Nursing Care/Human Development Mid-Term-(All Answers)

Development is best explained by a model that a. concentrates on one aspect of development b. uses behavior as its focus c. includes biological, psychological, and social influences d. restricts itself to the observa ...

Development is best explained by a model that a. concentrates on one aspect of development b. uses behavior as its focus c. includes biological, psychological, and social influences d. restricts itself to the observable Humans have a remarkable potential for change, but resiliency has a. limitations b. defined markers c. unlimited capacity d. known characteristics A 10 year old girl peeks in her older sister's diary, but later feels guilty. She tells herself, "I shouldn't have done that. It wasn't right." According to Freud, which moral component of the personality is responsible for her feelings about her behavior? a. Id b. Ego c. Superego d. Preconscious What is Freud's "pleasure principle"? a. the notion that unconscious forces govern our behavior is the pleasure principle b. childhood pleasures have a strong influence on adult personality c. individuals act to gratify instinctual desires and to avoid pain d. personality is shaped by how individuals indulge their sexual urges c. individuals act to gratify instinctual desires and to avoid pain Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is based on a. the notion that the personality develops early in childhood b. the premise that humans interact with an ever-widening circle of people c. the need to avoid developmental crises d. the idea that early social experiences determine later ones Which of the following crises in the life cycle is the cornerstone of Erikson's theory? a. Trust versus mistrust b. autonomy versus shame and doubt c. initiative versus guilt d. identity formation versus identity diffusion Which of the following statements refers to Piaget's universalist constructivist theory? a. humans passively assimilate their understanding of the world b. humans construct reality through their understanding of the world c. humans have inborn schemata that help them understand the world d. humans construct reality by being acted on by the environment What is Piaget's definition of adaptation? a. intelligence b. assimilation and accommodation c. ability to effectively negotiate environmental demands d. all of the above In his explanation of cognitive development, Vygotsky stressed a. assimilation b. social interactions c. reinforcement d. schema Vygotsky believed language gradually becomes ___ and directs behavior a. structured b. pragmatic c. internalized d. reinforced In Brofenbrenner's model of human ecology, the school, the neighborhood, and peer group belong in which system? a. microsystem b. mesosystem c. exosystem d. macrosystem The american cultural value placed on the primacy of the biological family is an example of a(n) a. microsystem b. mesosystem c. exosystem d. macrosystem Maslow believed that our needs are best seen as a(n) a. ellipse b. hierarchy c. interlocking circle d. polygon Using our abilities to the limits of our potential refers to a. assimilation b. accommodation c. conditioning d. self-actualization The environment responds to human behavior and either reinforces it or eliminates it. This theory is known as a. operant conditioning b. classical conditioning c. social cognitive learning d. connectionism The importance of modeling is emphasized in a. operant conditioning b. classical conditioning c. social cognitive learning d. connectionism It is important to remember that different is not a. unique b. deficient c. appreciated d. diffuse ___ is a belief that interactions among all aspects of development require analysis a. Piagetian psychology b. operant conditioning c. social cognitive learning d. developmental contextualism Which of the following is an example of between-group differences in gender research on language development? a. Girls develop language more rapidly than boys. b. Girls do better than boys on subtests of anagrams, synonyms, speech production, and word knowledge. c. Although dyslexia is more common in boys, some girls develop dyslexia d. Gender accounts for 1% of the variability in language development Research on aggression supports which of the following statements? a. Boys are more hostile than girls. b. For men, physical aggression is about inflicting harm. c. For women, physical aggression is about defending their social status d. physical aggression is related to perceptions of social power. Which of the following is not associated with homelessness? a. hunger and poor nutrition b. developmental delays c. health problems d. lowered intelligence A major characteristic of successful schools in poor economic locations is a. an emphasis on academic achievement b. classroom television c. building conditions d. proximity to the center of the city What are genes? a. Long strands of DNA b. the sequences in which nucleotide bases are arranged c. multiple combinations of nucleotide bases d. the functional units of DNA Skin cells contain a. 46 chromosomes b. 23 chromosomes c. 46 autosomes d. 23 sex chromosomes which process is responsible for the genetic variability among human organisms? a. mitosis b. meiosis c. fertilization d. capacitation Where does fertilization occur in the female? a. uterus b. vagina c. fallopian tubes d. ovaries the critical period