee to keep frequent flyer miles for personal use, but they cannot specify their own preferred airline for business travel. Which of the following strategic planning tools is in the form of a 2x2 table? 1. Gantt chart 2. Network diagram 3. Precede Proceed model 4. SWOT chart - CORRECT ANSWER 4. SWOT chart The most important reason for reduced mortality during the initial stage of a demographic/epidemiologic transition in a population is: 1. Increased use of antibiotics 2. Improved sanitation 3. Increased immunization 4. Screening for common infectious diseases - CORRECT ANSWER 2. Improved sanitation Which of the following survey items best assesses an individual's socioeconomic status in terms of increasing validity and response rate? 1. Income in the past month 2. Highest level of education attained 3. Eligibility for public assistance 4. Perception of economic insecurity - CORRECT ANSWER 4. Perception of economic insecurity Which term below refers to the concept of confirming conclusions from qualitative data through multiple data sources, multiple methods, multiple theories, or multiple data collectors. 1. Triangulation 2. Systematic Review 3. Data Cleaning 4. Meta-analysis - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Triangulation When planning print materials for a public health education program, you should always: 1. Develop materials at least a 12th grade reading level 2. Work with an experienced graphic designer 3. Test them with members of the intended audience 4. Use the largest print possible - CORRECT ANSWER 3. Test them with members of the intended audience Cryptosporidium can become a problem in municipal water supplies because it: 1. Bioaccumulates in fish 2. Can survive the chlorine treatment process 3. Can infect the lungs when water is vaporized, such as in a shower 4. Can bore directly through the skin - CORRECT ANSWER 2. Can survive the chlorine treatment process Facilitation takes work and in a meeting of multiple stakeholders it becomes important for the facilitator to prioritize his or her role. Above all the facilitator should: 1. Be neutral 2. Focus on the content 3. Take notes 4. Listen to the active speakers - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Be neutral Informed consent should avoid inclusion of: 1. risks and benefits 2. technical jargon 3. contact information 4. purpose - CORRECT ANSWER 2. technical jargon Based upon experience of the most successful and visionary organizations, for a new program what is the most important step in building an effective staff? 1. Hire people who fit the culture of the program. 2. Consistent disciplinary action to shape team performance. 3. Regularly scheduled extra-curricular team-building retreats. 4. Very detailed policy and procedure manuals. - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Hire people who fit the culture of the program. The logic model that has been the dominant paradigm representing types of information that may be collected to draw inferences about quality of care provided by a healthcare system has been: 1. Donabedian's model 2. Shewart's PDCA 3. Theory of Change 4. Web of Causation - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Donabedian's model A distinctive foundation of the Comprehensive Unit-based Safety Program (CUSP) developed at Johns Hopkins and promoted by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality creates a culture of safety by focusing on: 1. detecting and reporting sentinel events 2. open attitudes and mutual respect 3. using standardized checklists 4. assuring professional expertise - CORRECT ANSWER 2. open attitudes and mutual respect An incremental approach to program planning in public health: 1. Uses multiple sources and methods to collect similar information 2. Provides an intensive, detailed description and analysis of a single project 3. Produces a plan where the specification of every step depends upon the results of previous steps 4. Results in plans that may be immediately necessary but may overlap or leave gaps - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Uses multiple sources and methods to collect similar information Determining whether to continue or modify but not terminate a program is a reasonable objective of a: 1. formative evaluation 2. summative evaluation. 3. qualitative evaluation. 4. quantitative evaluation - CORRECT ANSWER 2. summative evaluation. In a case-control study of the relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer, researchers found that the Odds Ratios for lung cancer rose as the number of cigarettes smoked daily rose, with non-smokers as the referent group. This evidence for causation is called: 1. Consistency 2. Temporality 3. Biological Gradient 4. Strength of the association - CORRECT ANSWER 4. Strength of the association The leadership in a public health organization has decided to conduct a training needs assessment of its staff, identify training needs, and to invest in training and other resources to ensure that the organization is able to carry out its essential functions and its mission, now and into the future. This is an example of (a/an): 1. Capacity building 2. Efficiency Study 3. Continuous Quality Improvement 4. Feasibility Study - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Capacity building A population-based cancer registry collects data on newly diagnosed invasive breast cancers. These data would be used as numerator data when calculating which of the following measures for invasive breast cancer? 