Ch. 21: Principles of Cancer Development
• Benign vs. Malignant cells
o Benign tumor cells grow due to hyperplasia
• Seven warning signs of cancer
o CAUTION
▪ Changes in bowel/bladder habits, A sore throat that does
...
Ch. 21: Principles of Cancer Development
• Benign vs. Malignant cells
o Benign tumor cells grow due to hyperplasia
• Seven warning signs of cancer
o CAUTION
▪ Changes in bowel/bladder habits, A sore throat that does not
heal, Unusual bleeding/discharge, Thickening or lump in breast
or elsewhere, Indigestion or difficulty swallowing, Obvious
change in wart/mole, Nagging cough/hoarseness.
• Cancer development stages of malignancy
o Initiation:
▪ Change in gene expression leading to loss of cellular regulation.
▪ Excessive cell division
o Promotion
▪ Enhanced growth of an initiated cell by substances known as
promoters
• Promoters can be hormones, proteins (insulin and
estrogen)
o Progression
▪ Continued change of a cancer making it more malignant over
time
Multidimensional Care II Exam 1 Study Guide
o Metastasis
▪ Cancer cells move from the primary location and establish
remote colonies.
• Cancer classification
o Cancers are classified by type of tissue from which the arise
▪ Solid tumors: associated with the organ where they develop
▪ Hematological cancers: Originate from blood cell-forming tissues
such as leukemia, lymphoma, and myelomas
• Cancer prevention (primary vs. secondary)
o Primary Prevention
▪ Avoidance of known/potential carcinogens
• Ex: Teach adults to use skin protection during sun
exposure
• Ex: Eliminate
▪ Modifying associated factors
• Modifying behavior to reduce the associated factor can
decrease the risk of CA development.
• Ex increased incidence of CA among adults who consume
alcohol
• Diets high in fat and low in fibers
▪ Removal of “at-risk” tissues
• Ex: Chemoprevention
• Vaccination
o Ex: HPV vaccine
o Secondary Prevention
▪ Regular screening for cancer does not reduce cancer incidence
but can greatly reduce some types of CA deaths
▪ Teach all adults to participate in routine screenings
• Annual mammography (45-54 years of age), Biennial
(55+)
• Annual breast exams, colonoscopy at 50, annual FOBT,
Prostate screening for men 50+
• Testing for gene mutations
o Ex: BRCA genes
• Types of cancers (carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia,
blastoma)
Ch. 22: Care of Patients with Cancer
• Diagnostic tests
• Risk factors
• Types of therapy (i.e. surgery, radiation, chemotherapy)
o Surgery
▪ Can be used prophylactically or as curative Tx
▪ Used for diagnostics
• Ex: biopsie
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