CSSGB EXAM 592 Questions with Verified Answers,100% CORRECT

CSSGB EXAM 592 Questions with Verified Answers Academic Quality Improvement Project (AQIP) - CORRECT ANSWER A forum for higher education institutions to review one another's action projects. Acceptance quality limi ...

CSSGB EXAM 592 Questions with Verified Answers Academic Quality Improvement Project (AQIP) - CORRECT ANSWER A forum for higher education institutions to review one another's action projects. Acceptance quality limit (AQL) - CORRECT ANSWER In a continuing series of lots, a quality level that, for the purpose of sampling inspection, is the limit of a satisfactory process average. Acceptance number - CORRECT ANSWER The maximum number of defects or defectives allowable in a sampling lot for the lot to be acceptable. Acceptance sampling - CORRECT ANSWER Inspection of a sample from a lot to decide whether to accept that lot. There are two types: attributes sampling and variables sampling. In attributes sampling, the presence or absence of a characteristic is noted in each of the units inspected. In variables sampling, the numerical magnitude of a characteristic is measured and recorded for each inspected unit; this involves reference to a continuous scale of some kind. Acceptance sampling plan - CORRECT ANSWER A specific plan that indicates the sampling sizes and associated acceptance or non acceptance criteria to be used. In attributes sampling, for example, there are single, double, multiple, sequential, chain and skip-lot sampling plans. In variables sampling, there are single, double and sequential sampling plans. For detailed descriptions of these plans, see the standard ANSI/ISO/ASQ A3534-2-1993: Statistics—Vocabulary and Symbols—Statistical Quality Control. Accreditation - CORRECT ANSWER Certification by a recognized body of the facilities, capability, objectivity, competence and integrity of an agency, service or operational group or individual to provide the specific service or operation needed. The term has multiple meanings depending on the sector. Laboratory accreditation assesses the capability of a laboratory to conduct testing, generally using standard test methods. Accreditation for healthcare organizations involves an authoritative body surveying and verifying compliance with recognized criteria, similar to certification in other sectors. Accreditation body - CORRECT ANSWER An organization with authority to accredit other organizations to perform services such as quality system certification. Accuracy - CORRECT ANSWER The characteristic of a measure. Activity based costing - CORRECT ANSWER An accounting system that assigns costs to a product based on the amount of resources used to design, order or make it. Activity network diagram - CORRECT ANSWER An arrow diagram used in planning. Advanced Product Quality Planning (APQP) - CORRECT ANSWER High level automotive process for product realization, from design through production part approval. Adverse event - CORRECT ANSWER Healthcare term for any event that is not consistent with the desired, normal or usual operation of the organization; also known as a sentinel event. Affinity diagram - CORRECT ANSWER A management tool for organizing information (usually gathered during a brainstorming activity). Alignment - CORRECT ANSWER Actions to ensure that a process or activity supports the organization's strategy, goals and objectives. American Association for Laboratory Accreditation (A2LA) - CORRECT ANSWER An organization that formally recognizes another organization's competency to perform specific tests, types of tests or calibrations. American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI) - CORRECT ANSWER Released for the first time in October 1994, an economic indicator and cross industry measure of the satisfaction of U.S. household customers with the quality of the goods and services available to them. This includes goods and services produced in the United States and imports from foreign firms that have substantial market shares or dollar sales. ASQ is a founding sponsor of the ACSI, along with the University of Michigan Business School and the CFI Group. American National Standards Institute (ANSI) - CORRECT ANSWER A private, nonprofit organization that administers and coordinates the U.S. voluntary standardization and conformity assessment system. It is the U.S. member body in the International Organization for Standardization, known as ISO. American National Standards Institute-American Society for Quality (ANSI-ASQ) - CORRECT ANSWER Organization that accredits certification bodies for ISO 9001 quality management systems, ISO 14001 environmental management systems and other industry specific requirements. American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT) - CORRECT ANSWER A technical society for nondestructive testing (NDT) professionals. American Society for Quality (ASQ) - CORRECT ANSWER A professional, not-for profit association that develops, promotes and applies quality related information and technology for the private sector, government and academia. ASQ serves more than 108,000 individuals and 1,100 corporate members in the United States and 108 other countries. American Society for Quality Control (ASQC) - CORRECT ANSWER Name of ASQ from 1946 through the middle of 1997, when the name was changed to ASQ. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) - CORRECT ANSWER Not-forprofit organization that provides a forum for the development and publication of voluntary consensus standards for materials, products, systems and services. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International - CORRECT ANSWER Not-forprofit organization that provides a forum for the development and publication of voluntary consensus standards for materials, products, systems and services. American Society for Training and Development (ASTD) - CORRECT ANSWER A membership organization providing materials, education and support related to workplace learning and performance. American standard code for information interchange (ASCII) - CORRECT ANSWER Basic computer characters accepted by all American machines and many foreign ones. Analysis of means (ANOM) - CORRECT ANSWER A statistical procedure for troubleshooting industrial processes and analyzing the results of experimental designs with factors at fixed levels. It provides a graphical display of data. Ellis R. Ott developed the procedure in 1967 because he observed that non statisticians had difficulty understanding analysis of variance. Analysis of means is easier for quality practitioners to use because it is an extension of the control chart. In 1973, Edward G. Schilling further extended the concept, enabling analysis of means to be used with non-normal distributions and attributes data in which the normal approximation to the binomial distribution does not apply. This is referred to as analysis of means for treatment effects. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) - CORRECT ANSWER A basic statistical technique for determining the proportion of influence a factor or set of factors has on total variation. It subdivides the total variation of a data set into meaningful component parts associated with specific sources of variation to test a hypothesis on the parameters of the model or to estimate variance components. There are three models: fixed, random and mixed. Andon board - CORRECT ANSWER A production area visual control device, such as a lighted overhead display. It communicates the status of the production system and alerts team members to emerging problems (from andon, a Japanese word meaning "light"). ANSI ACS X12 - CORRECT ANSWER Transaction standards for electronic communication and shipping notification. Appraisal cost - CORRECT ANSWER The cost of ensuring an organization is continually striving to conform to customers' quality requirements. Arrow diagram - CORRECT ANSWER A planning tool to diagram a sequence of events or activities (nodes) and their interconnectivity. It is used for scheduling and especially for determining the critical path through nodes. AS9100 - CORRECT ANSWER An international quality management standard for the aerospace industry published by the Society of Automotive Engineers and other organizations worldwide. It is known as EN9100 in Europe and JIS Q 9100 in Japan. The standard is controlled by the International Aerospace Quality Group (see listing). Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (APLAC) - CORRECT ANSWER A cooperative of laboratory accreditation bodies. Assessment - CORRECT ANSWER A systematic evaluation process of collecting and analyzing data to determine the current, historical or projected compliance of an organization to a standard. Assignable cause - CORRECT ANSWER A name for the source of variation in a process that is not due to chance and therefore can be identified and eliminated. Also called "special cause." Assn. for Quality and Participation (AQP) - CORRECT ANSWER Was an independent organization until 2004, when it became an affiliate organization of ASQ. Continues today as ASQ's Team and Workplace Excellence Forum. Attribute data - CORRECT ANSWER Go/no-go information. The control charts based on attribute data include percent chart, number of affected units chart, count chart, count per unit chart, quality score chart and demerit chart. Attributes, method of - CORRECT ANSWER Method of measuring quality that consists of noting the presence (or absence) of some characteristic (attribute) in each of the units under consideration and counting how many units do (or do not) possess it. Example: go/no-go gauging of a dimension. Audit - CORRECT ANSWER The on-site verification activity, such as inspection or examination, of a process or quality system, to ensure compliance to requirements. An audit can apply to an entire organization or might be specific to a function, process or production step. Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG) - CORRECT ANSWER A global automotive trade association with about 1,600 member companies that focuses on common business processes, implementation guidelines, education and training. Autonomation - CORRECT ANSWER A form of automation in which machinery automatically inspects each item after producing it and ceases production and notifies humans if a defect is detected. Toyota expanded the meaning of jidohka to include the responsibility of all workers to function similarly—to check every item produced and, if a defect is detected, make no more until the cause of the defect has been identified and corrected. Also see "jidohka." Availability - CORRECT ANSWER The ability of a product to be in a state to perform its designated function under stated conditions at a given time. Average chart - CORRECT ANSWER A control chart in which the subgroup average, X-bar, is used to evaluate the stability of the process level. Average outgoing quality (AOQ) - CORRECT ANSWER The expected average quality level of an outgoing product for a given value of incoming product quality. Average outgoing quality limit (AOQL) - CORRECT ANSWER The maximum average outgoing quality over all possible levels of incoming quality for a given acceptance sampling plan and disposal specification. Average run lengths (ARL) - CORRECT ANSWER On a control chart, the number of subgroups expected to be inspected before a shift in magnitude takes place. Average sample number (ASN) - CORRECT ANSWER The average number of sample units inspected per lot when reaching decisions to accept or reject. Average total inspection (ATI) - CORRECT ANSWER The average number of units inspected per lot, including all units in rejected lots (applicable when the procedure calls for 100% inspection of rejected lots). Baka-yoke - CORRECT ANSWER A Japanese term for a manufacturing technique for preventing mistakes by designing the manufacturing process, equipment and tools so an operation literally cannot be performed incorrectly. In addition to preventing incorrect operation, the technique usually provides a warning signal of some sort for incorrect performance. Also see "poka-yoke." Balanced plant - CORRECT ANSWER A plant in which the capacity of all resources is balanced exactly with market demand. Balanced scorecard - CORRECT ANSWER A management system that provides feedback on both internal business processes and external outcomes to continuously improve strategic performance and results. Balancing the line - CORRECT ANSWER The process of evenly distributing both the quantity and variety of work across available work time, avoiding overburden and underuse of resources. This eliminates bottlenecks and downtime, which translates into shorter flow time. Baldrige award - CORRECT ANSWER See "Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award." Baseline measurement - CORRECT ANSWER The beginning point, based on an evaluation of output over a period of time, used to determine the process parameters prior to any improvement effort; the basis against which change is measured. Batch and queue - CORRECT ANSWER Producing more than one piece and then moving the pieces to the next operation before they are needed. Bayes' theorem - CORRECT ANSWER A formula to calculate conditional probabilities by relating the conditional and marginal probability distributions of random variables. Benchmarking - CORRECT ANSWER A technique in which a company measures its performance against that of best in class companies, determines how those companies achieved their performance levels and uses the information to improve its own performance. Subjects that can be benchmarked include strategies, operations and processes. Benefit-cost analysis - CORRECT ANSWER An examination of the relationship between the monetary cost of implementing an improvement and the monetary value of the benefits achieved by the improvement, both within the same time period. Best practice - CORRECT ANSWER A superior method or innovative practice that contributes to the improved performance of an organization, usually recognized as best by other peer organizations. Big Q, little q - CORRECT ANSWER A term used to contrast the difference between managing for quality in all business processes and products (big Q) and managing for quality in a limited capacity—traditionally only in factory products and processes (little q). Black Belt (BB) - CORRECT ANSWER Full-time team leader responsible for implementing process improvement projects—define, measure, analyze, improve and control (DMAIC) or define, measure, analyze, design and verify (DMADV)—within a business to drive up customer satisfaction and productivity levels. Blemish - CORRECT ANSWER An imperfection severe enough to be noticed but that should not cause any real impairment with respect to intended normal or reasonably foreseeable use. Also see "defect," "imperfection" and "nonconformity." Block diagram - CORRECT ANSWER A diagram that shows the operation, interrelationships and interdependencies of components in a system. Boxes, or blocks (hence the name), represent the components; connecting lines between the blocks represent interfaces. There are two types of block diagrams: a functional block diagram, which shows a system's subsystems and lower level products and their interrelationships and which interfaces with other systems; and a reliability block diagram, which is similar to the functional block diagram but is modified to emphasize those aspects influencing reliability. Board of Standards Review (BSR) - CORRECT ANSWER An American National Standards Institute board responsible for the approval and withdrawal of American National Standards. Body of knowledge (BOK) - CORRECT ANSWER The prescribed aggregation of knowledge in a particular area an individual is expected to have mastered to be considered or certified as a practitioner. Bottleneck - CORRECT ANSWER Any resource whose capacity is equal to or less than the demand placed on it. Bottom line - CORRECT ANSWER The essential or salient point; the primary or most important consideration. Also, the line at the bottom of a financial report that shows the net profit or loss. Brainstorming - CORRECT ANSWER A technique teams use to generate ideas on a particular subject. Each person on the team is asked to think creatively and write down as many ideas as possible. The ideas are not discussed or reviewed until after the