1. Incidence rates 2. Cause-specific death rates 3. Prevalence rate 4. Case fatality ratios - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Incidence rates Exposure assessment attempts to answer all of the following questions except: 1. Toxicity of the exposure 2. Frequency and duration of exposure 3. Population exposed 4. Route of exposure - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Toxicity of the exposure Suppose a researcher calculates a confidence interval for a population mean based on a sample size of 9. Which of the following assumptions have been made? 1. The p value is not significant 2. The sampled population is approximately normal 3. The population standard deviation is known 4. No assumptions have been made - CORRECT ANSWER 2. The sampled population is approximately normal For the first time scientists in the United States conducted a longitudinal study that followed children with Zika for one year. They found that even children who appeared with no deformities at birth developed specific developmental delays. Which communication criteria do Zika scientists meet when they share their research findings with their communities and global constituencies? Select the BEST answer. 1. They practice transparency in advancing Zika research 2. They demonstrate beneficence, a core public health ethical principle 3. They provide strategic leadership in leading local and international solutions 4. They demonstrate their competence in Zika research - CORRECT ANSWER 3. They provide strategic leadership in leading local and international solutions The lengths of stay for six patients were 0, 0, 1, 2, 2, and 16 days. Which is (are) the best measure(s) to summarize these data? 1. Mean and range 2. Median and standard deviation 3. Mean and standard deviation 4. Median and range - CORRECT ANSWER 4. Median and range Which of the following is an expected benefit of consolidating independent hospitals and provider groups into an integrated health care system? 1. Economies of scale in production 2. Lower costs of integration 3. Ease of accommodating diverse organizational cultures 4. Immediate gains in administrative efficiency - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Economies of scale in production An outbreak of pneumonia has occurred at a resort and it is determined that Legionella is the organism that is responsible. To find the source of the bacteria, one of the highest priorities would be to check: 1. food handlers for infected cuts and sores 2. for dead animals on the property 3. resort water supply and storage 4. employees who have come to work with influenza - CORRECT ANSWER 3. resort water supply and storage The minimal effective dose of any environmental agent that evokes a stated all or none response is known as: 1. threshold dose 2. effective dose 3. LD 50 4. LC 50 - CORRECT ANSWER 1. threshold dose The single best predictor of poor health is: 1. Poor sanitary conditions 2. Lack of medical care 3. Genetics 4. Poverty - CORRECT ANSWER 4. Poverty Assume systolic blood pressure (SBP) is modeled using linear regression analysis with LDL cholesterol as a single predictor. The coefficient of LDL cholesterol is positive and statistically significant at alpha = 0.05. The slope of the regression line: 1. can be interpreted as the average increase in LDL cholesterol for every one unit increase in SBP. 2. can only be interpreted if its value is greater than 1. 3. cannot be interpreted without knowing the value of the correlation coefficient. 4. can be interpreted as the average increase in SBP for every one unit increase in LDL cholesterol. - CORRECT ANSWER 3. cannot be interpreted without knowing the value of the correlation coefficient. CHIP is a federal program that has been important for public health because: 1. It remedies the state differences in health insurance that characterize Medicaid 2. It covers preventive services for children who otherwise might not have access to them 3. It provides block grant funding that supports state public health programs 4. It increases funding for school health initiatives - CORRECT ANSWER 2. It covers preventive services for children who otherwise might not have access to them Effective policy dialogue facilitators: 1. value the policy dialogue process over its outcome. 2. value an outcome over the policy dialogue process. 