COMMUNITY HEALTH TEST BANK

COMMUNITY HEALTH TEST BANK A nurse is examining the various factors that lead to disease and suggests several areas where nurses could intervene to reduce future incidence of disease. Which of the following models ...

COMMUNITY HEALTH TEST BANK A nurse is examining the various factors that lead to disease and suggests several areas where nurses could intervene to reduce future incidence of disease. Which of the following models would the nurse most likely use? a. Epidemiologic triangle b. Health promotion c. Levels of prevention d. Web of causality - ANS:D The web of causality model recognizes the complex interrelationships of many factors interacting to increase or decrease the risk for disease. Causal relationships (one thing or event causing another) are often more complex than the epidemiologic triangle conveys. Levels of prevention are actions taken to improve health outcomes. Health promotion addresses health improvement not identification of where nurses could intervene to reduce future incidence of disease. Which of the following actions would a nurse take to reduce the high incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in a community? a. Introduction of a heart-healthy curriculum beginning in the first grade, presentations on diet and exercise for the community at large, and special education sessions for high-risk populations b. Provision of online activities related to prevention of cardiac disease, smoking reduction programs, and blood pressure screenings c. Distribution of handouts, including age-appropriate games, self-assessments, and education on heart-healthy lifestyles; availability of community screenings for hyperlipidemia in persons age 35 and older; and walking programs for those affected with CAD d. Enrollment of clients with CAD into cardiac rehabilitation programs, routine evaluation of effectiveness of CAD treatment regimens, and participation in clinical trials that evaluate interventions for those diagn - ANS: C Distributing handouts includes all three levels of prevention to target all members of the population. Targeting all members of the population and implementing all levels of prevention increase the likelihood of positive outcomes for the community as a whole. Education in schools, the community, and high-risk populations focuses only on primary prevention activities. Online activities focus only on primary and secondary prevention. Efforts focused only on those who already have CAD are not primary prevention. A school nurse wants to decrease the incidence of obesity in elementary school children. Which of the following describes a secondary prevention intervention that the nurse could implement? a. Giving a presentation on the importance of exercise and physical fitness b. Designing a game in which students select healthy food choices c. Weighing students to identify those who are overweight d. Putting students on a diet if they weigh greater than 20% of their ideal weight - ANS: C Secondary prevention refers to interventions that increase the probability that a person with a condition will have the condition diagnosed early. Health screenings are the mainstay of secondary prevention. Weighing students and assessing whether the weight is higher than recommended will allow for early intervention so that obesity may be avoided. Giving a presentation and designing a game are both examples of primary prevention. Placing overweight students on a diet is an example of tertiary prevention. A nurse advises a client with osteoporosis to have three servings of milk or dairy products daily. Which of the following levels of prevention is being used by the nurse? a. Primary prevention b. Secondary prevention c. Tertiary prevention d. Treatment, but not prevention - ANS: C Interventions that prevent worsening of a condition are tertiary prevention activities. In this instance, the client already has a health problem (osteoporosis). By advising adequate dairy intake, the nurse aims to ensure that enough calcium is available to limit worsening of the osteoporosis. Primary prevention would focus on interventions the reduce the risk of one getting the disease. Secondary prevention addresses screening tests to detect the disease at the earliest stage possible. Treatment is not a level of prevention. A nurse asks a family member, "What has changed between you and your spouse since your child's head injury?" Which of the following focuses of the family is the nurse assessing? a. The context b. The client c. A system d. A component of society - ANS: C When the focus is on the family as a system, the family is viewed as an interactional system in which the whole is more than the sum of its parts. The approach simultaneously focuses on individual members and the family as a whole at the same time. The interactions between family members are the target for nursing interventions. When family is the the client, the family is placed first, and individuals are second. The family is seen as the sum of individual family members. When the family is seen as a component of society, it is seen as one of many institutions of society, along with health, education, religious, or financial institutions. When family is the context, the individual is placed first and the family second. In the "family as context" concept, the family serves as either a resource or a stressor to individual health and illness. Which of the following theories views the family as a whole with boundaries that are affected by the environment? a. Family developmental b. Exosystems c. Bioecological systems d. Family systems - ANS: D The theory that views the family as a whole with boundaries that are affected by the environment is the family systems theory. In this theory, the emphasis is on the whole rather than on individuals. Families are viewed from both a subsystem and suprasystem approach. The family developmental theory focuses on common tasks of family life and provides a longitudinal view of the family life cycle. The bioecological systems theory describes how environments and systems outside of the family influence the development of a child over time. The definition of exosystems is found within the bioecological systems theory; these are the external environments that have an indirect influence on the family. A nurse organizes care for a family by focusing on the common tasks of family life and considering a longitudinal view of the family life cycle. Which theory is being applied? a. Family systems b. Bioecological systems c. Family developmental d. Family nursing - ANS: C The family developmental theory focuses on common tasks of family life and provides a longitudinal view of the family life cycle. In the family systems theory, families are considered social systems, composed of a set of organized, complex, interacting elements. The bioecological systems theory describes how environments and systems outside of the family influence the development of a child over time. Family nursing theory is an evolving synthesis of the scholarship from three different traditions: family social science, family therapy, and nursing. A new mother is a full-time college student who lives with her parents, because the baby's father has been imprisoned related to theft and drug abuse. The infant's grandmother, although also employed, cares for the child while the young mother attends classes. Which of the following theoretical frameworks would be most helpful to the nurse when assessing this family's needs? a. Developmental b. Family nursing c. Bioecological d. Systems - ANS: A Developmental theory explains and predicts the changes that occur to humans or groups over time. Achievement of family developmental tasks helps individual members accomplish their tasks. In this case the new mother has tasks, whereas her parents have temporarily interrupted their progress in response to their daughter's (and grandchild's) needs. In the family systems theory, families are considered social systems, composed of a set of organized, complex, interacting elements. The bioecological systems theory describes how environments and systems outside of the family influence the development of a child over time. Family nursing theory is an evolving synthesis of the scholarship from three different traditions: family social science, family therapy, and nursing. A nurse considers how the environment outside of the family influences the development of a child when planning care for a family. Which of the following theories is being used by the nurse? a. Bioecological systems theory b. Family systems approach c. Family developmental theory d. Family nursing theory - ANS: A The bioecological systems theory describes how environments and systems outside of the family influence the development of a child over time. In the family systems theory, families are considered social systems, composed of a set of organized, complex, interacting elements. The family developmental theory focuses on common tasks of family life and provides a longitudinal view of the family life cycle. Family nursing theory is an evolving synthesis of the scholarship from three different traditions: family social science, family therapy, and nursing. A nurse is in the termination phase of the nurse-family relationship. Which of the following strategies would the nurse most likely implement? a. Increasing sessions with the nurse b. Making referrals when appropriate c. Providing a formative evaluation of the relationship d. Refusing additional communication with the family - ANS: B Making referrals when appropriate is part of the termination phase as the nurse ends the relationship with the family. It also includes decreasing contact with the nurse, extending invitations to the family for follow-up, and a summative evaluation meeting for formal closure. If sessions were the nurse were to increase, it would be unlikely that the relationship was going to be soon terminated or ended. Formative evaluation occurs throughout the relationship and is ongoing; an evaluation that would be done at the closure of the relationship would be summative. It would be appropriate for the nurse to extend an invitation for follow-up, not refuse additional communication.