brainstorming session. Breakthrough improvement - CORRECT ANSWER A dynamic, decisive movement to a new, higher level of performance. BS 7799 - CORRECT ANSWER A standard written by British commerce, government and industry stakeholders to address information security management issues, including fraud, industrial espionage and physical disaster. Might become an International Organization for Standardization standard. Business process reengineering (BPR) - CORRECT ANSWER The concentration on improving business processes to deliver outputs that will achieve results meeting the firm's objectives, priorities and mission. C chart - CORRECT ANSWER See "count chart." Calibration - CORRECT ANSWER The comparison of a measurement instrument or system of unverified accuracy to a measurement instrument or system of known accuracy to detect any variation from the required performance specification. Capability - CORRECT ANSWER The total range of inherent variation in a stable process determined by using data from control charts. Capability maturity model (CMM) - CORRECT ANSWER A framework that describes the key elements of an effective software process. It's an evolutionary improvement path from an immature process to a mature, disciplined process. The CMM covers practices for planning, engineering and managing software development and maintenance to improve the ability of organizations to meet goals for cost, schedule, functionality and product quality. Capacity constraint resources - CORRECT ANSWER A series of non bottlenecks (based on the sequence in which jobs are performed) that can act as a constraint. Cascading - CORRECT ANSWER The continuing flow of the quality message down to, not through, the next level of supervision until it reaches all workers. Also see "deployment." CASCO - CORRECT ANSWER An International Organization for Standardization policy development committee for conformity assessment. Cause - CORRECT ANSWER An identified reason for the presence of a defect or problem. Cause and effect diagram - CORRECT ANSWER A tool for analyzing process dispersion. It is also referred to as the "Ishikawa diagram," because Kaoru Ishikawa developed it, and the "fishbone diagram," because the complete diagram resembles a fish skeleton. The diagram illustrates the main causes and subcauses leading to an effect (symptom). The cause and effect diagram is one of the "seven tools of quality" (see listing). Cell - CORRECT ANSWER An arrangement of people, machines, materials and equipment in which the processing steps are placed next to each other in sequential order and through which parts are processed in a continuous flow. The most common cell layout is a U shape. Cellular manufacturing - CORRECT ANSWER Arranging machines in the correct process sequence, with operators remaining within the cell and materials presented to them from outside. Centerline - CORRECT ANSWER A line on a graph that represents the overall average (mean) operating level of the process. Central tendency - CORRECT ANSWER The tendency of data gathered from a process to cluster toward a middle value somewhere between the high and low values of measurement. Certification - CORRECT ANSWER The result of a person meeting the established criteria set by a certificate granting organization. Certified biomedical auditor (CBA) - CORRECT ANSWER An ASQ certification. Certified calibration technician (CCT) - CORRECT ANSWER An ASQ certification. Certified HACCP auditor (CHA) - CORRECT ANSWER An ASQ certification. Certified manager of quality/organizational excellence (CMQ/OE) - CORRECT ANSWER An ASQ certification; formerly certified quality manager (CQM). Certified quality auditor (CQA) - CORRECT ANSWER An ASQ certification. Certified quality engineer (CQE) - CORRECT ANSWER An ASQ certification. Certified quality improvement associate (CQIA) - CORRECT ANSWER An ASQ certification. Certified quality inspector (CQI) - CORRECT ANSWER An ASQ certification; formerly certified mechanical inspector (CMI). Certified quality process analyst (CQPA) - CORRECT ANSWER An ASQ certification. Certified quality technician (CQT) - CORRECT ANSWER An ASQ certification. Certified reliability engineer (CRE) - CORRECT ANSWER An ASQ certification. Certified Six Sigma Black Belt (CSSBB) - CORRECT ANSWER An ASQ certification. Certified Six Sigma Green Belt (CSSGB) - CORRECT ANSWER An ASQ certification. Certified software quality engineer (CSQE) - CORRECT ANSWER An ASQ certification. Chain reaction - CORRECT ANSWER A chain of events described by W. Edwards Deming: improve quality, decrease costs, improve productivity, increase market with better quality and lower price, stay in business, provide jobs and provide more jobs. Chain sampling plan - CORRECT ANSWER In acceptance sampling, a plan in which the criteria for acceptance and rejection apply to the cumulative sampling results for the current lot and one or more immediately preceding lots. Champion - CORRECT ANSWER A business leader or senior manager who ensures resources are available for training and projects, and who is involved in periodic project reviews; also an executive who supports and addresses Six Sigma organizational issues. Change agent - CORRECT ANSWER An individual from within or outside an organization who facilitates change in the organization; might be the initiator of the change effort, but not necessarily. Changeover - CORRECT ANSWER A process in which a production device is assigned to perform a different operation or a machine is set up to make a different part—for example, a new plastic resin and new mold in an injection molding machine. Changeover time - CORRECT ANSWER The time required to modify a system or workstation, usually including both teardown time for the existing condition and setup time for the new condition. Characteristic - CORRECT ANSWER The factors, elements or measures that define and differentiate a process, function, product, service or other entity. Chart - CORRECT ANSWER A tool for organizing, summarizing and depicting data in graphic form. Charter - CORRECT ANSWER A written commitment approved by management stating the scope of authority for an improvement project or team. Checklist - CORRECT ANSWER A tool for ensuring all important steps or actions in an operation have been taken. Checklists contain items important or relevant to an issue or situation. Checklists are often confused with check sheets (see listing). Check sheet - CORRECT ANSWER A simple data recording device. The check sheet is custom designed by the user, which allows him or her to readily interpret the results. The check sheet is one of the "seven tools of quality" (see listing). Check sheets are often confused with checklists (see listing). Classification of defects - CORRECT ANSWER The listing of possible defects of a unit, classified according to their seriousness. Note: Commonly used classifications: class A, class B, class C, class D; or critical, major, minor and incidental; or critical, major and minor. Definitions of these classifications require careful preparation and tailoring to the product(s) being sampled to ensure accurate assignment of a defect to the proper classification. A separate acceptance sampling plan is generally applied to each class of defects. Closed-loop corrective action (CLCA) - CORRECT ANSWER A sophisticated engineering system to document, verify and diagnose failures, recommend and initiate corrective action, provide follow-up and maintain comprehensive statistical records. Code of conduct - CORRECT ANSWER Expectations of behavior mutually agreed on by a team. Common causes - CORRECT ANSWER Causes of variation that are inherent in a process over time. They affect every outcome of the process and everyone working in the process. Also see "special causes." Company culture - CORRECT ANSWER A system of values, beliefs and behaviors inherent in a company. To optimize business performance, top management must define and create the necessary culture. Complaint tracking - CORRECT ANSWER Collecting data, disseminating them to appropriate persons for resolution, monitoring complaint resolution progress and communicating results. Compliance - CORRECT ANSWER The state of an organization that meets prescribed specifications, contract terms, regulations or standards. Computer aided design (CAD) - CORRECT ANSWER A type of software used by architects, engineers, drafters and artists to create precision drawings or technical illustrations. CAD software can be used to create 2-D drawings or 3-D models. Computer aided engineering (CAE) - CORRECT ANSWER A broad term used by the electronic design automation industry for the use of computers to design, analyze and manufacture products and processes. CAE includes CAD (see listing) and computer aided manufacturing (CAM), which is the use of computers for managing manufacturing processes. Concurrent engineering (CE) - CORRECT ANSWER A way to reduce cost, improve quality and shrink cycle time by simplifying a product's system of life cycle tasks during the early concept stages. Conflict resolution - CORRECT ANSWER The management of a conflict situation to arrive at a resolution satisfactory to all parties. Conformance - CORRECT ANSWER An affirmative indication or judgment that a product or service has met the requirements of a relevant specification, contract or regulation. Conformitè Europëenne Mark (CE Mark) - CORRECT ANSWER European Union (EU) conformity mark for regulating the goods sold within its borders. The mark represents a manufacturer's declaration that products comply with EU New Approach Directives. These directives apply to any country that sells products within the EU. Conformity assessment - CORRECT ANSWER All activities concerned with determining that relevant requirements in standards or regulations are fulfilled, including sampling, testing, inspection, certification, management system assessment and registration, accreditation of the competence of those activities and recognition of an accreditation program's capability. Consensus - CORRECT ANSWER A state in which all the members of a group support an action or decision, even if some of them don't fully agree with it. Constraint - CORRECT ANSWER Anything that limits a system from achieving higher performance or throughput; also, the bottleneck that most severely limits the organization's ability to achieve higher performance relative to its purpose or goal. Constraints management - CORRECT ANSWER See "theory of constraints." Consultant - CORRECT ANSWER An individual who has experience and expertise in applying tools and techniques to resolve process problems and who can advise and facilitate an organization's improvement efforts. Consumer - CORRECT ANSWER The external customer to whom a product or service is ultimately delivered; also called end user. Consumer's risk - CORRECT ANSWER Pertains to sampling and the potential risk that bad products will be accepted and shipped to the consumer. Continuous flow production - CORRECT ANSWER A method in which items are produced and moved from one processing step to the next, one piece at a time. Each process makes only the one piece that the next process needs, and the transfer batch size is one. Also referred to as one-piece flow and single-piece flow. Continuous improvement (CI) - CORRECT ANSWER Sometimes called continual improvement. The ongoing improvement of products, services or processes through incremental and breakthrough improvements. Continuous quality improvement (CQI) - CORRECT ANSWER A philosophy and attitude for analyzing capabilities and processes and improving them repeatedly to achieve customer satisfaction. Continuous sampling plan - CORRECT ANSWER In acceptance sampling, a plan, intended for application to a continuous flow of individual units of product, that involves acceptance and rejection on a unit-by unit basis and employs alternate periods of 100% inspection and sampling. The relative amount of 100% inspection depends on the quality of submitted product. Continuous sampling plans usually require that each t period of 100% inspection be continued until a specified number, i, of consecutively inspected units are found clear of defects. Note: For single level continuous sampling plans, a single d sampling rate (for example, inspect one unit in five or one unit in 10) is used during sampling. For multilevel continuous sampling plans, two or more sampling rates can be used. The rate at any time depends on the quality of submitted product. Control chart - CORRECT ANSWER A chart with upper and lower control limits on which values of some statistical measure for a series of samples or subgroups are plotted. The chart frequently shows a central line to help detect a trend of plotted values toward either control limit. Control limits - CORRECT ANSWER The natural boundaries of a process within specified confidence levels, expressed as the upper control limit (UCL) and the lower control limit (LCL). Control plan (CP) - CORRECT ANSWER Written descriptions of the systems for controlling part and process quality by addressing the key characteristics and engineering requirements. Coordinate measuring machine (CMM) - CORRECT ANSWER A device that dimensionally measures 3-D products, tools and components with an accuracy approaching 0.0001 inches. Corrective action - CORRECT ANSWER A solution meant to reduce or eliminate an identified problem. Corrective action recommendation (CAR) - CORRECT ANSWER The full cycle corrective action tool that offers ease and simplicity for employee involvement in the corrective action/process improvement cycle. Correlation (statistical) - CORRECT ANSWER A measure of the relationship between two data sets of variables. Cost of poor quality (COPQ) - CORRECT ANSWER The costs associated with providing poor quality products or services. There are four categories: internal failure costs (costs associated with defects found before the customer receives the product or service), external failure costs (costs associated with defects found after the customer receives the product or service), appraisal costs (costs incurred to determine the degree of conformance to quality requirements) and prevention costs (costs incurred to keep failure and appraisal costs to a minimum). Cost of quality (COQ) - CORRECT ANSWER Another term for COPQ. It is considered by some to be synonymous with COPQ but is considered by others to be unique. While the two concepts emphasize the same ideas, some disagree as to which concept came first and which categories are included in each. Count chart - CORRECT ANSWER A control chart for evaluating the stability of a process in terms of the count of events of a given classification occurring in a sample; known as a "c-chart." Count per unit chart - CORRECT ANSWER A control chart for evaluating the stability of a process in terms of the average count of events of a given classification per unit occurring in a sample. Cp - CORRECT ANSWER The ratio of tolerance to 6 sigma, or the upper specification limit (USL) minus the lower specification limit (LSL) divided by 6 sigma. It is sometimes referred to as the engineering tolerance divided by the natural tolerance and is only a measure of dispersion. Cpk index - CORRECT ANSWER Equals the lesser of the USL minus the mean divided by 3 sigma (or the mean) minus the LSL divided by 3 sigma. The greater the Cpk value, the better. Critical processes - CORRECT ANSWER Processes that present serious potential dangers to human life, health and the environment or that risk the loss of significant sums of money or customers. Cross functional - CORRECT ANSWER A term used to describe a process or an activity that crosses the boundary between functions. A cross functional team consists of individuals from more than one organizational unit or function. Cross pilot - CORRECT ANSWER See "scatter diagram." Cultural resistance - CORRECT ANSWER A form of resistance based on opposition to the possible social and organizational consequences associated with change. Culture change - CORRECT ANSWER A major shift in the attitudes, norms, sentiments, beliefs, values, operating principles and behavior of an organization. Culture, organizational - CORRECT ANSWER A common set of values, beliefs, attitudes, perceptions and accepted behaviors shared by individuals within an organization. Cumulative sum control chart (CUSUM) - CORRECT ANSWER A