3. rarely engage in preparatory stages before panels meet. 4. moderate rather than interpose with questions. - CORRECT ANSWER 1. value the policy dialogue process over its outcome. An incremental approach to program planning in public health: 1. Uses multiple sources and methods to collect similar information 2. Provides an intensive, detailed description and analysis of a single project 3. Produces a plan where the specification of every step depends upon the results of previous steps 4. Results in plans that may be immediately necessary but may overlap or leave gaps - CORRECT ANSWER 4. Results in plans that may be immediately necessary but may overlap or leave gaps An appropriately tailored intervention message most importantly should: 1. Take into account characteristics of the target population 2. Be designed through community organizational strategies 3. Meet the criteria established by the funding agency 4. Be designed and tested by colleagues and experts in the field - CORRECT ANSWER 2. Be designed through community organizational strategies What test would be used to assess whether sex is associated with the incidence of diabetes? 1. Chi-square test of independence 2. Two independent samples t test 3. Analysis of variance 4. Correlation analysis - CORRECT ANSWER 2. Two independent samples t test Determining whether to continue or modify but not terminate a program is a reasonable objective of a: 1. formative evaluation 2. summative evaluation. 3. qualitative evaluation. 4. quantitative evaluation - CORRECT ANSWER 2. summative evaluation. The Dartmouth Atlas of Healthcare demonstrates that small area variations in Medicare expenditures across geographic areas are primarily attributable to differences in: 1. Physician practice styles 2. Consumer preferences for high-cost services 3. Age of the population served 4. Health status of the population served - CORRECT ANSWER 4. Health status of the population served Waterborne diseases can result from fecal contamination. Which of the following would be classified as a waterborne disease? 1. Cryptosporidium parvum 2. Flavivirus 3. Plasmodium spp. 4. Borrelia burgdorferi - CORRECT ANSWER 2. Flavivirus What is the "reservoir host" for West Nile Virus? 1. Birds 2. Mosquitoes 3. Humans 4. Cattle - CORRECT ANSWER 2. Mosquitoes The exposure standard for lead in children has been lowered over the years because even small amounts can result in: 1. Childhood cancers, such as leukemia 2. Impaired cognitive development 3. Impaired formation of bone mineral 4. Reduced rate of growth - CORRECT ANSWER 2. Impaired cognitive development Measuring inputs, throughputs, outputs and outcomes of health systems is, to an increasing extent, relying on "big data" which is distinct from other data in terms of its: 1. Volume, velocity, variety, variability and veracity 2. Terabyte file size, proprietary ownership, encryption and cost 3. Storage in data warehouses isolated from internet access 4. Importance, validation, curation and credibility - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Volume, velocity, variety, variability and veracity For a disease such as liver cancer, which is highly fatal and of short duration, which of the following statements is true? 1. Mortality rates will be much higher than incidence rates 2. Incidence rates will be much lower than prevalence rates 3. Incidence rates will be much higher than mortality rates 4. Incidence rates will be approximately equal to mortality rates - CORRECT ANSWER 4. Incidence rates will be approximately equal to mortality rates Effective policy dialogue facilitators: 1. value the policy dialogue process over its outcome. 2. value an outcome over the policy dialogue process. 3. rarely engage in preparatory stages before panels meet. 4. moderate rather than interpose with questions. - CORRECT ANSWER 1. value the policy dialogue process over its outcome. An incremental approach to program planning in public health: 1.Uses multiple sources and methods to collect similar information 2.Provides an intensive, detailed description and analysis of a single project 3.Produces a plan where the specification of every step depends upon the results of previous steps 4.Results in plans that may be immediately necessary but may overlap or leave gaps - CORRECT ANSWER 4.Results in plans that may be immediately necessary but may overlap or leave gaps The goal of an ANOVA statistical analysis is to determine whether or not: 1. The means of two samples are different 2. The means of more than two samples are different 3. The means of two or more populations are different 4. The means of two populations are different - CORRECT ANSWER 3. The means of two or more populations are different Which of the following water-borne disease organisms is very difficult to kill by chemical disinfection of drinking and/or recreational water supply systems and has caused major US disease outbreaks? 