PSY 223 Final Exam - Q & A (Complete Solutions)

PSY 223 Final Exam - Q & A (Complete Solutions) One of the consequences of children experiencing a parental divorce is emotional parentification which is a situation in which... A. the child's parents become emotionall ...

PSY 223 Final Exam - Q & A (Complete Solutions) One of the consequences of children experiencing a parental divorce is emotional parentification which is a situation in which... A. the child's parents become emotionally unstable and their behavior is unpredictable. B. parents who had pre-existing emotional problems worsen following a divorce. C. children develop emotional problems which interfere with their relationships with peers and their performance in school. D. children become more concerned about the emotional needs of their parents than their own needs. Parents who are highly stressed following a divorce might... A. become very restrictive and controlling of child's behavior B. work particularly hard on their parenting skills in an effort to make the divorce as easy as possible on children. C. call upon extended family and friends to help them with parenting so their children won't suffer. D. communicate less effectively and do less monitoring and controlling of child's behavior. Research that has compared children raised by gay or lesbian parents and children raised by heterosexual parents has found... A. very few differences between them B. that children in homosexual families suffer from more depression. C. that children in heterosexual families do better in school. D. that children in homosexual families are more likely to self-identify as gay or lesbian in early adulthood. Recent research on the effect of maternal employment on infants' cognitive development found that A. infants had lower levels of cognitive development and were less compliant if their mothers worked at all during the babies' first 5 years B. there were no differences, except that teachers rated the children of employed mothers as having higher achievement motivation and fewer internalizing problems. C. infants of mothers who were employed had lower levels of cognitive development, were less compliant, and were less securely attached. D. infants from middle-class families were less social and had lower levels of cognitive development if their mothers worked. When a parent is going through a divorce, the parent may become harsher in disciplining her children. The children may react to this harsh discipline by acting out even more, which makes the parent increase harshness of her discipline. This is an example of... A. a transactional effect B. a multiple effect C. a reactive effect D. a multidimensional effect The challenge for parents of adolescents is... A. when to shift from induction discipline to power assertion. B. how to balance granting autonomy with maintaining connectedness. C. figuring out how to cope as adolescents break down their attachment to their parents. D. deciding how firm you need to be to control adolescent behavior. Parents who have age-appropriate expectations upon their children, provide a rationale for their rules and expectations, are willing to listen to their children's point of view, and treat them with respect are classified by Baumrind as... A. authoritarian parents. B. authoritative parents. C. rational parents. D. collectivist parents. Parents who have a great deal of warmth and affection toward their children, but have few, if any, rules and restrictions, and give their children an equal say in family decision making are classified by Baumrind as... A. authoritarian parents. B. authoritative parents. C. permissive parents. D. uninvolved or neglectful parents. The exception to the findings that authoritarian parenting is associated with poorer school performance is... A. non-custodial fathers, where permissive parenting is more effective. B. Asian parents who are controlling but in the context of a warm, supportive relationship. C. Black parents who are more permissive and grant more autonomy to their children. D. Latino families in which parents are uninvolved or disengaged. One explanation for why siblings growing up in the same family have such different experiences in their nonshared environment is that... A. each sibling is born into the family @ a different point in the family's timeline. B. the quality of genetic inheritance each sibling receives is degraded w/ each subsequent birth. C. parents are less invested in the well-being of their later born children. D. the quality of the family's lifestyle improves w/ each subsequent birth. Which of the following statements about gender differences in self-esteem is the most accurate? A. Boys have higher self-esteem than girls throughout childhood and adolescence. B. Although boys have higher scores on measures of self-esteem than girls, the difference is actually quite small. C. Any differences in the self-esteem of boys & girls have disappeared by mid-adolescence. D. Contrary to what many people believe, girls have higher self-esteem than boys though most of adolescence. The baby X experiments have found that adults... A. won't play w/ an infant unless they are told whether the infant is a boy or girl. B. tend to select the toys they give the infant based on whether they are told the infant they're playing w/ is a boy or girl. C. select toys to give an infant based on the characteristics of the infant (fro example, they give boy toys to active infants and girl toys to quiet infants). D. let the child choose whatever toys they want & then play w/ those toys. True or false? Once children have gender constancy, they become more flexible about external things like clothing and hairstyles. True While you are sitting w/ your friends in the cafeteria @ lunchtime, someone is walking past your table and splashes some juice on your shoulder. You get angry b/c you figure that he was trying to embarrass you in front on your friends. This is an example of... A. egocentric thinking B. recursive thinking C. a faulty theory of mind D. a hostile attribution bias A child who is sitting next to another child & playing with similar toys but doesn't interact with the other child is engaging in.... A. solitary independent play B. parallel play C. associative play D. disruptive play Preschoolers are most likely to form friendships with children who... A. enjoy the same kinds of play activities as they do. B. are older and bigger than they are. C. will imitate whatever they do. D. will be a reliable or trustworthy friend. In adolescent friendships, we usually see... A. a fairly wide age range within the peer group, on the order of 4 to 6 years btw. the youngest and oldest member. B. a large amount of competition, jealousy, and gossiping. C. friendship groups that bring together adolescents with very diverse characteristics. D. similarity on demographic characteristics, and also in attitudes, values, and activity preferences. Denise Kandel's explanation for why friends are so similar says that first people seek out friendships w/ people who are similar to them and then... A. the friendship stops new people from joining. B. as they do things together they continue to influence each other. C. as they move through the grades, their friendship becomes stronger, D. parents exert pressure for the friends to remain together as a group. One explanation for why