control chart on which the plotted value is the cumulative sum of deviations of successive samples from a target value. The ordinate of each plotted point represents the algebraic sum of the previous ordinate and the most recent deviations from the target. Current good manufacturing practices (CGMP) - CORRECT ANSWER Regulations enforced by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for food and chemical manufacturers and packagers. Customer - CORRECT ANSWER See "external customer" and "internal customer." Customer delight - CORRECT ANSWER The result of delivering a product or service that exceeds customer expectations. Customer relationship management (CRM) - CORRECT ANSWER A strategy for learning more about customers' needs and behaviors to develop stronger relationships with them. It brings together information about customers, sales, marketing effectiveness, responsiveness and market trends. It helps businesses use technology and human resources to gain insight into the behavior of customers and the value of those customers. Customer satisfaction - CORRECT ANSWER The result of delivering a product or service that meets customer requirements. Customer-supplier model (CSM) - CORRECT ANSWER A model depicting inputs flowing into a work process that, in turn, add value and produce outputs delivered to a customer. Also called customer-supplier methodology. Customer-supplier partnership - CORRECT ANSWER A long-term relationship between a buyer and supplier characterized by teamwork and mutual confidence. The supplier is considered an extension of the buyer's organization. The partnership is based on several commitments. The buyer provides long-term contracts and uses fewer suppliers. The supplier implements quality assurance processes so incoming inspection can be minimized. The supplier also helps the buyer reduce costs and improve product and process designs. Cycle - CORRECT ANSWER A sequence of operations repeated regularly. Cycle time - CORRECT ANSWER The time required to complete one cycle of an operation. If cycle time for every operation in a complete process can be reduced to equal takt time, products can be made in single-piece flow. Also see "takt time." Data - CORRECT ANSWER A set of collected facts. There are two basic kinds of numerical data: measured or variable data, such as "16 ounces," "4 miles" and "0.75 inches;" and counted or attribute data, such as "162 defects." D chart - CORRECT ANSWER See "demerit chart." Decision matrix - CORRECT ANSWER A matrix teams use to evaluate problems or possible solutions. For example, a team might draw a matrix to evaluate possible solutions, listing them in the far left vertical column. Next, the team selects criteria to rate the possible solutions, writing them across the top row. Then, each possible solution is rated on a scale of 1 to 5 for each criterion, and the rating is recorded in the corresponding grid. Finally, the ratings of all the criteria for each possible solution are added to determine its total score. The total score is then used to help decide which solution deserves the most attention. Defect - CORRECT ANSWER A product's or service's non fulfillment of an intended requirement or reasonable expectation for use, including safety considerations. There are four classes of defects: class 1, very serious, leads directly to severe injury or catastrophic economic loss; class 2, serious, leads directly to significant injury or significant economic loss; class 3, major, is related to major problems with respect to intended normal or reasonably foreseeable use; and class 4, minor, is related to minor problems with respect to intended normal or reasonably foreseeable use. Also see "blemish," "imperfection" and "nonconformity." Defective - CORRECT ANSWER A defective unit; a unit of product that contains one or more defects with respect to the quality characteristic(s) under consideration. Delighter - CORRECT ANSWER A feature of a product or service that a customer does not expect to receive but that gives pleasure to the customer when received. Also called an "exciter." Demerit chart - CORRECT ANSWER A control chart for evaluating a process in terms of a demerit (or quality score); in other words, a weighted sum of counts of various classified nonconformities. Deming cycle - CORRECT ANSWER Another term for the plan-do-study-act cycle. Walter Shewhart created it (calling it the plan-do-check-act cycle), but W. Edwards Deming popularized it, calling it plan-do-studyact. Also see "plan-do-check-act cycle. Deming Prize - CORRECT ANSWER Award given annually to organizations that, according to the award guidelines, have successfully applied companywide quality control based on statistical quality control and will continue to do so. Although the award is named in honor of W. Edwards Deming, its criteria are not specifically related to Deming's teachings. There are three separate divisions for the award: the Deming Application Prize, the Deming Prize for Individuals and the Deming Prize for Overseas Companies. The award process is overseen by the Deming Prize Committee of the Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers in Tokyo. Dependability - CORRECT ANSWER The degree to which a product is operable and capable of performing its required function at any randomly chosen time during its specified operating time, provided that the product is available at the start of that period. (Nonoperation related influences are not included.) Dependability can be expressed by the ratio: time available divided by (time available + time required). Dependent events - CORRECT ANSWER Events that occur only after a previous event. Deployment - CORRECT ANSWER Dispersion, dissemination, broadcasting or spreading communication throughout an organization, downward and laterally. Also see "cascading." Design of experiments (DoE) - CORRECT ANSWER A branch of applied statistics dealing with planning, conducting, analyzing and interpreting controlled tests to evaluate the factors that control the value of a parameter or group of parameters. Design for Six Sigma (DFSS): See "DMADV." Design record - CORRECT ANSWER Engineering requirements, typically contained in various formats; examples include engineering drawings, math data and referenced specifications. Designing in quality versus inspecting in quality: See "prevention versus detection." Deviation - CORRECT ANSWER In numerical data sets, the difference or distance of an individual observation or data value from the center point (often the mean) of the set distribution. Diagnosis - CORRECT ANSWER The activity of discovering the cause(s) of quality deficiencies; the process of investigating symptoms, collecting and analyzing data, and conducting experiments to test theories to determine the root cause(s) of deficiencies. Diagnostic journey and remedial journey - CORRECT ANSWER A two-phase investigation used by teams to solve chronic quality problems. In the first phase, the diagnostic journey, the team journeys from the symptom of a chronic problem to its cause. In the second phase, the remedial journey, the team journeys from the cause to its remedy Dissatisfiers - CORRECT ANSWER The features or functions a customer expects that either are not present or are present but not adequate; also pertains to employees' expectations. Distribution (statistical): The amount of potential variation in the outputs of a process, typically expressed by its shape, average or standard deviation. DMADV - CORRECT ANSWER A data driven quality strategy for designing products and processes, it is an integral part of a Six Sigma quality initiative. It consists of five interconnected phases: define, measure, analyze, design and verify. DMAIC - CORRECT ANSWER A data driven quality strategy for improving processes and an integral part of a Six Sigma quality initiative. DMAIC is an acronym for define, measure, analyze, improve and control. Dodge-Romig sampling plans - CORRECT ANSWER Plans for acceptance sampling developed by Harold F. Dodge and Harry G. Romig. Four sets of tables were published in 1940: single sampling lot tolerance tables, double sampling lot tolerance tables, single sampling average outgoing quality limit tables and double sampling average outgoing quality limit tables. Downtime - CORRECT ANSWER Lost production time during which a piece of equipment is not operating correctly due to breakdown, maintenance, power failures or similar events. Driving forces - CORRECT ANSWER Forces that tend to change a situation in desirable ways. Effect - CORRECT ANSWER The result of an action being taken; the expected or predicted impact when an action is to be taken or is proposed. Effectiveness - CORRECT ANSWER The state of having produced a decided on or desired effect. Efficiency - CORRECT ANSWER The ratio of the output to the total input in a process. Efficient - CORRECT ANSWER A term describing a process that operates effectively while consuming minimal resources (such as labor and time). Eight wastes - CORRECT ANSWER Taiichi Ohno originally enumerated seven wastes (muda) and later added underutilized people as the eighth waste commonly found in physical production. The eight are: 1. overproduction ahead of demand; 2. waiting for the next process, worker, material or equipment; 3. unnecessary transport of materials (for example, between functional areas of facilities, or to or from a stockroom or warehouse); 4. over-processing of parts due to poor tool and product design; 5. inventories more than the absolute minimum; 6. unnecessary movement by employees during the course of their work (such as to look for parts, tools, prints or help); 7. production of defective parts; 8. under-utilization of employees' brainpower, skills, experience and talents. Eighty-twenty (80-20) - CORRECT ANSWER A term referring to the Pareto principle, which was first defined by J. M. Juran in 1950. The principle suggests most effects come from relatively few causes; that is, 80% of the effects come from 20% of the possible causes. Also see "Pareto chart." Electric data interchange (EDI) - CORRECT ANSWER The electronic exchange of data from customers to suppliers and from suppliers to customers. Employee involvement (EI) - CORRECT ANSWER An organizational practice whereby employees regularly participate in making decisions on how their work areas operate, including suggestions for improvement, planning, goal setting and monitoring performance Empowerment - CORRECT ANSWER A condition in which employees have the authority to make decisions and take action in their work areas without prior approval. For example, an operator can stop a production process if he or she detects a problem, or a customer service representative can send out a replacement product if a customer calls with a problem. EN 46000 - CORRECT ANSWER Medical device quality management systems standard. EN 46000 is technically equivalent to ISO 13485:1996, an international medical device standard. The two are similar enough that if an organization is prepared to comply with one, it could easily comply with the other. EN 9100 - CORRECT ANSWER An international quality management standard for the aerospace industry (see AS9100). End user - CORRECT ANSWER See "consumer." Equipment availability - CORRECT ANSWER The percentage of time during which a process (or equipment) is available to run. This can sometimes be called uptime. To calculate operational availability, divide the machine's operating time during the process by the net available time. Error detection - CORRECT ANSWER A hybrid form of error proofing. It means a bad part can be made but will be caught immediately, and corrective action will be taken to prevent another bad part from being produced. A device is used to detect and stop the process when a bad part is made. This is used when error proofing is too expensive or not easily implemented. Error proofing - CORRECT ANSWER Use of process or design features to prevent the acceptance or further processing of nonconforming products. Also known as "mistake proofing." Ethics - CORRECT ANSWER The practice of applying a code of conduct based on moral principles to day-to-day actions to balance what is fair to individuals or organizations with what is right for society. European Cooperation for Accreditation (EA) - CORRECT ANSWER A cooperative organization of accreditation bodies. Exciter - CORRECT ANSWER See "delighter." Expectations - CORRECT ANSWER Customer perceptions about how an organization's products and services will meet their specific needs and requirements. Experimental design - CORRECT ANSWER A formal plan that details the specifics for conducting an experiment, such as which responses, factors, levels, blocks, treatments and tools are to be used. External customer - CORRECT ANSWER A person or organization that receives a product, service or information but is not part of the organization supplying it. Also see "internal customer." External failure - CORRECT ANSWER Nonconformance identified by the external customers. External setup - CORRECT ANSWER Die setup procedures that can be performed safely while the machine is in motion. Also known as outer exchange of die. Also see "internal setup." Facilitator - CORRECT ANSWER A specifically trained person who functions as a teacher, coach and moderator for a group, team or organization. Failure - CORRECT ANSWER The inability of an item, product or service to perform required functions on demand due to one or more defects. Failure cost - CORRECT ANSWER The cost resulting from the occurrence of defects. One element of cost of quality or cost of poor quality. Failure mode analysis (FMA) - CORRECT ANSWER A procedure to determine which malfunction symptoms appear immediately before or after a failure of a critical parameter in a system. After all possible causes are listed for each symptom, the product is designed to eliminate the problems. Failure mode effects analysis (FMEA) - CORRECT ANSWER A systematized group of activities to recognize and evaluate the potential failure of a product or process and its effects, identify actions that could eliminate or reduce the occurrence of the potential failure and document the process. Failure mode effects and criticality analysis (FMECA) - CORRECT ANSWER A procedure performed after a failure mode effects analysis to classify each potential failure effect according to its severity and probability of occurrence. Feedback - CORRECT ANSWER Communication from customers about how delivered products or services compare with customer expectations. Feeder lines - CORRECT ANSWER A series of special assembly lines that allow assemblers to perform preassembly tasks off the main production line. Performing certain processes off the main production line means fewer parts in the main assembly area, the availability of service ready components and assemblies in the main production area, improved quality and less lead time to build a product. First in, first out (FIFO) - CORRECT ANSWER Use of material produced by one process in the same order by the next process. A FIFO queue is filled by the supplying process and emptied by the customer process. When a FIFO lane gets full, production is stopped until the next (internal) customer has used some of that inventory. First pass yield (FPY) - CORRECT ANSWER Also referred to as the quality rate, the percentage of units that completes a process and meets quality guidelines without being scrapped, rerun, retested, returned or diverted into an offline repair area. FPY is calculated by dividing the units entering the process minus the defective units by the total number of units entering the process. First time quality (FTQ) - CORRECT ANSWER Calculation of the percentage of good parts at the beginning of a production run. Five-phase lean approach - CORRECT ANSWER A systematic method for implementing lean manufacturing that helps improve the production process and sustains gains made in the production cycle in an area or plant. The five phases are: 1. stability (provides an environment with controlled process variables, decreased waste and increased business impact); 2. continuous flow (characterized by reduced work in process inventory, time loss and defects, and increased process flexibility and repeatable processes between workstations); 3. synchronous production (characterized by disciplined process repeatability and synchronization between operations and customer requirements); 4. pull system (creates an environment in which material replenishment links operations with customer demand); 5. level production (reduces response time or changes in demand and upstream schedule variability). Fishbone diagram - CORRECT ANSWER See "cause and effect diagram." Fitness for use - CORRECT ANSWER A term used to indicate that a product or service fits the customer's defined purpose for that product or service. Five S's (5S) - CORRECT ANSWER Five Japanese terms beginning with "s" used to create a workplace suited for visual control and lean production. Seiri means to separate needed tools, parts and instructions from unneeded materials and to remove the unneeded ones. Seiton means to neatly arrange and identify parts and tools for ease of use. Seiso means to conduct a cleanup campaign. Seiketsu means to conduct seiri, seiton and seiso daily to maintain a workplace in perfect condition. Shitsuke means to form the habit of always following the first four S's. Five whys - CORRECT ANSWER A technique for discovering the root causes of a problem and showing the relationship of causes by repeatedly asking the question, "Why?" Flow - CORRECT ANSWER The progressive achievement of tasks along the value stream so a product proceeds from design to launch, order to delivery and raw to finished materials in the hands of the customer with no stoppages, scrap or backflows. Flowchart - CORRECT ANSWER A graphical representation of the steps in a process. Flowcharts are drawn to better understand processes. One of the "seven tools of quality" (see listing). Flow kaizen - CORRECT ANSWER Radical improvement, usually applied only once within a value stream. Focus group - CORRECT ANSWER A group, usually of eight to 10 people, that is invited to discuss an existing or planned product, service or process. Force field analysis - CORRECT ANSWER A technique for analyzing what aids or hinders an organization in reaching an objective. An arrow pointing to an objective is drawn down the middle of a piece of paper. The factors that will aid the objective's achievement, called the driving forces, are listed on the left side of the arrow. The factors that will hinder its achievement, called the restraining forces, are listed on the right side of the arrow. 