1.Vibrio cholerae (causes cholera) 2.Cryptosporidium (causes Cryptosporidiosis) 3.Giardia lamblia (causes Giardiasis) 4.Escherichia coli (causes acute gastroenteritis) - CORRECT ANSWER 2.Cryptosporidium (causes Cryptosporidiosis) New to your leadership position, you realize that two of the programs you manage have similar functions, and work with the same population in the same area. Data trends over the past 5 years suggest that the health condition has improved significantly. You decide that only one program is needed to provide the necessary services to the community. This is an example of: 1.An analysis to justify and allocate resources 2.Applying a health equity and social justice lens 3.Strategic planning 4.Community Health Needs Assessment - CORRECT ANSWER 1.An analysis to justify and allocate resources Count data, such as the number of events occurring in a specified period of time, are often described by which probability distribution? 1.Binomial 2.Chi-square 3.Normal 4.Poisson - CORRECT ANSWER 4.Poisson Which measure of mortality would you calculate to determine the proportion of all deaths that is caused by heart disease? 1. Case fatality ratio 2. Cause-specific mortality rate 3. Crude mortality rate 4. Proportionate mortality ratio - CORRECT ANSWER 4. Proportionate mortality ratio New to your leadership position, you realize that two of the programs you manage have similar functions, and work with the same population in the same area. Data trends over the past 5 years suggest that the health condition has improved significantly. You decide that only one program is needed to provide the necessary services to the community. This is an example of: 1. An analysis to justify and allocate resources 2. Applying a health equity and social justice lens 3. Strategic planning 4. Community Health Needs Assessment - CORRECT ANSWER 1. An analysis to justify and allocate resources To determine whether to expand a component of a current intervention, which type of evaluation is needed? 1. Formative evaluation 2. Process evaluation 3. Outcome evaluation 4. Impact evaluation - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Formative evaluation A key characteristic of action research or community based participatory research (CBPR) include: 1. Securing local community IRB approvals for the project and informed consent 2. Embracing the community as a full and equal research partner 3. Presenting a well thought out research and analysis plan to the community 4. Partnering with law makers to ensure health improvements in the community - CORRECT ANSWER Case-control studies are among the best observational designs to study diseases of: 1. High prevalence 2. High mortality 3. Low case fatality 4. Low prevalence - CORRECT ANSWER 4. Low prevalence Given popularity of the phrase "evidence-based decisions", a member of a program advisory committee wants the next meeting's agenda to include a recent evaluation study published by an independent academic researcher. That study concludes that a government-guaranteed minimum annual income is the best solution to homelessness. The committee advises a program whose mandate is to oversee the operation of a health insurance program for children in families with income level lower than the federal poverty line. Should the study be added to the agenda? 1. Add the item - government programs are obliged to follow the lead of their advisory committee. 2. Add the item - decisions must follow the evidence if evidence points to a different allocation of resources. 3. Refrain from adding the item - one member is not a quorum. 4. Refrain from adding the item - it is not germane to program decision needs. - CORRECT ANSWER 4. Refrain from adding the item - it is not germane to program decision need Waiting until a program or intervention is complete to begin evaluation activities misses important and valuable opportunities for what type of evaluation? 1. Outcome and impact evaluation 2. Summative evaluation 3. Process evaluation 4. Participant evaluation - CORRECT ANSWER 3. Process evaluation An incremental approach to program planning in public health: 1. Uses multiple sources and methods to collect similar information 2. Provides an intensive, detailed description and analysis of a single project 3. Produces a plan where the specification of every step depends upon the results of previous steps 4. Results in plans that may be immediately necessary but may overlap or leave gaps - CORRECT ANSWER 4. Results in plans that may be immediately necessary but may overlap or leave gaps To learn more about the "natural course" of syphilis, from 1932-1972, the US Public Health Service left infected study participants (comprised of poor black men) untreated. This resulted in pain, blindness, infertility, and death, as well as transmission of the disease to partners and children. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, is a sentinel public health event because of these ethical violations and resulted in: 1. The Nuremberg Code 2. The Belmont Report 3. Rose-Welch Report 4. The Legal Epidemiology Competency Model - CORRECT ANSWER 2. The Belmont Report When developing a strategic plan, which of the following analyses can identify how an organization relates to its external environment? A return on investment (ROI) B request for proposals (RFP) C responsible, accountable, consulted, and informed (RACI) D strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) - CORRECT ANSWER D strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) A health department implemented a new marketing strategy to increase flu vaccination rates. The evaluation shows that there was an overall increase except in the Hispanic population. Which evaluation method best helps collect the information needed to better understand this outcome in the community? A Examine nationwide data to see if the local results are part of a larger trend. B Interview leaders and health care providers in the local Hispanic community. C Talk to colleagues in other jurisdictions about strategies that have been successful for them. D Meet with colleagues to discuss their observations when working with the Hispanic community - CORRECT ANSWER B Interview leaders and health care providers in the local Hispanic community. What is one of the critical components of community health practice? A social marketing B normative beliefs C stakeholder identification D institutional review board (IRB) - CORRECT ANSWER C stakeholder identification Which of the following professionals make up the largest percentage of the public health workforce? A epidemiologists B health educators C nurses D sanitarians - CORRECT ANSWER C nurses A smoking cessation campaign highlights better health outcomes and a healthier environment. Which of the following social marketing principles is used in this campaign? A focusing on behavioral outcomes B maintaining a market perspective C prioritizing consumers' rather than marketers' benefits D developing a strategic marketing mix of communication elements - CORRECT ANSWER C prioritizing consumers' rather than marketers' benefits Which communication technique makes it easier to understand and use health information? A plain language B common terminology C ethical communication D gender-neutral language - CORRECT ANSWER A plain language The times observed for completing a sorting task are scored in terms of order of finish. This is an example of A continuous data. B interval data. C nominal data. D ordinal data. - CORRECT ANSWER D ordinal data. A crucial step for establishing positive team interdependence is A determining deadlines. B attending group meetings. C establishing group member roles. D managing communication patterns. - CORRECT ANSWER C establishing group member roles. The PEPFAR program was created to respond to which of the following global health concerns? A malaria B tuberculosis C dengue fever D HIV/AIDS - CORRECT ANSWER D HIV/AIDS Which of the following relationships most accurately describes a positively skewed distribution of human body weight measurements? A The mode is greater than the mean. B The mean is greater than the median. C The mean is less than the median. D The mode is equal to the mean. - CORRECT ANSWER B The mean is greater than the median. Leading by example best exemplifies which of the following styles of leadership? A strategic B visionary C delegative D participative - CORRECT ANSWER D participative A recent report on suicide rates among indigenous youth noted that the incidence of suicide rates among the children and youth of the Inuit population living in northern arctic region is five times higher when compared to the rates in rest of Canada. The government has recently asked for policy options to be drafted that could help reduce the incidence of these suicides. Which of the following potential stakeholders is key to be engaged in this process? A physicians working in urban cities B local school district board C local municipalities D non-profit organizations - CORRECT ANSWER B local school district board A public health researcher has been appointed to a regional agency that is assigned to manage and implement a community-based participatory research project. Which of the following is the first step in achieving strong community support for the project? ' A hiring community-based recruiters B accepting an invitation to a radio show to discuss the project C posting flyers to inform the community about the research project D establishing an advisory group of community residents to guide the project - CORRECT ANSWER D establishing an advisory group of community residents to guide the project An example of a health disparity is A an elderly population who receive low-cost dental care. B a rural town served by a doctor with an office 50 miles away. C physically disabled patients with access to Medicaid coverage. D an unequal occurrence of sickle cell anemia across racial groups. - CORRECT ANSWER B a rural town served by a doctor with an office 50 miles away. A health department received a confirmed case of measles in a 10-year-old. The health department has been asked to exclude all unvaccinated students from the school for 3 weeks to attempt to stop the spread of measles. The county administrator is concerned about excluding healthy children from the school and the backlash from an anti-vaccination organization in the community. Although it is legal to exclude children from school, the health department needs to determine what choice is ethically defensible. Which