of organogenesis occurs doing a. the embryonic period b. the germinal period c. the fetal period d. at the time of conception Research suggests that insufficient folic acid in the mother's diet may contribute to the failure of the neural tube to close, resulting in spina bifida. At which point in prenatal development does the neural tube close? a. fourth week b. eighth week c. fourth month d. sixth month the causes of infertility are a. unknown b. male c. female d. male or female estimates are that one in every __ american couples are infertile a. two or three b. three or four c. five or six d. seven or eight a major concern for sperm banks is control of a. disease b. donor availability c. confidential information d. technological innovation for all assisted reproductive technologies ____ is critical a. location b. climate c. timing d. contingency genes make up ___% of DNA a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 the human genome project is an attempt to map a. all human genes b. cellular materials c. nucleotides d. cell divisions an example of a single-gene genetic disorder is a. down syndrome b. turner syndrome c. klinefelter syndrome d. sickle-cell anemia an example of a chromosomal disorder is a. spina bifida b. chronic disease syndrome c. phenylketonuria d. turner syndrome how is prematurity defined? a. infants are premature if born before 37 weeks, regardless of weight b. infants are premature if they weigh less than 2500 g at birth, regardless of age c. infants are premature if they weigh less than 1500 g and are born before 37 weeks d. prematurity is based on the relationship between weight and gestational age the organ system that is most critical to the premature infant's outcome is a. the heart b. the lungs c. the brain d. the nervous system Which characteristic makes regular use of alcohol during pregnancy a teratogen? a. alcohol interferes with fetal cell division and growth throughout pregnancy b. alcohol alters the development of the fetus's central nervous system during the last trimester c. women who abuse alcohol are less likely to be well nourished d. all of the above are correct what is the best-known cause of deafness in newborns? a. cocaine use by the mother during pregnancy b. mother's contraction of rubella during the first trimester c. mother's exposure to radiation during the last trimester d. mother's exposure to cytomegalovirus (CMV) when a natural mother retains input into the adoption process, it is called ___ adoption a. selected b. congruent c. accommodated d. open Couples considering adoption should think carefully about the ___ of the child a. weight b. age c. size d. cognition At what point after birth do typical infants double their birth weight? a. 3 months b. 6 months c. 9 months you notice that a new mother feeds her baby boy by propping a bottle on a pillow next to him. why do you want to discourage this practice? a. the baby will have difficulty regulating the flow of formula b. the baby is not learning how to organize his behavior c. the mother and the baby are not learning to read each other's signals d. all of the above are correct you observe a baby lying on her abdomen, raising her head, shoulders, and upper abdomen while supporting herself with her forearms. about how old is this baby? a. 6 weeks b. 8 weeks c. 3 months d. 6 months a new mother who is breastfeeding her baby asks you if her baby can see her. what is your answer? a. no. babies cannot see clearly until they are about 6 weeks old b. yes. babies have 20/20 vision at birth c. no. visual acuity is about 20/100 at birth d. yes. objects that are within close range, especially your face, are perfectly clear apgar scores are recorded at 1 and 5 minutes after birth. what do they measure? a. heart rate, respiratory effect, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and skin color b. first and second periods of reactivity c. behavioral states: sleeping, waking, and crying d. gestational maturity, such as flexion of extremities, quality of skin, and development of eyes, ears, and genitals. which of the following is an example of contingency seeking in newborns? a. infants learn to adjust their rate of sucking by using the mother's voice as a reward. b. infants prefer complex patterns of black and white c. newborns discriminate their mother's voice from the voices of other women d. infants turn their head to search for a sound the final area of the brain to develop is the a. occipital lobe b. association area c. sensory area d. auditory area nervous system development commences in a process called a. neural induction b. tubular processes c. neural migration d. neuronal balance Human infants exhibit reflexes because a. their nervous systems are not fully mature b. some infant reflexes are building blocks for voluntary motor behavior c. some reflexes are designed to protect them from potential harm d. of all of the above to elicit the babinski reflex, you stroke the sole of a baby's foot, beginning at the heel and moving towards the toes. the toes flex, as if they are going to grab your finger. is this normal? a. no. if the baby is younger than 1 year, the toes should fan out and extend b. yes, if the baby is older than 1 year, the toes will flex. c. both a and b are true d. neither a nor b is true According to piaget, what are the four accomplishments of the sensorimotor period? a. rolling over, sitting