14 Points - CORRECT ANSWER W. Edwards Deming's 14 management practices to help companies increase their quality and productivity: 1. create constancy of purpose for improving products and services; 2. adopt the new philosophy; 3. cease dependence on inspection to achieve quality; 4. end the practice of awarding business on price alone; instead, minimize total cost by working with a single supplier; 5. improve constantly and forever every process for planning, production and service; 6. institute training on the job; 7. adopt and institute leadership; 8. drive out fear; 9. break down barriers between staff areas; 10. eliminate slogans, exhortations and targets for the workforce; 11. eliminate numerical quotas for the workforce and numerical goals for management; 12. remove barriers that rob people of pride of workmanship, and eliminate the annual rating or merit system; 13. institute a rigorous program of education and self-improvement for everyone; 14. put everybody in the company to work to accomplish the transformation. Frequency distribution (statistical): A table that graphically presents a large volume of data so the central tendency (such as the average or mean) and distribution are clearly displayed. Function - CORRECT ANSWER A group of related actions contributing to a larger action. Functional layout - CORRECT ANSWER The practice of grouping machines (such as grinding machines) or activities (such as order entry) by type of operation performed. Functional verification - CORRECT ANSWER Testing to ensure a part conforms to all engineering performance and material requirements. Funnel experiment - CORRECT ANSWER An experiment that demonstrates the effects of tampering. Marbles are dropped through a funnel in an attempt to hit a flat surfaced target below. The experiment shows that adjusting a stable process to compensate for an undesirable result or an extraordinarily good result will produce output that is worse than if the process had been left alone. Gage repeatability and reproducibility (GR&R) - CORRECT ANSWER The evaluation of a gauging instrument's accuracy by determining whether its measurements are repeatable (there is close agreement among a number of consecutive measurements of the output for the same value of the input under the same operating conditions) and reproducible (there is close agreement among repeated measurements of the output for the same value of input made under the same operating conditions over a period of time). Gain sharing - CORRECT ANSWER A reward system that shares the monetary results of productivity gains among owners and employees. Gantt chart - CORRECT ANSWER A type of bar chart used in process planning and control to display planned and finished work in relation to time. Gap analysis - CORRECT ANSWER The comparison of a current condition to the desired state. Gatekeeper - CORRECT ANSWER A timekeeper; in team meetings, a designated individual who helps monitor the team's use of allocated time. Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) - CORRECT ANSWER A set of rules and standard symbols to define part features and relationships on an engineering drawing depicting the geometric relationship of part features and allowing the maximum tolerance that permits full function of the product. George M. Low Trophy - CORRECT ANSWER The trophy presented by NASA to NASA aerospace industry contractors, subcontractors and suppliers that consistently maintain and improve the quality of their products and services. The award, which was formerly called the NASA Excellence Award for Quality and Productivity, is given in two categories: small business and large business. George M. Low was the NASA administrator for nearly three decades. Goal - CORRECT ANSWER A broad statement describing a desired future condition or achievement without being specific about how much and when. Go/no-go - CORRECT ANSWER State of a unit or product. Two parameters are possible: go (conforms to specifications) and no-go (does not conform to specifications). Good laboratory practices (GLP) or 21 CFR, part 58 - CORRECT ANSWER 144 requirements that control the procedures and operations of toxicology laboratories. Good manufacturing practices (GMP) or 21 CFR, parts 808, 812 and 820 - CORRECT ANSWER Requirements governing the quality procedures of medical device manufacturers. Green Belt (GB) - CORRECT ANSWER An employee who has been trained in the Six Sigma improvement method and will lead a process improvement or quality improvement team as part of his or her full-time job. Group dynamic - CORRECT ANSWER The interaction (behavior) of individuals within a team meeting. Groupthink - CORRECT ANSWER A situation in which critical information is withheld from the team because individual members censor or restrain themselves, either because they believe their concerns are not worth discussing or because they are afraid of confrontation. Hawthorne effect - CORRECT ANSWER The concept that every change results (initially, at least) in increased productivity. Hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) - CORRECT ANSWER A quality management system for effectively and efficiently ensuring farm to table food safety in the United States. HACCP regulations for various sectors are established by the Department of Agriculture and the Food and Drug Administration. Heijunka - CORRECT ANSWER A method of leveling production, usually at the final assembly line, that makes just-in-time production possible. It involves averaging both the volume and sequence of different model types on a mixed model production line. Using this method avoids excessive batching of different types of product and volume fluctuations in the same product. Also see "production smoothing." Highly accelerated life test (HALT) - CORRECT ANSWER A process for uncovering design defects and weaknesses in electronic and mechanical assemblies using a vibration system combined with rapid high and low temperature changes. The purpose of HALT is to optimize product reliability by identifying the functional and destructive limits of a product at an early stage in product development. Highly accelerated stress audits (HASA) - CORRECT ANSWER A technique in which a sample of parts (as opposed to 100% of the production as in HASS,) is subjected to stresses similar to the levels and duration for HALT. In monitoring the production process, the intent of HASA is to detect slight shifts in the attributes of the product so corrective actions can be taken and implemented before the performance of outgoing product approaches the specifications. Highly accelerated stress screening (HASS) - CORRECT ANSWER A technique for production screening that rapidly exposes process or production flaws in products. Its purpose is to expose a product to optimized production screens without affecting product reliability. Unlike HALT, HASS uses nondestructive stresses of extreme temperatures and temperature change rates with vibration. Histogram - CORRECT ANSWER A graphic summary of variation in a set of data. The pictorial nature of a histogram lets people see patterns that are difficult to detect in a simple table of numbers. One of the "seven tools of quality" (see listing). Honorary member, ASQ - CORRECT ANSWER ASQ's highest grade of membership. As specified in ASQ's constitution, "An honorary member shall have rendered acknowledged eminent service to the quality pro- fession or the allied arts and sciences." To attain this level, an individual must be nominated by at least 10 regular members and must be approved unanimously by the board of directors. For a listing of current honorary members, go to www.asq.org/aboutasq/ who-we-are/honorary-members.html. Hoshin kanri - CORRECT ANSWER The selection of goals, projects to achieve the goals, designation of people and resources for project completion and establishment of project metrics. Also see "policy deployment." Hoshin planning - CORRECT ANSWER Breakthrough planning. A Japanese strategic planning process in which a company develops up to four vision statements that indicate where the company should be in the next five years. Company goals and work plans are developed based on the vision statements. Periodic submitted audits are then conducted to monitor progress. Also see "value stream." Hotelling's T2 model - CORRECT ANSWER A multivariate profile for detecting differential expressions in microarrays. House of quality - CORRECT ANSWER A product planning matrix, somewhat resembling a house, that is developed during quality function deployment and shows the relationship of customer requirements to the means of achieving these requirements. Imagineering - CORRECT ANSWER Developing in the mind's eye a process without waste. Imperfection - CORRECT ANSWER A quality characteristics departure from its intended level or state without any association to conformance to specification requirements or to the usability of a product or service. Also see "blemish," "defect" and "nonconformity." Improvement - CORRECT ANSWER The positive effect of a process change effort. In-control process - CORRECT ANSWER A process in which the statistical measure being evaluated is in a state of statistical control; in other words, the variations among the observed sampling results can be attributed to a constant system of chance causes. Also see "out-of-control process." Incremental improvement - CORRECT ANSWER Improvement implemented on a continual basis. Indicators - CORRECT ANSWER Established measures to determine how well an organization is meeting its customers' needs and other operational and financial performance expectations. Information flow - CORRECT ANSWER The dissemination of information for taking a specific product from order entry through detailed scheduling to delivery. Also see "value stream." Informative inspection - CORRECT ANSWER A form of inspection for determining nonconforming product. Also see "judgment inspection." Inputs - CORRECT ANSWER The products, services and material obtained from suppliers to produce the outputs delivered to customers. Inspection - CORRECT ANSWER Measuring, examining, testing and gauging one or more characteristics of a product or service and comparing the results with specified requirements to determine whether conformity is achieved for each characteristic. Inspection cost - CORRECT ANSWER The cost associated with inspecting a product to ensure it meets the internal or external customer's needs and requirements; an appraisal cost. Inspection, curtailed - CORRECT ANSWER Sampling inspection in which inspection of the sample is stopped as soon as a decision is certain. Thus, as soon as the rejection number for defectives is reached, the decision is certain and no further inspection is necessary. In single sampling, however, the whole sample is usually inspected in order to have an unbiased record of quality history. This same practice is usually followed for the first sample in double or multiple sampling. Inspection lot - CORRECT ANSWER A collection of similar units or a specific quantity of similar material offered for inspection and acceptance at one time. Inspection, normal - CORRECT ANSWER Inspection used in accordance with a sampling plan under ordinary circumstances. Inspection, 100% - CORRECT ANSWER Inspection of all the units in the lot or batch. Inspection, reduced - CORRECT ANSWER Inspection in accordance with a sampling plan requiring smaller sample sizes than those used in normal inspection. Reduced inspection is used in some inspection systems as an economy measure when the level of submitted quality is sufficiently good and other stated conditions apply. Note: The criteria for determining when quality is "sufficiently good" must be defined in objective terms for any given inspection system. Inspection, tightened - CORRECT ANSWER Inspection in accordance with a sampling plan that has stricter acceptance criteria than those used in normal inspection. Tightened inspection is used in some inspection systems as a protective measure when the level of submitted quality is sufficiently poor. The higher rate of rejections is expected to lead suppliers to improve the quality of submitted product. Note: The criteria for determining when quality is "sufficiently poor" must be defined in objective terms for any given inspection system. Instant pudding - CORRECT ANSWER A term used to illustrate an obstacle to achieving quality or the supposition that quality and productivity improvement are achieved quickly through an affirmation of faith rather than through sufficient effort and education. W. Edwards Deming used this term, which was coined by James Bakken of Ford Motor Co., in his book Out of the Crisis. Inter-American Accreditation Cooperation (IAAC) - CORRECT ANSWER A cooperative organization of accreditation bodies. Intermediate customers - CORRECT ANSWER Organizations or individuals who operate as distributors, brokers or dealers between the supplier and the consumer or end user. Internal customer - CORRECT ANSWER The recipient (person or department) within an organization of another person's or department's output (product, service or information). Also see "external customer." Internal failure - CORRECT ANSWER A product failure that occurs before the product is delivered to external customers. Internal setup - CORRECT ANSWER Die setup procedures that must be performed while a machine is stopped; also known as inner exchange of die. Also see "external setup." International Accreditation Registry (IAR) - CORRECT ANSWER A not-for-profit organization that accredits training and certification program results to international standards and guidelines. International Aerospace Quality Group - CORRECT ANSWER A cooperative organization of the global aerospace industry that is mainly involved in quality, cost reduction and process improvement efforts. International Automotive Task Force (IATF) - CORRECT ANSWER A cooperative group of automotive manufacturers and others primarily responsible for the development and launch of International Organization for