public health ethical principles are in conflict in this situation? A building the public's trust versus empowering disenfranchised community members to ensure health access B respecting the rights of individual community members versus addressing the fundamental causes of disease C acting on health problems in a timely manner versus maintaining confidentiality of an individual or community D respecting the values, beliefs, and cultures in the community versus implementing public health programs that enhance the social environment - CORRECT ANSWER B respecting the rights of individual community members versus addressing the fundamental causes of disease Which of the following are four Ps in social marketing? A people, purpose, place, post B purpose, pay, place, population C product, price, place, promotion D position, price, population, promotion - CORRECT ANSWER C product, price, place, promotion Which of the following best exemplifies a vision statement in a health department's strategic plan? A The department will provide quality, comprehensive, culturally proficient health services. B The department will initiate a smoking education program in all primary schools in the region. C The department is committed to protecting and promoting the health of the residents of the community. D The department will provide extraordinary service to the community it serves, resulting in the healthiest community in the region. - CORRECT ANSWER D The department will provide extraordinary service to the community it serves, resulting in the healthiest community in the region. The demonstration of flexibility, openness, and self-reflection so that cultural learning is possible when working in community partnerships, describes A cultural planning. B cultural competency. C community sensitivity. D community diversity. - CORRECT ANSWER B cultural competency. Which of the following complaints is most likely to result in the investigation of a restaurant? A One person reported becoming ill after eating at the restaurant. B Two people became ill, one with a migraine headache and one with diarrhea, after eating at the restaurant. C Three friends became ill with vomiting within 4 hours of eating the same food items. D Five family members developed diarrhea within 48 hours of eating at the restaurant. - CORRECT ANSWER C Three friends became ill with vomiting within 4 hours of eating the same food items. Which of the following is a common threat to validity with adapting an evidence-based practice to a specific population? A maintaining fidelity B obtaining grantor approval C having resources available D achieving community uptake - CORRECT ANSWER A maintaining fidelity Following the implementation of the National Brucellosis Eradication Program, the annual economic losses due to brucellosis reduced from $400 million in 1950 to $1 million in 2016. The National Brucellosis Eradication Program is considered a success. Which of the following types of evaluation best measures the effect of this program? A process B formative C summative D participatory - CORRECT ANSWER C summative Voluntary evacuation plans for medically fragile individuals in a declared state of emergency need to be analyzed in terms of which of the following ethical principles? A incorporation of diversity B protection of individual liberty C feedback from the community D acting on information in a timely manner - CORRECT ANSWER B protection of individual liberty Which of the following statements best addresses the concern that community-based participatory research (CBPR) leads to compromised and weak research methodologies? A CBPR is particularly appropriate for addressing racial/ethnic and other types of health disparities which have multiple individual and community-level determinants. B Awareness of power differentials between academics and community members is critical in the research process, dependent upon the level to which CBPR is employed. C Although working in community settings presents challenges and may sacrifice some external validity, the CBPR approach can increase internal validity. D Community partners provide researchers with unique insights into the local context that could potentially lead to more effective interventions and sustainable effects. - CORRECT ANSWER D Community partners provide researchers with unique insights into the local context that could potentially lead to more effective interventions and sustainable effects. The outbreak of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in 1993 in the Four Corners area of the Southwest resulted from an explosion in the population of deer mice. It is believed that the population increase resulted from an unusually wet spring that produced a more abundant than usual crop of piñon nuts, the major food source of the deer mouse in that area. An understanding of which of the following concepts is likely to be most pertinent to public health practitioners in preventing future outbreaks of this disease? A biotic potential of the piñon nut B effect of rainfall on homeostatic