up, crawling, and walking. b. time, spatial relationships, cause and effect, and object permanence c. visual acuity, binocular vision, depth perception, and spatial relationships d. primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, coordination of secondary circular reactions, and tertiary circular reactions you are watching a baby who is sitting up in her mother's lap. the baby is playing with a box of animal crackers, by shaking it, hitting it on the arm of the chair, and patting the lid with her hand. what age range and what substage of piaget's sensorimotor period is this baby in? a. age 1-4 months, primary circular reactions b. age 4-8 months, secondary circular reactions c. age 8-12 months, coordination of secondary circular reactions d. age 18-24 months, beginning of representational thought When parents feel that other adults, including their own parents, are looking over their shoulder and telling them how to bring up their child, this phenomenon is called a. ghosts in the nursery b. generational interest c. parental transference d. social sharing most children begin to speak their first words at an age of approximately a. 6 months b. 12 months c. 18 months d. 24 months which of the following statements is incorrect? a. children instantly tune into their environment b. children give clues to their personalities c. children, from birth, engage in reciprocal interactions d. all children are temperamentally similar at birth Role refers to ___ about behavior a. observations b. insights c. expectations d. comments The special bonding between an infant and usually the mother is called a. detachment b. attachment c. relating d. symmetry b. attachment The person most associated with the attachment movement is a. sigmund freud b. b. f. skinner c. jean piaget d. john bowlby d. john bowlby the three components of an emotion are feelings, internal changes, and a. behavior b. continuity c. congruence d. assimilation a. behavior The true social smile appears at an age of approximately a. 4 weeks b. 6 weeks c. 8 weeks d. 10 weeks b. 6 weeks You are going down the stairs behind a little boy who is placing both feet on each step as he goes while holding the railing. about how old is he? a. 3 years old b. 4 years old c. 5 years old d. 6 years old a. 3 years old Which skill that is essential for reading readiness develops between ages 3 and 6? a. using hands as tools b. copying and tracing figures c. visuomotor scanning d. recognizing the letters of the alphabet c. visuomotor scanning You are pouring juice for a 4 year old and 10 year old into two different glasses: one short and wide, the other tall and narrow. the 4 year old insists on having the tall narrow glass despite assurances from the 10 year old that the two glasses have the same amount of juice. which term is used to describe the 4 year olds understanding of this situation? a. centration b. appearance reality c. cause by association d. difficulty with conversation a. centration Which of the following is an example of a child's difficulty with conversation during the preschool period? a. thinks a ball of clay gets bigger when it is rolled into a snake b. given two rows of m&ms with 10 candles in each row, will say the row more spread out has more c. says the glass with the most juice is the taller one, even if the child just saw the juice poured from a shorter but wider glass d. all of the above d. all of the above montessori's ideas concerning __ periods are important in planning preschool programs a. lengthy b. class c. sensitive d. daily c. sensitive preschool educators are alert to match materials and methods to appropriate ages because of the theory put forth by a. piaget b. freud c. skinner d. pavlov a. piaget the rules of ___ describe how to put words together to form sentences a. phonology b. semantics c. grammar d. pragmatics c. grammar "daddy camed home" is an example of a. overextension b. mispronunciation c. overregulation d. delayed language c. overregulation Parents who value compliance with their authority and set nonnegotiable standards for their children's behavior are examples of ___ parenting, according to Baumrind a. authoritative b. authoritarian c. permissive d. neglectful b. authoritarian Which of the following factors contribute to how parents parent? a. childhood experiences of parents b. personality characteristics of children being parented c. working environment of parents, especially fathers d. all of the above d. all of the above which of the following conditions is not necessarily associated with homelessness? a. health problems b. hunger c. poor nutrition d. low intelligence d. low intelligence Recent additions to the number of homeless are a. mothers and young children b. single fathers c. individuals with alcohol problems d. individuals with drug problems a. mothers and young children One of the major adjustments a child may experience following the divorce of parents is to a. siblings b. transitions c. relatives d. synchronicity b. transitions Even after their divorced parents remarry, some children still believe their natural parents will reunite. this belief is called a. hopeful planning b. wishful thinking c. reconciliation fantasies d. psychic cognition c. reconciliation fantasies Erikson called it the period of initiative versus guilt; that is, children recognize that they make choices and are responsible for their behavior. plato