Standardization Technical Specification 16949. International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC) - CORRECT ANSWER A cooperative organization of laboratory accreditation bodies. International Organization for Standardization - CORRECT ANSWER A network of national standards institutes from 157 countries working in partnership with international organizations, governments, industry, business and consumer representatives to develop and publish international standards; acts as a bridge between public and private sectors. Interrelationship diagram - CORRECT ANSWER A management tool that depicts the relationship among factors in a complex situation; also called "relations diagram." Intervention - CORRECT ANSWER The action of a team facilitator when interrupting a discussion to state observations about group dynamics or the team process. Inventory - CORRECT ANSWER In lean, the money invested to purchase things an organization intends to sell. Ishikawa diagram - CORRECT ANSWER See "cause and effect diagram." ISO 14000 - CORRECT ANSWER An environmental management standard related to what organizations do that affects their physical surroundings. ISO 26000 - CORRECT ANSWER International Organization for Standardization standard on social responsibility, under development. ISO 9000 series standards - CORRECT ANSWER A set of international standards on quality management and quality assurance developed to help companies effectively document the quality system elements to be implemented to maintain an efficient quality system. The standards, initially published in 1987, are not specific to any particular industry, product or service. The standards were developed by the International Organization for Standardization (see listing). The standards underwent major revision in 2000 and now include ISO 9000:2000 (definitions), ISO 9001:2000 (requirements) and ISO 9004:2000 (continuous improvement). ISO/TS 16949 - CORRECT ANSWER International Organization for Standardization international technical specification for quality management systems, with particular requirements for the application of ISO 9001:2000 for automotive production and relevant service part organization; generally replaced the U.S. QS-9000 standard. Now in its second edition. Jidohka - CORRECT ANSWER Stopping a line automatically when a defective part is detected. Any necessary improvements can then be made by directing attention to the stopped equipment and the worker who stopped the operation. The jidohka system puts faith in the worker as a thinker and allows all workers the right to stop the line on which they are working. Also see "autonomation." JIS Q 9100 - CORRECT ANSWER An international quality management standard for the aerospace industry. Also see AS9100. Job instruction - CORRECT ANSWER Quality system documentation that describes work conducted in one function in a company, such as setup, inspection, rework or operator. Joint Commission - CORRECT ANSWER A U.S. healthcare accreditation body; formerly known as Joint Commission for the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. Judgment inspection - CORRECT ANSWER A form of inspection to determine nonconforming product. Also see "informative inspection." Juran trilogy - CORRECT ANSWER Three managerial processes identified by Joseph M. Juran for use in managing for quality: quality planning, quality control and quality improvement. Just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing - CORRECT ANSWER An optimal material requirement planning system for a manufacturing process in which there is little or no manufacturing material inventory on hand at the manufacturing site and little or no incoming inspection. Just-in-time (JIT) training - CORRECT ANSWER The provision of training only when it is needed to all but eliminate the loss of knowledge and skill caused by a lag between training and use. Kaizen - CORRECT ANSWER A Japanese term that means gradual unending improvement by doing little things better and setting and achieving increasingly higher standards. Masaaki Imai made the term famous in his book, Kaizen: The Key to Japan's Competitive Success. Kanban - CORRECT ANSWER A Japanese term for one of the primary tools of a justin- time system. It maintains an orderly and efficient flow of materials throughout the entire manufacturing process. It is usually a printed card that contains specific information such as part name, description and quantity. Key performance indicator (KPI) - CORRECT ANSWER A statistical measure of how well an organization is doing in a particular area. A KPI could measure a company's financial performance or how it is holding up against customer requirements. Key process - CORRECT ANSWER A major system level process that supports the mission and satisfies major consumer requirements. Key product characteristic - CORRECT ANSWER A product characteristic that can affect safety or compliance with regulations, fit, function, performance or subsequent processing of product. Key process characteristic - CORRECT ANSWER A process parameter that can affect safety or compliance with regulations, fit, function, performance or subsequent processing of product. Key results area - CORRECT ANSWER Customer requirements that are critical for the organization's success. Kitting - CORRECT ANSWER A process in which assemblers are supplied with kits—a box of parts, fittings and tools—for each task they perform. This eliminates time consuming trips from one parts bin, tool crib or supply center to another to get necessary materials. Kruskal-Wallis test - CORRECT ANSWER A nonparametric test to compare three or more samples. It tests the null hypothesis that all populations have identical distribution functions against the alternative hypothesis that at least one of the samples differs only with respect to location (median), if at all. It is the analogue to the F-test used in analysis of variance. While analysis of variance tests depend on the assumption that all populations under comparison are normally distributed, the Kruskal-Wallis test places no such restriction on the comparison. It is a logical extension of the Wilcoxon Mann- Whitney Test (see listing). Laboratory - CORRECT ANSWER A test facility that can include chemical, metallurgical, dimensional, physical, electrical and reliability testing or test validation. Laboratory scope - CORRECT ANSWER A record containing the specific tests, evaluations and calibrations a laboratory has the ability and competency to perform, the list of equipment it uses, and a list of the methods and standards to which it adheres to each of these. Last off part comparison - CORRECT ANSWER A comparison of the last part off a production run with a part off the next production run to verify that the quality level is equivalent. Layout inspection - CORRECT ANSWER The complete measurement of all dimensions shown on a design record. Lead time - CORRECT ANSWER The total time a customer must wait to receive a product after placing an order. Leadership - CORRECT ANSWER An essential part of a quality improvement effort. Organization leaders must establish a vision, communicate that vision to those in the organization and provide the tools and knowledge necessary to accomplish the vision. Lean - CORRECT ANSWER Producing the maximum sellable products or services at the lowest operational cost while optimizing inventory levels. Lean enterprise - CORRECT ANSWER A manufacturing company organized to eliminate all unproductive effort and unnecessary investment, both on the shop floor and in office functions. Lean manufacturing/production - CORRECT ANSWER An initiative focused on eliminating all waste in manufacturing processes. Principles of lean manufacturing include zero waiting time, zero inventory, scheduling (internal customer pull instead of push system), batch to flow (cut batch sizes), line balancing and cutting actual process times. The production systems are characterized by optimum automation, just-in-time supplier delivery disciplines, quick changeover times, high levels of quality and continuous improvement. Lean migration - CORRECT ANSWER The journey from traditional manufacturing methods to one in which all forms of waste are systematically eliminated. Level loading - CORRECT ANSWER A technique for balancing production throughput over time. Life cycle stages: Design, manufacturing, assembly, installation, operation and shutdown periods of product development Line balancing - CORRECT ANSWER A process in which work elements are evenly distributed and staffing is balanced to meet takt time (see listing). Listening post - CORRECT ANSWER An individual who, by virtue of his or her potential for having contact with customers, is designated to collect, document and transmit pertinent feedback to a central collection authority in the organization. Load-load - CORRECT ANSWER A method of conducting single-piece flow in which the operator proceeds from machine to machine, taking the part from one machine and loading it into the next. The lines allow different parts of a production process to be completed by one operator, eliminating the need to move around large batches of work-in-progress inventory. Lost customer analysis - CORRECT ANSWER Analysis conducted to determine why a customer or a class of customers was lost. Lot - CORRECT ANSWER A defined quantity of product accumulated under conditions considered uniform for sampling purposes. Lot, batch - CORRECT ANSWER A definite quantity of some product manufactured under conditions of production that are considered uniform. Lot quality - CORRECT ANSWER The value of percentage defective or of defects per hundred units in a lot. Lot size (also referred to as N) - CORRECT ANSWER The number of units in a lot. Lot tolerance percentage defective (LTPD) - CORRECT ANSWER Expressed in percentage defective, the poorest quality in an individual lot that should be accepted. Note: LTPD is used as a basis for some inspection systems and is commonly associated with a small consumer risk. Lower control limit (LCL) - CORRECT ANSWER Control limit for points below the central line in a control chart. Maintainability - CORRECT ANSWER The probability that a given maintenance action for an item under given usage conditions can be performed within a stated time interval when the maintenance is performed under stated conditions using stated procedures and resources. Maintainability has two categories - CORRECT ANSWER serviceability (the ease of conducting scheduled inspections and servicing) and repairability (the ease of restoring service after a failure). Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA) - CORRECT ANSWER An award established by the U.S. Congress in 1987 to raise awareness of quality management and recognize U.S. companies that have implemented successful quality management systems. Awards can be given annually in six categories: manufacturing, service, small business, education, healthcare and nonprofit. The award is named after the late Secretary of Commerce Malcolm Baldrige, a proponent of quality management. The U.S. Commerce Department's National Institute of Standards and Technology manages the award, and ASQ administers it. Management review - CORRECT ANSWER A periodic management meeting to review the status and effectiveness of the organization's quality management system. Manager - CORRECT ANSWER An individual charged with managing resources and processes. Manufacturing resource planning (MRP II) - CORRECT ANSWER Material requirements planning (see listing), plus capacity planning and finance, interface to translate operational planning into financial terms and into a simulation tool to assess alternative production plans. Mapping symbols or icons - CORRECT ANSWER An easy, effective way to communicate the flow of materials and information through a plant. The symbol type doesn't matter, as long as the use is consistent from map to map. Mapping the flow helps identify constraints and potential improvement opportunities. Master Black Belt (MBB) - CORRECT ANSWER Six Sigma or quality expert responsible for strategic implementations in an organization. An MBB is qualified to teach other Six Sigma facilitators the methods, tools and applications in all functions and levels of the company and is a resource for using statistical process control in processes. Material handling - CORRECT ANSWER Methods, equipment and systems for conveying materials to various machines and processing areas and for transferring finished parts to assembly, packaging and shipping areas. Material requirements planning (MRP) - CORRECT ANSWER A computerized system typically used to determine the quantity and timing requirements for production and delivery of items to both customers and suppliers. Using MRP to schedule production at various processes will result in push production because any predetermined schedule is an estimate only of what the next process will actually need. Matrix - CORRECT ANSWER A planning tool for displaying the relationships among various data sets. Mean - CORRECT ANSWER A measure of central tendency; the arithmetic average of all measurements in a data set. Mean time between failures (MTBF) - CORRECT ANSWER The average time interval between failures for repairable product for a defined unit of measure; for example, operating hours, cycles and miles. Measure - CORRECT ANSWER The criteria, metric or means to which a comparison is made with output. Measurement - CORRECT ANSWER The act or process of quantitatively comparing results with requirements. Measurement system - CORRECT ANSWER All operations, procedures, devices and other equipment or personnel used to assign a value to the characteristic being measured. Measurement uncertainty - CORRECT ANSWER The result of random effects and imperfect correction of systemic effects in obtaining a measurement value that results in variation from the actual true value; also known as measurement error. Median - CORRECT ANSWER The middle number or center value of a set of data in which all the data are arranged in sequence. Metric - CORRECT ANSWER A standard for measurement. Metrology - CORRECT ANSWER The science of weights and measures or of measurement; a system of weights and measures. MIL-Q-9858A - CORRECT ANSWER A military standard that describes quality program requirements. MIL-STD-45662A - CORRECT ANSWER A military standard that describes the requirements for creating and maintaining a calibration system for measurement and test equipment. MIL-STD-105E - CORRECT ANSWER A military standard that describes the sampling procedures and tables for inspection by attributes. Mission - CORRECT ANSWER An organization's purpose. Mistake proofing - CORRECT ANSWER Use of production or design features to prevent the manufacture or passing downstream a nonconforming product; also known as "error proofing." Mode - CORRECT ANSWER The value occurring most frequently in a data set. Monument - CORRECT ANSWER Any design, scheduling or production technology with scale requirements that call for designs, orders and products to be brought to the machine to wait in line for processing. The opposite of a right sized (see listing) machine. Muda - CORRECT ANSWER Japanese for waste; any activity that consumes resources but creates no value for the customer. Multivariate control chart - CORRECT ANSWER A control chart for evaluating the stability of a process in terms of the levels of two or more variables or characteristics. Mutual recognition agreement (MRA) - CORRECT ANSWER A formal agreement providing reciprocal recognition of the validity of other organizations' deliverables, typically found in voluntary standards and conformity assessment groups. Myers-Briggs type indicator (MBTI) - CORRECT ANSWER A method and instrument for identifying an individual's personality type based on Carl Jung's theory of personality preferences. n - CORRECT ANSWER The number of units in a sample. N - CORRECT ANSWER The number of units in a population. Nagara system - CORRECT ANSWER Smooth production flow, ideally one piece at a time, characterized by synchronization (balancing) of production processes and maximum use of available time; includes overlapping of operations where practical. A nagara production system is one in which seemingly unrelated tasks can be produced simultaneously by the same operator. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) - CORRECT ANSWER An agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce that develops and promotes measurements, standards and technology, and manages the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award. Natural team - CORRECT ANSWER A team of individuals drawn from a single work group; similar to a process improvement team except that it is not cross functional in composition and it is usually permanent. Next operation as customer - CORRECT ANSWER The concept of internal customers in which every operation is both a receiver and a provider. Nominal group technique - CORRECT ANSWER A technique, similar to brainstorming, to generate ideas on a particular subject. Team members are asked to silently write down as many ideas as possible. Each member is then asked to share one idea, which is recorded. After all the ideas are recorded, they are discussed and prioritized by the group. Nonconformity - CORRECT ANSWER The nonfulfillment of a specified requirement. Also see "blemish," "defect" and "imperfection." Nondestructive testing and evaluation (NDT, NDE) - CORRECT ANSWER Testing and evaluation methods that do not damage or destroy the product being tested. Nonlinear parameter estimation - CORRECT ANSWER A method whereby the arduous and labor intensive task of multiparameter model calibration can be carried out automatically under the control of a computer. Nonparametric tests - CORRECT ANSWER All tests involving ranked data (data that can be put in order). Nonparametric tests are often used in place of their parametric counterparts when certain assumptions about the underlying population are questionable. For example, when comparing two independent samples, the Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney test (see listing) does not assume that the difference between the samples is normally distributed, whereas its parametric counterpart, the two-sample t-test, does. Nonparametric tests can be, and often are, more powerful in detecting population differences when certain assumptions are not satisfied. Non Value added - CORRECT ANSWER A term that describes a process step or function that is not required for the direct achievement of process output. This step or function is identified and examined for potential elimination. Also see "value added." Norm (behavioral) - CORRECT ANSWER Expectations of how a person or persons will behave in a given situation based on established protocols, rules of conduct or accepted social practices. Normal distribution (statistical) - CORRECT ANSWER The charting of a data set in which most of the data points are concentrated around the average (mean), thus forming a bell shaped curve. Number of affected units chart - CORRECT ANSWER A control chart for evaluating the stability of a process in terms of the total number of units in a sample in which an event of a given classification occurs. Objective - CORRECT ANSWER A specific statement of a desired short-term condition or achievement; includes measurable end results to be accomplished by specific teams or individuals within time limits. One-piece flow - CORRECT ANSWER The opposite of batch and queue; instead of building many products and then holding them in line for the next step in the process, products go through each step in the process one at a time, without interruption. Meant to improve quality and lower costs. One-touch exchange of dies - CORRECT ANSWER The reduction of die setup to a single step. Also see "single-minute exchange of dies," "internal setup" and "external setup." Operating characteristic curve (OC curve) - CORRECT ANSWER A graph to determine the probability of accepting lots as a function of the lots' or processes' quality level when using various sampling plans. There are three types: type A curves, which give the probability of acceptance for an individual lot coming from finite production (will not continue in the future); type B curves, which give the probability of acceptance for lots coming from a continuous process; and type C curves, which (for a continuous sampling plan) give the long-run percentage of product accepted during the sampling phase. Operating expenses - CORRECT ANSWER The money required for a system to convert inventory into throughput. Operations - CORRECT ANSWER Work or steps to transform raw materials to finished product. Original equipment manufacturer (OEM) - CORRECT ANSWER A company that uses product components from one or more other companies to build a product that it sells under its own company name and brand. Sometimes mistakenly used to refer to the company that supplies the components. Overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) - CORRECT ANSWER The product of a machine's operational availability, performance efficiency and first-pass yield. Out-of-control process - CORRECT ANSWER A process in which the statistical measure being evaluated is not in a state of statistical control. In other words, the variations among the observed sampling results cannot be attributed to a constant system of chance causes. Also see "in-control process." Out of spec - CORRECT ANSWER A term that indicates a unit does not meet a given requirement or specification. Outputs - CORRECT ANSWER Products, materials, services or information provided to customers (internal or external), from a process. Painted floor - CORRECT ANSWER A lean manufacturing technique to provide visual indications to determine stock levels. Similar to kanban. Parallel operation - CORRECT ANSWER A technique to create economy of scale by having two operators work together to perform tasks on either side of a machine. Using this technique reduces the time it takes a single operator to move from one side to the other, making the overall process more efficient. An example of parallel operation is having two people work on a changeover, supplementing each other's work effort. Pareto chart - CORRECT ANSWER A graphical tool for ranking causes from most significant to least significant. It is based on the Pareto principle, which was first defined by Joseph M. Juran in 1950. The principle, named after 19th century economist Vilfredo Pareto, suggests most effects come from relatively few causes; that is, 80% of the effects come from 20% of the possible causes. One of the "seven tools of quality" (see listing). Partnership/alliance - CORRECT ANSWER Both a strategy and a formal relationship between a supplier and a customer that engenders cooperation for the benefit of both parties. Parts per million (PPM) - CORRECT ANSWER A method of stating the performance of a process in terms of actual nonconforming material, which can include rejected, returned or suspect material in the calculation. P chart - CORRECT ANSWER See "percent chart." PDCA cycle - CORRECT ANSWER See "plan-do-check-act cycle." Percent chart - CORRECT ANSWER A control chart for evaluating the stability of a process in terms of the percentage of the total number of units in a sample in which an event of a given classification occurs. Also referred to as a proportion chart. Performance standard - CORRECT ANSWER The metric against which a complete action is compared. Physical transformation task - CORRECT ANSWER Taking a specific product from raw materials to a finished product delivered to the customer. Also see "value stream" and "information flow." Pitch - CORRECT ANSWER The pace and flow of a product. Plan-do-check-act (PDCA) cycle - CORRECT ANSWER A four-step process for quality improvement. In the first step (plan), a way to effect improvement is developed. In the second step (do), the plan is carried out, preferably on a small scale. In the third step (check), a study takes place between what was predicted and what was observed in the previous step. In the last step (act), action is taken on the causal system to effect the desired change. The plan-do-check-act cycle is sometimes referred to as the Shewhart cycle, because Walter A. Shewhart discussed the concept in his book Statistical Method From the Viewpoint of Quality Control, and as the Deming cycle, because W. Edwards Deming introduced the concept in Japan. The Japanese subsequently called it the Deming cycle. Also called the plan-do-study-act (PDSA) cycle. Point kaizen - CORRECT ANSWER See "process kaizen." Point of use - CORRECT ANSWER A technique that ensures people have exactly what they need to do their jobs—work instructions, parts, tools and equipment—where and when they need them. Poisson distribution - CORRECT ANSWER A discrete probability distribution that expresses the probability of a number of events occurring in a fixed time period if these events occur with a known average rate, and are independent of the time since the last event. Poka-yoke - CORRECT ANSWER Japanese term that means mistake proofing. A pokayoke device is one that prevents incorrect parts from being made or assembled or easily identifies a flaw or error. Policy - CORRECT ANSWER An overarching plan (direction) for achieving an organization's goals. Policy deployment - CORRECT ANSWER The selection of goals and projects to achieve the goals, designation of people and resources for project completion and establishment of project metrics. Also see "hoshin kanri." Precision - CORRECT ANSWER The aspect of measurement that addresses repeatability or consistency when an identical item is measured several times. Preventive action - CORRECT ANSWER Action taken to remove or improve a process to prevent potential future occurrences of a nonconformance. Prevention cost - CORRECT ANSWER The cost incurred by actions taken to prevent a nonconformance from occurring; one element of cost of quality or cost of poor quality. Prevention versus detection - CORRECT ANSWER A term used to contrast two types of quality activities. Prevention refers to activities for preventing nonconformances in products and services. Detection refers to activities for detecting nonconformances already in products and services. Another phrase to describe this distinction is "designing in quality versus inspecting in quality." Probability (statistical) - CORRECT ANSWER The likelihood of occurrence of an event, action or item. Probability of rejection - CORRECT ANSWER The probability that a lot will be rejected. Problem solving - CORRECT ANSWER The act of defining a problem; determining the cause of the problem; identifying, prioritizing and selecting alternatives for a solution; and implementing a solution. Procedure - CORRECT ANSWER The steps in a process and how these steps are to be performed for the process to fulfill a customer's requirements; usually documented. Process - CORRECT ANSWER A set of interrelated work activities characterized by a set of specific inputs and value added tasks that make up a procedure for a set of specific outputs. Process average quality - CORRECT ANSWER Expected or average value of process quality. Process capability - CORRECT ANSWER A statistical measure of the inherent process variability of a given characteristic. The most widely accepted formula for process capability is 6 sigma. Process capability index - CORRECT ANSWER The value of the tolerance specified for the characteristic divided by the process capability. The several types of process capability indexes include the widely used Cpk and Cp. Process control - CORRECT ANSWER The method for keeping a process within boundaries; the act of minimizing the variation of a process. Process flow diagram - CORRECT ANSWER A depiction of the flow of materials through a process, including any rework or repair operations; also called a process flow chart. Process improvement - CORRECT ANSWER The application of the plan-do-check-act cycle (see listing) to processes to produce positive improvement and better meet the needs and expectations of customers. Process improvement team - CORRECT ANSWER A structured group often made up of cross functional members who work together to improve a process or processes. Process kaizen - CORRECT ANSWER Improvements made at an individual process or in a specific area. Sometimes called "point kaizen." Process management - CORRECT ANSWER The pertinent techniques and tools applied to a process to implement and improve process effectiveness, hold the gains and ensure process integrity in fulfilling customer requirements. Process map - CORRECT ANSWER A type of flowchart depicting the steps in a process and identifying responsibility for each step and key measures. Process owner - CORRECT ANSWER The person who coordinates the various functions and work activities at all levels of a process, has the authority or ability to make changes in the process as required and manages the entire process cycle to ensure performance effectiveness. Process performance management (PPM) - CORRECT ANSWER The overseeing of process instances to ensure their quality and timeliness; can also include proactive and reactive actions to ensure a good result. Process quality - CORRECT ANSWER The value of percentage defective or of defects per hundred units in product from a given process. Note: The symbols "p" and "c" are commonly used to represent the true process average in fraction defective or defects per unit; and "l00p" and "100c" the true process average in percentage defective or in defects per hundred units. Process re-engineering - CORRECT ANSWER A strategy directed toward major rethinking and restructuring of a process; often referred to as the "clean sheet of paper" approach. Production (analysis) board - CORRECT ANSWER A job site board on which hourly production targets are recorded, along with the actual production achieved. Details concerning problems and abnormal conditions are also recorded. Management checks the board hourly, takes steps to prevent recurrence of abnormalities and confirms the positive effects of the job site improvements that have been made. An example of visual management. Production part approval process (PPAP) - CORRECT ANSWER A Big Three automotive process that defines the generic requirements for approval of production parts, including production and bulk materials. Its purpose is to determine during an actual production run at the quoted production rates whether all customer engineering design record and specification requirements are properly understood by the supplier and that the process has the potential to produce product consistently meeting these requirements. Production smoothing - CORRECT ANSWER Keeping total manufacturing volume as constant as possible. Also see "heijunka." Product or service liability - CORRECT ANSWER The obligation of an organization to make restitution for loss related to personal injury, property damage or other harm caused by its product or service. Product warranty - CORRECT ANSWER An organization's stated policy that it will replace, repair or reimburse a buyer for a product if a product defect occurs under certain conditions and within a stated period of time. Productivity - CORRECT ANSWER A measurement of output for a given amount of input. Profound knowledge, system of - CORRECT ANSWER Defined by W. Edwards Deming, a system that consists of an appreciation for systems, knowledge of variation, theory of knowledge and understanding of psychology. Project management - CORRECT ANSWER The application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to a broad range of activities to meet the requirements of a particular project. Project team - CORRECT ANSWER Manages the work of a project. The work typically involves balancing competing demands for project scope, time, cost, risk and quality, satisfying stakeholders with differing needs and expectations and meeting identified requirements. Proportion chart - CORRECT ANSWER See "percent chart." Pull system - CORRECT ANSWER An alternative to scheduling individual processes, in which the customer process withdraws the items it needs from a supermarket (see listing) and the supplying process produces to replenish what was withdrawn; used to avoid push. Also see "kanban." QEDS Standards Group - CORRECT ANSWER The U.S. Standards Group on Quality, Environment, Dependability and Statistics consists of the members and leadership of organizations concerned with the development and effective use of generic and sector specific standards on quality control, assurance and management; environmental management systems and auditing, dependability and the application of