CRJ 306 MIDTERM PREDICTOR TEST 2024 NEW UPDATE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

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CRJ 306 MIDTERM PREDICTOR TEST 2024 NEW UPDATE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS Today, race is regarded by experts as primarily a social construct __________ are those factors that have no legal legitimat ... e basis and can include things like race, ethnicity, gender, class and other characteristics. These can become sources of bias throughout the criminal justice system. Extralegal factors T/F: Scholar Heather MacDonald argues the primary cause of the high rate of incarceration of African Americans is the result of racism of police, prosecutors, judges, and correctional personnel False The term _________ discrimination refers to differential treatment. It is an action. discrimination Which of the following is/ are not example(s) of a racial hoax? 1) a Mexican-American making up a crime involving a White offender 2) a White law enforcement officer making up crimes and arresting African Americans for the made up crimes 3) a White woman accusing an African American man of a crime she committed _________ discrimination involves differences in outcomes based on policies and formal practices that result in different outcomes Institutionalized A limitation of UCR data is that 1) it reports on five racial categories, but only ethnicity data on Hispanic and non-Hispanic 2) not all agencies report on ethnicity One issue with UCR hate crime data is that ******many law enforcement agencies fail to report hate crimes According to Ta-Nehisi Coates in "What we mean when we say 'Race is a Social Construct'" ********** T/F: The term "minority" in this course simply refers to a population size being 50% (a statistical minority) False Mitchell and Caudy's study "Race Differences in Drug Offending and Drug Distribution Arrests" found neighborhood (community) context explains the disparities in drug arrests between Whites and Hispanics The "differential criminal justice system selection hypothesis," asserts that differential police presence, patrolling, and profiling, combined with discrimination in the courts and correctional systems, leads to more Blacks being arrested, convicted, and incarcerated. (Note: this was discussed in the Piquero & Brame article, "Assessing the Race-Crime Ethnicity Relationship in a Sample of Serious Adolescent Delinquents.") True Which of these statements about conflict theory is false? Criminal behavior is learned from those already involved in crime Conflict theory Originally, conflict theory paid little attention to race or ethnicity Criminal law singles out behaviors more often committed by the poor as crimes More powerful groups protect their interests by repressing those who threaten their position and the social order In the research article by Deena Isom Scott titled, "The New Juan Crow? Unpacking the Links Between Discrimination and Crime for Latinxs" she finds, Criminal justice system injustices and micro-aggressions significantly increase the likelihood of serious and violent offending T/F: Inequality created by poverty causes crime (Ch. 4) False T/F: Relative wealth inequality between racial groups has decreased in recent decades False T/F: Cities in the U.S. are no longer characterized by racial residential segregation False T/F: Weak neighborhood collective efficacy in areas of high social disorganization is associated with less crime False UCR arrest data indicate that involvement in crime peaks at 18 for violent crimes and 16 for property crimes Income is _________ whereas wealth is _________ how much money one earns in a year; the amount in assets one has minus their debts T/F: If there is support for social disorganization theory, then we should see an overlap of areas with high poverty with those with the highest rates of crime True T/F: Social and cultural capital are found to have no real implications for individuals, their status in life, their prospects for the future, and also their likelihood of becoming criminals False Which of these theories does NOT predict higher rates of crime among the poor and racial ethnic minorities? All of the theories listed here predict higher rates of crime among the poor and racial ethnic minorities 1) Social disorganization theory 2) Conflict theory 3) Differential association theory 4) Merton's strain theory T/F: Social disorganization theory holds that the administration of criminal justice reflects the unequal distribution of power in society False T/F: Aside from homicide, media reports mirror the number and types of crime in the U.S. False The _________ hypothesis suggests that uncommon or unusual crimes are the ones that will receive the most media attention Rarity T/F: The image of the "typical victim" of crime held by most Americans is accurate based on NCVS data False According to our readings, the image of the "typical victim" of crime is White In NCVS data, American Indian (Native American)/ Alaska Native have victimization rates per 1,000 that are double the victimization rates for Whites or Hispanics According to NCVS data discussed in our readings: within a one year period, about 1% of those over the age of 12 experience a violent victimization According to the reading titled, "Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls" (MMIWG) American Indians and Alaska Natives are often misclassified in crime reports Findings from the Petersen article, "Neighborhood Context and Media Constructions of Murder" indicate: News media is less likely to cover racial and ethnic minority homicide victims from more economically disadvantaged areas T/F: NCVS includes victimizations reported to police as well as those that were never reported to police True T/F: In a research study with findings confirming (accepting) the victim devaluation hypothesis, the findings will show that White victims are more likely to be covered in news stories than victims of other races True According to NCVS data discussed in our readings: White and Hispanics have similar violent crime victimization rates Note: African-Americans were far more likely to be victims of "serious violent crimes" According to NCVS data presented in the course text, which of the following groups are overrepresented in all violent crimes counted by NCVS? African Americans Systematic discrimination discrimination at all stages of the criminal justice system, at all times, and at all places [Show More]

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