girls prefer to play w/ other girls and boys prefer to play w/ other boys is that.... A. boys and girls have different play styles and different communication styles. B. girls prefer to play in larger groups, while boys prefer playing in smaller groups or in pairs. C. there's more competition and conflict among groups of girls than among groups of boys. D. girls prefer organized activities, but boys prefer unstructured activities. In research conducted in the U.S., the incidence of bullying peaks in.... A. 3rd and 4th grade. B. in middle school, grades 6 to 8. C. after the start of high school in grade 9. D. in late adolescence. A description of the self that included terms such as "beautiful, smart, helpful, fast runner" would be more typical of children... A. in an individualistic culture. B. in a collectivist culture. C. in a collaborative culture. D. in a communist culture. A toddler's sense of possessiveness and declarations that something is "Mine!" is an indication that the child... A. is developing a clearer sense of himself as separate from those around them. B. is becoming too self-centered and egotistical. C. is not successfully negotiating the stage of initiative vs. guilt. D. has developed an autobiographical memory. If you ask 4 yr. old Mariah to describe herself, she will most likely mention... A. personality traits. B. special competencies. C. social virtues. D. observable characteristics. One reason why preschoolers have such positive views of themselves is that.... A. they can't take the perspectives of other so they make self-comparisons rather than social comparisons. B. they don't yet understand the qualitative differences such as good, better, best. C. people praise children for every little thing they do so they have no realistic standard for their behavior. D. preschoolers operate by the pleasure principle, not reality principle. One way to help children remember more details of their life and to even understand their lives in more complex ways is to... A. guide children in a complex discussion of the events in their lives. B. encourage the child to use their imagination and make up stories. C. try to get the child to say exactly what happened and if they don't, change the subject. D. ask the child to talk in detail about events that happen to other children. According to James Marcia, before an adolescent can achieve an identity they must... A. find a mentor who will coach and guide them and build a social network. B. filter out information that doesn't interest them and focus only on one specific identity choice. C. engage in a period of active explorations of their alternatives and make a personal commitment to the choice they make. D. build a strong sense of their self-esteem and seek out activities that they enjoy and can succeed at. Marisol is planning to become a pediatrician. For as long as she can remember that is what everyone in her family has expected because all of them work in medical careers. James Marcia would describe Marisol as being in the status of... A. identity diffusion. B. moratorium. C. foreclosure. D. identity deferral. Once an adolescent has reached an achieved identity status... A. it is very unlikely that their commitment or status will ever change. B. it is possible for new experiences to push them back into a state of moratorium. C. the only change that can occur is adopt a negative identity. D. most families will continue to push them toward foreclosure. In Phinney's theory of ethnic identity development, adolescents move from a stage of unexamined ethnic identity to... A. accepting w/out question the attitudes and values of other members of the adolescent's ethnic group. B. an active attempt to understand and explore the meaning of the adolescents ethnicity. C. a stage in which the adolescent actively rejects his ethic identity in favor of a majority identity. D. a period of dormancy in which the adolescent does nothing with regard to developing an ethnic identity. Which of the following is the best description of the typical pattern of change in self-esteem from childhood through late adolescence? A. Low in childhood, slight increase in early adolescence, large increases in middle and late adolescence. B. High in childhood, decline in early adolescence, increase throughout adolescence. C. Moderate in childhood, increase in early adolescence, sharp increase throughout the remainder of adolescence. D. High in childhood, decline in early adolescence, further declines throughout the remainder of adolescence. The consequences for a child having one type of temperament vs. another largely depends upon... A. the age of the child, because people are much more accepting of a difficult temperament in a young child. B. how flexible the child is when he or she is confronted w/ new experiences. C. the goodness of fit btw. the child's characteristics and the demands of the environment. D. the gender of the child, b/c people are more willing to accept a difficult temperament in a boy than in a girl. As we look at the temperament throughout childhood and adolescence, based on research we could say that... A. there is a tendency for temperament to be stable over time, although smaller changes can occur. B. temperament is very unstable, especially during childhood. C. there is seldom, if ever, any noticeable changes in temperament as children get older. D. if there is going to be change in temperament, it's most likely to occur during adolescence. Separation anxiety appears in infants during the stage of... A. preattachment. B. attachment in the making. C. clear cut attachment. D. goal-corrected partnership. Beliefs such as "Others are unpredictable and I don't know what to expect from them" or "I can't explore b/c I might miss an opportunity for live" would reflect having a... A. secure internal working model. B. bidirectional emotional model. C. anxious ambivalent/resistant internal working model. D. goal directed attachment model. The pattern of attachment called anxious avoidant has been associated with a caregiver who is... A. intrusive or may even have been abusive. B. unresponsive to the needs of the infant. C. able to anticipate the infant's needs before the infant even signals what he needs. D. overly responsive to the signals of the infant. When an infant has a secure attachment to a parent, the infant can... A. begin developing the early stages of language. B. work on individuating from the parent. C. focus on cognitive development, such as developing object permanence. D. venture away from the parent to explore environment. Today 2 yr. old Chandra is going for her first flight on an airplane. As the engine begins to roar, she looks at her mother's expression. Her mother is smiling as she looks out the windows so Chandra thinks that flying is fun and begins smiling herself. This is an example of... A. social referencing. B. sympathy. C. empathic feelings. D. emotional intelligence. You can help an infant learn to regulate his own emotions by.... A. being sensitive to the infant's signals so he doesn't need to get frantic to get a response from you. B. ignoring the infant when he shows any signs of distress or frustration. C. overstimulating the infant so that he needs to calm himself down after you play with him. D. letting the infant spend a good deal of time by himself so he becomes familiar with his own feelings.