statistical methods. Q9000 series - CORRECT ANSWER Refers to ANSI/ISO/ASQ Q9000 series of standards, which is the verbatim American adoption of the 2000 edition of the ISO 9000 series standards. QS-9000 - CORRECT ANSWER Harmonized quality management system requirements developed by the Big Three automakers for the automotive sector. Replaced by Technical Specification 16949 effective Dec. 15, 2006. Also see "ISO/TS 16949." Qualitician - CORRECT ANSWER Someone who functions as both a quality practitioner and a quality technician. Quality - CORRECT ANSWER A subjective term for which each person or sector has its own definition. In technical usage, quality can have two meanings: 1. the characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs; 2. a product or service free of deficiencies. According to Joseph Juran, quality means "fitness for use;" according to Philip Crosby, it means "conformance to requirements." Quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) - CORRECT ANSWER Two terms that have many interpretations because of the multiple definitions for the words "assurance" and "control." For example, "assurance" can mean the act of giving confidence, the state of being certain or the act of making certain; "control" can mean an evaluation to indicate needed corrective responses, the act of guiding or the state of a process in which the variability is attributable to a constant system of chance causes. (For a detailed discussion on the multiple definitions, see ANSI/ISO/ASQ A3534-2, Statistics—Vocabulary and Symbols—Statistical Quality Control.) One definition of quality assurance is: all the planned and systematic activities implemented within the quality system that can be demonstrated to provide confidence that a product or service will fulfill requirements for quality. One definition for quality control is: the operational techniques and activities used to fulfill requirements for quality. Often, however, "quality assurance" and "quality control" are used interchangeably, referring to the actions performed to ensure the quality of a product, service or process. Quality audit - CORRECT ANSWER A systematic, independent examination and review to determine whether quality activities and related results comply with plans and whether these plans are implemented effectively and are suitable to achieve the objectives. Quality circle - CORRECT ANSWER A quality improvement or self-improvement study group composed of a small number of employees (10 or fewer) and their supervisor. Quality circles originated in Japan, where they are called quality control circles. Quality control - CORRECT ANSWER See "quality assurance/quality control." Quality costs - CORRECT ANSWER See "cost of poor quality." Quality engineering - CORRECT ANSWER The analysis of a manufacturing system at all stages to maximize the quality of the process itself and the products it produces. Quality Excellence for Suppliers of Telecommunications (QuEST) Forum - CORRECT ANSWER A partnership of telecommunications suppliers and service providers. The QuEST Forum developed TL 9000 (see listing). Quality function deployment (QFD) - CORRECT ANSWER A structured method in which customer requirements are translated into appropriate technical requirements for each stage of product development and production. The QFD process is often referred to as listening to the voice of the customer. Quality loss function - CORRECT ANSWER A parabolic approximation of the quality loss that occurs when a quality characteristic deviates from its target value. The quality loss function is expressed in monetary units: the cost of deviating from the target increases quadratically the farther the quality characteristic moves from the target. The formula used to compute the quality loss function depends on the type of quality characteristic being used. The quality loss function was first introduced in this form by Genichi Taguchi. Quality management (QM) - CORRECT ANSWER The application of a quality management system in managing a process to achieve maximum customer satisfaction at the lowest overall cost to the organization while continuing to improve the process. Quality management system (QMS) - CORRECT ANSWER A formalized system that documents the structure, responsibilities and procedures required to achieve effective quality management. Quality plan - CORRECT ANSWER A document or set of documents that describe the standards, quality practices, resources and processes pertinent to a specific product, service or project. Quality policy - CORRECT ANSWER An organization's general statement of its beliefs about quality, how quality will come about and its expected result. Quality rate - CORRECT ANSWER See "first pass yield." Quality score chart - CORRECT ANSWER A control chart for evaluating the stability of a process. The quality score is the weighted sum of the count of events of various classifications in which each classification is assigned a weight. Quality tool - CORRECT ANSWER An instrument or technique to support and improve the activities of process quality management and improvement. Quality trilogy - CORRECT ANSWER A three-pronged approach to managing for quality. The three legs are quality planning (developing the products and processes required to meet customer needs), quality control (meeting product and process goals) and quality improvement (achieving unprecedented levels of performance). Queue time - CORRECT ANSWER The time a product spends in a line awaiting the next design, order processing or fabrication step. Quick changeover - CORRECT ANSWER The ability to change tooling and fixtures rapidly (usually within minutes) so multiple products can be run on the same machine. Quincunx - CORRECT ANSWER A tool that creates frequency distributions. Beads tumble over numerous horizontal rows of pins, which force the beads to the right or left. After a random journey, the beads are dropped into vertical slots. After many beads are dropped, a frequency distribution results. Quincunxes are often used in classrooms to simulate a manufacturing process. The quincunx was invented by English scientist Francis Galton in the 1890s. RABQSA International - CORRECT ANSWER Organization that designs, develops and delivers personnel and training certification sources. RAM - CORRECT ANSWER Reliability/availability/maintainability (see individual entries). Random cause - CORRECT ANSWER A cause of variation due to chance and not assignable to any factor. Random sampling - CORRECT ANSWER A commonly used sampling technique in which sample units are selected so all combinations of n units under consideration have an equal chance of being selected as the sample. Range (statistical) - CORRECT ANSWER The measure of dispersion in a data set (the difference between the highest and lowest values). Range chart (R chart) - CORRECT ANSWER A control chart in which the subgroup range, R, evaluates the stability of the variability within a process. Red bead experiment - CORRECT ANSWER An experiment developed by W. Edwards Deming to illustrate it is impossible to put employees in rank order of performance for the coming year based on their performance during the past year because performance differences must be attributed to the system, not to employees. Six people, 800 red beads and 3,200 white beads are needed for the experiment. The participants' goal is to produce white beads, because the customer will not accept red beads. One person begins by stirring the beads in a jar and then, blindfolded, selecting a sample of 50 beads. That person hands the jar to the next person, who repeats the process, and so on. When everyone has his or her sample, the number of red beads for each is counted. The limits of variation between employees that can be attributed to the system are calculated. Everyone will fall within the calculated limits of variation that could arise from the system. The calculations will show there is no evidence one person will be a better performer than another in the future. The experiment shows that it would be a waste of management's time to try to find out why, say, John produced four red beads and Jane produced 15; instead, management should improve the system, making it possible for everyone to produce more white beads. Reengineering - CORRECT ANSWER A breakthrough approach for restructuring an entire organization and its processes. Registrar - CORRECT ANSWER Generally accepted U.S. equivalent term for "certification body." Registration - CORRECT ANSWER The act of including an organization, product, service or process in a compilation of those having the same or similar attributes. Registration to standards - CORRECT ANSWER A process in which an accredited, independent third-party organization conducts an on-site audit of a company's operations against the requirements of the standard to which the company wants to be registered. Upon successful completion of the audit, the company receives a certificate indicating it has met the standard requirements. In countries outside the United States, this generally known as certification. Regression analysis - CORRECT ANSWER A statistical technique for determining the best mathematical expression describing the functional relationship between one response and one or more independent variables. Rejection number - CORRECT ANSWER The smallest number of defectives (or defects) in the sample or samples under consideration that will require rejection of the lot. Relations diagram - CORRECT ANSWER See interrelations diagram Reliability - CORRECT ANSWER The probability of a product's performing its intended function under stated conditions without failure for a given period of time. Repeatability - CORRECT ANSWER The variation in measurements obtained when one measurement device is used several times by the same person to measure the same characteristic on the same product. Reproducibility - CORRECT ANSWER The variation in measurements made by different people using the same measuring device to measure the same characteristic on the same product. Requirements - CORRECT ANSWER The ability of an item to perform a required function under stated conditions for a stated period of time. Resource utilization - CORRECT ANSWER Using a resource in a way that increases throughput. Results - CORRECT ANSWER The effects that an organization obtains at the conclusion of a time period. Right size - CORRECT ANSWER Matching tooling and equipment to the job and space requirements of lean production. Right sizing is a process that challenges the complexity of equipment by examining how equipment fits into an overall vision for workflow through a factory. When possible, right sizing favors smaller, dedicated machines rather than large, multipurpose batch processing ones. Right the first time - CORRECT ANSWER The concept that it is beneficial and more cost effective to take the necessary steps up front to ensure a product or service meets its requirements than to provide a product or service that will need rework or not meet customer needs. In other words, an organization should engage in defect prevention rather than defect detection. Risk management - CORRECT ANSWER Using managerial resources to integrate risk identification, risk assessment, risk prioritization, development of risk handling strategies and mitigation of risk to acceptable levels. Robustness - CORRECT ANSWER The condition of a product or process design that remains relatively stable, with a minimum of variation, even though factors that influence operations or usage, such as environment and wear, are constantly changing. Root cause - CORRECT ANSWER A factor that caused a nonconformance and should be permanently eliminated through process improvement. Run chart - CORRECT ANSWER A chart showing a line connecting numerous data points collected from a process running over time. Runner - CORRECT ANSWER A person on the production floor who paces the entire value stream through the pickup and delivery of materials through kanban (see listing) usage. SAE International - CORRECT ANSWER Professional organization of individual engineers and related disciplines; formerly Society for Automotive Engineers. Sample - CORRECT ANSWER In acceptance sampling, one or more units of product (or a quantity of material) drawn from a lot for purposes of inspection to reach a decision regarding acceptance of the lot. Sample size [n] - CORRECT ANSWER The number of units in a sample. Sample standard deviation chart (S chart) - CORRECT ANSWER A control chart in which the subgroup standard deviation, s, is used to evaluate the stability of the variability within a process. Sampling at random - CORRECT ANSWER As commonly used in acceptance sampling theory, the process of selecting sample units so all units under consideration have the same probability of being selected. Note: Equal probabilities are not necessary for random sampling; what is necessary is that the probability of selection be ascertainable. However, the stated properties of published sampling tables are based on the assumption of random sampling with equal probabilities. An acceptable method of random selection with equal probabilities is the use of a table of random numbers in a standard manner. Sampling, double - CORRECT ANSWER Sampling inspection in which the inspection of the first sample leads to a decision to accept a lot, reject it or take a second sample; the inspection of a second sample, when required, then leads to a decision to accept or to reject the lot. Sampling, multiple - CORRECT ANSWER Sampling inspection in which, after each sample is inspected, the decision is made to accept a lot, reject it or take another sample. But there is a prescribed maximum number of samples, after which a decision to accept or reject the lot must be reached. Note: Multiple sampling as defined here has sometimes been called "sequential n sampling" or "truncated sequential e sampling." The term "multiple sampling" is recommended. Sampling, single - CORRECT ANSWER Sampling inspection in which the decision to accept or to reject a lot is based on the inspection of one sample. Sampling, unit - CORRECT ANSWER Sequential sampling inspection in which, after each unit is inspected, the decision is made to accept a lot, reject it or to inspect another unit. Sanitizing - CORRECT ANSWER English translation of seiso, one of the Japanese 5S's used for workplace organization. Sanitizing (also referred to as shining or sweeping) is the act of cleaning the work area. Dirt is often the root cause of premature equipment wear, safety problems and defects. Satisfier - CORRECT ANSWER A term used to describe the quality level received by a customer when a product or service meets expectations. Scatter diagram - CORRECT ANSWER A graphical technique to analyze the relationship between two variables. Two sets of data are plotted on a graph, with the y-axis being used for the variable to be predicted and the x-axis being used for the variable to make the prediction. The graph will show possible relationships (although two variables might appear to be related, they might not be; those who know most about the variables must make that evaluation). One of the "seven tools of quality" (see listing). Scientific management/approach - CORRECT ANSWER A term referring to the intent to find and use the best way to perform tasks to improve quality, productivity and efficiency. Scorecard - CORRECT ANSWER An evaluation device, usually in the form of a questionnaire, that specifies the criteria customers will use to rate your business' performance in satisfying customer requirements. Seiban - CORRECT ANSWER The name of a Japanese management practice taken from the words sei, which means manufacturing, and ban, which means number. A seiban number is assigned to all parts, materials and purchase orders associated with a particular customer job, project or anything else. This enables a manufacturer to track everything related to a particular product, project or customer, and facilitates setting aside inventory for specific projects or priorities. That makes it an effective practice for project and buildto- order manufacturing. Self-directed work team (SDWT) - CORRECT ANSWER A type of team structure in which much of the decision making regarding how to handle the team's activities is controlled by the team members themselves. Sentinel event - CORRECT