referred to it as "a constitutional government within them." freud thought that the superego, as "a garrison in the conquered city of the id," is similar. to which developmental task of the preschool years are they referring? a. agency b. sense of self c. mastery of aggression d. self-control d. self-control Which of the following is an example of a 4 year old's concept of self? a. i am a better swimmer than my brother b. people like me because i play fair c. i like to swim d. i am better at drawing than at coloring c. i like to swim By what age do children typically develop gender identity? a. 18 months b. 2 years c. 3 years d. 5 years b. 2 years preschoolers tend to engage in sex-typed behaviors, such as boys playing with trucks and girls playing with dolls, how do developmentalists explain this phenomenon? a. males and females have inborn sex-typed tendencies b. preschoolers are rewarded for exhibiting sex-typed behaviors c. girls are more rigidly socialized to exhibit certain behaviors than are boys d. preschoolers are developing concepts of gender constancy and role d. preschoolers are developing concepts of gender constancy and role The most common type of play during early childhood is ___ play a. physical b. unrestricted c. social d. pretend d. pretend Children play for fun, learning, and a. emotional release b. cognitive dissonance c. physical alignment d. social graces a. emotional release by what age can children typically ride a two wheeled bicycle? a. 5 years b. 7 years c. 9 years d. 11 years b. 7 years Malnourished children in the united states tend to be obese, not thin, because a. they consume a lot of junk food b. they watch too much television c. they eat too many packaged foods d. all of the above d. all of the above What did Piaget mean by concrete operations? a. children's thinking is perceptually bound b. causal reasoning is based on association c. children's thinking is very matter of fact d. children can do mentally what had to be done physically before. d. children can do mentally what had to be done physically before. Boys of about ages 9 to 10 love to collect and sort baseball cards. which characteristic of concrete thought contributes to this activity? a. hierarchical classification skills b. matrix classification skills c. abstract thinking d. set identity b. matrix classification skills sternberg's theory is based on a. context b. gender c. age d. biology a. context Gardner’s theory of intelligence includes __ types of equal intelligence a. two b. four c. six d. eight d. eight a well-known model of problem solving is a. HOME b. DUPE c. NATO d. SAC b. DUPE Everyone should attempt to internally represent solutions to problems a. true b. false c. uncertain b. false kohlberg used a method called a. cognitive structuring b. contextual determinism c. moral dilemmas d. contingencies of reinforcement c. moral dilemmas Gilligan believed that kohlberg's work was too ___ oriented a. age b. culture c. neutral d. male d. male LEP refers to those students whose primary language is not a. English b. Spanish c. French d. Vietnamese a. English To work with LEP students, many school systems are trying to decide between ESL programs and a. separate systems b. bilingual education c. native-born instructors d. curricular insertion b. bilingual education by about what age do children develop reciprocity in their friendships? a. 6 years b. 8 years c. 10 years d. 12 years c. 10 years Which of the following statements best describes children's games during middle childhood? a. children are inflexible about the rules of competition b. rules help keep aggression in check c. competition can foster social, mental, and physical development d. all of the above are correct d. all of the above are correct Good schools are characterized by their emphasis on a. building conditions b. recreational facilities c. amount of materials d. academic success d. academic success The author of an influential study of school effectiveness was a. rutter b. piaget c. brunner d. skinner a. rutter Creativity is also known as a. critical thinking b. convergent thinking c. divergent thinking d. vertical thinking c. divergent thinking Among the characteristics of creativity are visualization, thinking processes, and a. knowledge b. contingency c. laterality d. symmetry a. knowledge What is the sensitive period of the development of language? a. up to 2 years old b. up to 4 years old c. up to 6 years old d. up to 8 years old c. up to 6 years old Which triad of factors contributes to resilience in children at risk? a. family discord, low socioeconomic status, poor school environment b. cohesive family, easy-going personality, competent adults in community c. mothers who work, absent fathers, good social skills d. being in foster care, concerned case worker, visits with mother. b. cohesive family, easy-going personality, competent adults in community Developmental disabilities represent alterations in the typical developmental sequence of which three areas? a. fine motor, gross motor, intelligence b. problem solving, language, motor coordination c. motor; cognitive, neurobehavior d. neurobehavior, intelligence, gross motor c. motor; cognitive, neurobehavior Which of the following characteristics describes children who are gifted? a. above average IQ b. high levels of creativity c. high levels of commitment to task d. all of the above d. all of the above