controls C environmental resistance factors of the deer mouse D environmental factors that limit the size of the deer mouse population - CORRECT ANSWER D environmental factors that limit the size of the deer mouse population Which source of United States law gives power to health departments? A treaties B statutes C regulations D common law - CORRECT ANSWER B statutes Which theory is best illustrated by the following statement? "Learning occurs because of a reciprocal interaction of the person, environment, and behavior." A Social Cognitive Theory B Theory of Planned Behavior C Diffusion of Innovations Theory D Transtheoretical Model of Change - CORRECT ANSWER A Social Cognitive Theory Recreational water quality in the United States is most affected by which of the following types of pollution? A urban runoff after a rain event B factory wastewater C oil spilled from boat motors D organic decomposition from weeds and rushes - CORRECT ANSWER A urban runoff after a rain event A research group is examining factors that contribute to diabetes among underserved Latino adolescents. Parents provide informed consent for their children to participate in this observational study. As the study is only observational, no intervention is planned. Two years into the study, the FDA approved a drug that has been shown to prevent diabetes in adolescents. The research group continues to conduct the observational study without change to their study procedures. Which of the following statements is true about this research group? A They are behaving appropriately because the study was designed to be only observational in nature. B They are behaving unethically by not informing participants of the available treatment. C They are behaving unethically because they have not received consent from the adolescents themselves. D They are behaving unethically because they have excluded all other ethnic backgrounds and are only studying Latinos. - CORRECT ANSWER B They are behaving unethically by not informing participants of the available treatment. A nonprofit grocery store is opening in a small community neighborhood with a vulnerable population. A banner hung under the business sign reads, "A community where no child will ever be hungry again." What kind of statement is this banner depicting? A goal B vision C mission D objective - CORRECT ANSWER B vision Which of the following programs represents the greatest health expenditure at the state level? A direct public health care B Medicaid C state employee health benefits D State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) - CORRECT ANSWER B Medicaid In 2011, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) found that low-income individuals experience more barriers to health care and receive poorer quality of care. The best short-term recommendation for addressing this disparity is to A increase the number of medical specialty practices in the area. B increase the federal percentage of payment for Medicaid services. C expand cross-sector activities to enhance access to high-quality education, jobs, and economic opportunities. D work with communities and local providers to implement policies and programs that address highest priority needs. - CORRECT ANSWER D work with communities and local providers to implement policies and programs that address highest priority needs. A state health department has been granted legal authority to promulgate regulations regarding the prevention of disease transmission in body art establishments. Which of the following strategies is the most practical for monitoring the enforcement of these regulations statewide? A Require body art establishments to self-report infections among their clients. B Establish a toll-free number for persons receiving body art services to report infections. C Distribute educational materials about disease transmission, body art, and the new regulations. D Create agreements with local health departments to inspect the establishments and report outcomes. - CORRECT ANSWER D Create agreements with local health departments to inspect the establishments and report outcomes. A budget statement for a public health program provides a detailed itemization of expenses and A fees. B taxes. C grants. D revenue. - CORRECT ANSWER D revenue. Which of the following phases of the policy-making process includes a "window of opportunity"? A policy modification B policy rulemaking C policy formulation D policy implementation - CORRECT ANSWER C policy formulation A mother and her child have lived in an area with poor air quality for several years, yet only the child shows symptoms of an environmentally linked respiratory disease. Which of the following is the most likely reason? A Young children show symptoms earlier than adults. B Young children have higher metabolic and respiratory rates. C Adults living in these areas develop tolerance to air pollutants. D Adults are more likely to have comorbidities that mask the symptoms. - CORRECT ANSWER B Young children have higher metabolic and respiratory rates. Which of the