ANSWER Healthcare term for any event not consistent with the desired, normal or usual operation of the organization; also known as an adverse event. Service level agreement - CORRECT ANSWER A formal agreement between an internal provider and an internal receiver (customer). Seven tools of quality - CORRECT ANSWER Tools that help organizations understand their processes to improve them. The tools are the cause and effect diagram, check sheet, control chart, flowchart, histogram, Pareto chart and scatter diagram (see individual entries). Seven wastes - CORRECT ANSWER See "eight wastes." Shadow board - CORRECT ANSWER A visual management tool painted to indicate where tools belong and which tools are missing. Shewhart cycle - CORRECT ANSWER See "plan-do-check-act cycle." Sifting - CORRECT ANSWER English translation of Japanese seiri, one of the 5S's used for workplace organization. Sifting involves screening through unnecessary materials and simplifying the work environment. Sifting is separating the essential from the nonessential. Sigma - CORRECT ANSWER One standard deviation in a normally distributed process. Signal to noise ratio (S/N ratio) - CORRECT ANSWER An equation that indicates the magnitude of an experimental effect above the effect of experimental error due to chance fluctuations. Simulation - CORRECT ANSWER A 3-D technique to balance a line. It involves using cardboard, wood and plastic foam to create fullsized equipment mock-ups that can be easily moved to obtain an optimum layout. Single-minute exchange of dies - CORRECT ANSWER A series of techniques pioneered by Shigeo Shingo for changeovers of production machinery in less than 10 minutes. The long-term objective is always zero setup, in which changeovers are instantaneous and do not interfere in any way with continuous flow. Setup in a single minute is not required, but used as a reference (see "one-touch exchange of dies," "internal setup" and "external setup"). Single-piece flow - CORRECT ANSWER A process in which products proceed, one complete product at a time, through various operations in design, order taking and production without interruptions, backflows or scrap. SIPOC diagram - CORRECT ANSWER A tool used by Six Sigma process improvement teams to identify all relevant elements (suppliers, inputs, process, outputs, customers) of a process improvement project before work begins. Six Sigma - CORRECT ANSWER A method that provides organizations tools to improve the capability of their business processes. This increase in performance and decrease in process variation lead to defect reduction and improvement in profits, employee morale and quality of products or services. Six Sigma quality is a term generally used to indicate a process is well controlled (±6 s from the centerline in a control chart). Six Sigma quality - CORRECT ANSWER A term generally used to indicate process capability in terms of process spread measured by standard deviations in a normally distributed process. Software quality assurance (SQA) - CORRECT ANSWER A systematic approach to evaluating the quality of and adherence to software product standards, processes and procedures. SQA includes ensuring standards and procedures are established and are followed throughout the software acquisition life cycle. Sort - CORRECT ANSWER English translation of the Japanese word seiri, one of the 5S's used for workplace organization. Sorting (also referred to as structuring or sifting) involves organizing essential materials. It helps the operator to find materials when needed. Special causes - CORRECT ANSWER Causes of variation that arise because of special circumstances. They are not an inherent part of a process. Special causes are also referred to as assignable causes. Also see "common causes." Special characteristic - CORRECT ANSWER Automotive ISO TS 16949 term for key product or process characteristics. Specification - CORRECT ANSWER A document that states the requirements to which a given product or service must conform. Sponsor - CORRECT ANSWER The person who supports a team's plans, activities and outcomes. Stages of team growth - CORRECT ANSWER Four stages that teams move through as they develop maturity: forming, storming, norming and performing. Stakeholder - CORRECT ANSWER Any individual, group or organization that will have a significant impact on or will be significantly impacted by the quality of a specific product or service. Standard - CORRECT ANSWER The metric, specification, gauge, statement, category, segment, grouping, behavior, event or physical product sample against which the outputs of a process are compared and declared acceptable or unacceptable. Standard deviation (statistical) - CORRECT ANSWER A computed measure of variability indicating the spread of the data set around the mean. Standard in-process stock - CORRECT ANSWER One of the three elements that make up standard work. It is the minimum quantity of parts always on hand for processing during and between subprocesses. It allows workers to do their jobs continuously in a set sequence, repeating the same operation over and over in the same order. Also see "standard work." Standard work - CORRECT ANSWER A precise description of each work activity, specifying cycle time, takt time, the work sequence of specific tasks and the minimum inventory of parts on hand needed to conduct the activity. All jobs are organized around human motion to create an efficient sequence without waste. Work organized in such a way is called standard(ized) work. The three elements that make up standard work are takt time, working sequence and standard in-process stock (see individual listings). Standard work instructions - CORRECT ANSWER A lean manufacturing tool that enables operators to observe a production process with an understanding of how assembly tasks are to be performed. It ensures the quality level is understood and serves as an excellent training aid, enabling replacement or temporary individuals to easily adapt and perform the assembly operation. Standardization - CORRECT ANSWER When policies and common procedures are used to manage processes throughout the system. Also, English translation of the Japanese word seiketsu, one of the Japanese 5S's (see listing) used for workplace organization. Statistical process control (SPC) - CORRECT ANSWER The application of statistical techniques to control a process; often used interchangeably with the term "statistical quality control." Statistical quality control (SQC) - CORRECT ANSWER The application of statistical techniques to control quality. Often used interchangeably with the term "statistical process control," although statistical quality control includes acceptance sampling, which statistical process control does not. Statistics - CORRECT ANSWER A field that involves tabulating, depicting and describing data sets; a formalized body of techniques characteristically involving attempts to infer the properties of a large collection of data from inspection of a sample of the collection. Stop the line authority - CORRECT ANSWER Power given to workers to stop the process when abnormalities occur, allowing them to prevent the defect or variation from being passed along. Strategic planning - CORRECT ANSWER The process an organization uses to envision its future and develop the appropriate strategies, goals, objectives and action plans. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats (SWOT) analysis - CORRECT ANSWER A strategic technique used to assess what an organization is facing. Stretch goals - CORRECT ANSWER A set of goals designed to position an organization to meet future requirements. Structural variation - CORRECT ANSWER Variation caused by regular, systematic changes in output, such as seasonal patterns and long-term trends. Suboptimization - CORRECT ANSWER A condition in which gains made in one activity are offset by losses in another activity or activities that are caused by the same actions that created gains in the first activity. Supermarket - CORRECT ANSWER The storage locations of parts before they go on to the next operation. Supermarkets are managed by predetermined maximum and minimum inventory levels. Each item in the plant is at a designated location. Supplier - CORRECT ANSWER A source of materials, service or information input provided to a process. Supplier quality assurance - CORRECT ANSWER Confidence a supplier's product or service will fulfill its customers' needs. This confidence is achieved by creating a relationship between the customer and supplier that ensures the product will be fit for use with minimal corrective action and inspection. According to Joseph M. Juran, nine primary activities are needed: 1. define product and program quality requirements; 2. evaluate alternative suppliers; 3. select suppliers; 4. conduct joint quality planning; 5. cooperate with the supplier during the execution of the contract; 6. obtain proof of conformance to requirements; 7. certify qualified suppliers; 8. conduct quality improvement programs as required; 9. create and use supplier quality ratings. Supply chain - CORRECT ANSWER The series of suppliers to a given process. Surveillance - CORRECT ANSWER The continual monitoring of a process; a type of periodic assessment or audit conducted to determine whether a process continues to perform to a predetermined standard. Survey - CORRECT ANSWER The act of examining a process or questioning a selected sample of individuals to obtain data about a process, product or service. Sustain - CORRECT ANSWER The English translation of shitsuke, one of the 5S's (see listing) used for workplace organization. Sustaining (also referred to as self-disciplining) is the continuation of sorting, setting in order and sanitizing. It addresses the need to perform the 5S's on an ongoing and systematic basis. Symptom - CORRECT ANSWER An observable phenomenon arising from and accompanying a defect. System - CORRECT ANSWER A group of interdependent processes and people that together perform a common mission. System kaizen - CORRECT ANSWER Improvement aimed at an entire value stream. U chart - CORRECT ANSWER Count-per-unit chart. Unit - CORRECT ANSWER An object for which a measurement or observation can be made; commonly used in the sense of a "unit of product," the entity of product inspected to determine whether it is defective or nondefective. Upper control limit (UCL) - CORRECT ANSWER Control limit for points above the central line in a control chart. Uptime - CORRECT ANSWER See "equipment availability." Validation - CORRECT ANSWER The act of confirming a product or service meets the requirements for which it was intended. Validity - CORRECT ANSWER The ability of a feedback instrument to measure what it was intended to measure; also, the degree to which inferences derived from measurements are meaningful. Value added - CORRECT ANSWER A term used to describe activities that transform input into a customer (internal or external) usable output. Value analysis - CORRECT ANSWER Analyzing the value stream to identify value added and nonvalue added activities. Value engineering - CORRECT ANSWER Analyzing the components and process that create a product, with an emphasis on minimizing costs while maintaining standards required by the customer. Value stream - CORRECT ANSWER All activities, both value added and nonvalue added, required to bring a product from raw material state into the hands of the customer, bring a customer requirement from order to delivery and bring a design from concept to launch. Also see "information flow" and "hoshin planning." Value stream loops - CORRECT ANSWER Segments of a value stream with boundaries broken into loops to divide future state implementation into manageable pieces. Value stream manager - CORRECT ANSWER Person responsible for creating a future state map and leading door-to-door implementation of the future state for a particular product family. Makes change happen across departmental and functional boundaries. Value stream mapping - CORRECT ANSWER A pencil and paper tool used in two stages. First, follow a product's production path from beginning to end and draw a visual representation of every process in the material and information flows. Second, draw a future state map of how value should flow. The most important map is the future state map. Values - CORRECT ANSWER The fundamental beliefs that drive organizational behavior and decision making. Variable data - CORRECT ANSWER Measurement information. Control charts based on variable data include average (X-bar) chart, range (R) chart, and sample standard deviation (s) chart (see individual listings). Variation - CORRECT ANSWER A change in data, characteristic or function caused by one of four factors: special causes, common causes, tampering or structural variation (see individual entries). Verification - CORRECT ANSWER The act of determining whether products and services conform to specific requirements. Virtual team - CORRECT ANSWER Remotely situated individuals affiliated with a common organization, purpose or project, who conduct their joint effort via electronic communication. Vision - CORRECT ANSWER An overarching statement of the way an organization wants to be; an ideal state of being at a future point. Visual controls - CORRECT ANSWER Any devices that help operators quickly and accurately gauge production status at a glance. Progress indicators and problem indicators help assemblers see when production is ahead, behind or on schedule. They allow everyone to instantly see the group's performance and increase the sense of ownership in the area. Also see "andon board," "kanban," "production board," "painted floor" and "shadow board." Vital few, useful many - CORRECT ANSWER A term Joseph M. Juran used to describe the Pareto principle, which he first defined in 1950. (The principle was used much earlier in economics and inventory control methods.) The principle suggests most effects come from relatively few causes; that is, 80% of the effects come from 20% of the possible causes. The 20% of the possible causes are referred to as the "vital few;" the remaining causes are referred to as the "useful many." When Juran first defined this principle, he referred to the remaining causes as the "trivial many," but realizing that no problems are trivial in quality assurance, he changed it to "useful many." Also see "eighty-twenty (80-20)." Voice of the customer - CORRECT ANSWER The expressed requirements and expectations of customers relative to products or services, as documented and disseminated to the providing organization's members. Voluntary standard - CORRECT ANSWER A standard that imposes no inherent obligation regarding its use. Waste - CORRECT ANSWER Any activity that consumes resources and produces no added value to the product or service a customer receives. Also known as muda. Weighed voting - CORRECT ANSWER A way to prioritize a list of issues, ideas or attributes by assigning points to each item based on its relative importance. Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney test - CORRECT ANSWER Used to test the null hypothesis that two populations have identical distribution functions against the alternative hypothesis that the two distribution functions differ only with respect to location (median), if at all. It does not require the assumption that the differences between the two samples are normally distributed. In many applications, it is used in place of the two sample t-test when the normality assumption is questionable. This test can also be applied when the observations in a sample of data are ranks, that is, ordinal data rather than direct measurements. Work in process - CORRECT ANSWER Items between machines or equipment waiting to be processed. Work team - CORRECT ANSWER See "natural team." Working sequence - CORRECT ANSWER One of three elements of standard work; refers to the sequence of operations in a single process that leads a floor worker to most efficiently produce quality goods. World-class quality - CORRECT ANSWER A term used to indicate a standard of excellence: best of the best. X-bar chart - CORRECT ANSWER Average chart. Zero defects - CORRECT ANSWER A performance standard and method Philip B. Crosby developed; states that if people commit themselves to watching details and avoiding errors, they can move closer to the goal of zero defects.