following is the largest source of funding for core local public health services in the United States? A federal funding B state sales tax revenues C local government revenue D Medicaid and other fee revenue - CORRECT ANSWER A federal funding Under the Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (AHERA), schools must be inspected for asbestos hazards. Which of the following is the public health basis for this regulation? A Children are likely to have behaviors that will expose them to asbestos in schools. B It is not feasible to regulate exposures in the home environments and schools are the next best location. C Asbestos was primarily placed in schools because the fire-retardant properties are protective of children. D Diseases associated with exposure to asbestos may have an extended latency period, putting exposed children at risk later in their lives. - CORRECT ANSWER D Diseases associated with exposure to asbestos may have an extended latency period, putting exposed children at risk later in their lives. In an urban community, which of the following is most likely to contribute to the heat island effect? A reducing housing density B increasing the use of air-conditioning C minimizing areas of vegetation growth D increasing the number of power plants - CORRECT ANSWER C minimizing areas of vegetation growth The landmark Institute of Medicine report in 1988 entitled The Future of Public Health, identified three core functions of public health as A epidemiology, health policy, and evaluation. B surveillance, program development, and health policy. C assessment, policy development, and assurance. D administration, implementation, and monitoring. - CORRECT ANSWER C assessment, policy development, and assurance. A public health professional needs to bring a group of people to consensus on an issue quickly. There is significant conflict when they get together, and some tend to dominate others. Which of the following is the best approach for the professional to take? A Use the Delphi method. B Conduct focus groups. C Host an informal meeting in a casual setting. D Hire a facilitator to run the meeting. - CORRECT ANSWER A Use the Delphi method. The correlation between social status and health in economically developed countries is most likely explained by which of the following? A genetic differences B cultural and linguistic competency C health care financing and quality of services provided D chronic anxiety related to low social status in addition to lack of material resources - CORRECT ANSWER D chronic anxiety related to low social status in addition to lack of material resources Evidence-based guidelines for the communication of public health risks and disasters recommend which of the following practices? A being available to the media during a crisis B stating "no comment" when the level of risk is unknown C maintaining a professional separation from media sources D limiting the background information presented to the media - CORRECT ANSWER A being available to the media during a crisis Which of the following characteristics of a community is considered a protective factor that reduces the risk of child neglect or maltreatment in the community? A high social capital B high human capital C high financial capital D high professional capital - CORRECT ANSWER A high social capital A researcher wants to conduct a study of hookah use in a college town. He plans to use the PRECEDE-PROCEED Planning Model. Which of the following is an example of a reinforcing factor in this situation? A feeling relaxed after using hookah B self-efficacy to decline using a hookah C having multiple hookah cafes around campus D knowledge of the health effects of hookah use - CORRECT ANSWER A feeling relaxed after using hookah A community recently completed a community health needs assessment. The process included a diverse set of community partners who identified nine priority issues. The steering committee decided that the list should be narrowed to no more than four issues. Which of the following processes should be used to prioritize the identified community needs? A Invite everyone who participated to a community meeting where they can hear the results and vote on priorities. B Ask the steering committee to rank the nine priorities to narrow the list to four. C Ask the health department staff to prepare a recommended list to be approved by the steering committee. D Talk to local funding agencies to determine which activities they would likely support. - CORRECT ANSWER A Invite everyone who participated to a community meeting where they can hear the results and vote on priorities. Which of the following best describes the value of an enterprise after all debts have been deducted from the assets? A profit B equity C liability D revenue - CORRECT ANSWER B equity Which definition describes an organization balance sheet? A a review of true expenses B an annual overview of fundraising C a summary of assets and liabilities D the amount of money owed to personnel - CORRECT ANSWER C a summary of assets and liabilities