PSY 237 Human Development Exam - Q & A (Complete Solutions)

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PSY 237 Human Development Exam - Q & A (Complete Solutions) In an experiment conducted to determine if cognitive-behavioral therapy or mindfulness-based stress reduction is more effective for reduci... ng symptoms of anxiety, what is the dependent variable? cognitive-behavioral therapy mindfulness-based stress reduction anxiety no intervention College students are often recruited for research studies of young adult development, but this is often discussed as a limitation of those studies. How do you explain this? College students are not randomly selected from the larger population, and they may not represent all young adults in our society. University students tend to have higher rates of attrition compared to non-university students. It is an ethical violation to recruit college and university participants without their parents' consent. It is more difficult to get IRB approval for studies involving college and university students. A local community center advertises a meet-up for people who are seeking support as part of the "sandwiched generation," sandwiched between caring for young kids and aging parents. This meet-up is geared toward people in which period of human development? Early adulthood Middle adulthood Mid-life crisis Late adulthood A researcher whose study of higher-order thinking skills in children is influenced by Vygotsky's sociocultural theory would be likely to investigate ________. the role of social interaction and culture on language and learning processes the role of congruence and incongruence on language and learning processes the role of positive and negative reinforcement on language and learning processes the role of biology and neural connections on language and learning processes Researchers wanted to study alcohol use by teenagers and observe if there were any differences between cohorts over time. They compared three groups of students (grades 6 to 8, grades 9 to 10, and grades 11 to 12) and focused on the frequency and amount of their alcohol use over a five-year period. They collected useful information about age-related changes, changes within the same individuals as they aged, and were able to account for the possibility of cohort and/or time of measurement effects. This is an example of ________. sequential research observational research longitudinal research cross-sectional research An elderly person is experiencing age-related memory decline. A healthcare provider recommends brain training programs based on research indicating that dimensions of cognitive decline are partially reversible because the brain retains a lifelong capacity to reorganize cortical tissue. This healthcare provider's recommendation is aligned with which of Baltes' key principles of lifespan development? Development has socio-cultural influences. Development has gains and losses. Development halts in old age. Development is plastic. Parents concerned about their middle schooler tell the child's pediatrician, "So much is going on for our child right now. His body is changing, he's trying to sort through so many feelings, and he's trying to find where he fits in with other kids." The pediatrician normalizes their concerns about puberty and the biological, cognitive, emotional, and social factors involved in this stage of development. This illustrates which of Baltes' key principles of lifespan development? Development is multidimensional. Development always follows a straight line. Development is plastic. Development is only about growth A researcher who studies language development and tracks the rate at which toddlers learn new words is interested in which domain of human development? Lifespan Psychosocial Cognitive Physical Someone expressing ________ believes that their cultural practices are the best and right ones, and it is difficult for them to understand the cultural practices of other societies. Someone expressing ________ demonstrates an appreciation for cultural differences and a willingness to consider the perspectives of people in other cultures. ethnocentrism; cultural relativity nonnormative influences; normative history-graded influences one dimensional culture; multidimensional culture a cohort effect; contextual intelligence Dr. Petersen uses a correlational study to determine if time spent playing video games is related to obesity. The objective of this research is ________. to formally test whether a relationship exists between two or more variables to explain why people play video games. to describe the occurrence of a phenomenon. to randomly assign participants to different conditions, then use hypothesis testing to make inferences about how these conditions influence behavior. Correlational research would be the preferred method for studying the relationship between perfectionism and anxiety because it would allow researchers to ________. determine if one variable, perfectionism, causes another variable, anxiety watch and record the actions of perfectionistic and anxious research participants explore a single case of an anxious perfectionist in great detail identify patterns of relationships Parents express amazement that their baby seemed to go from crawling to standing up and walking, as if it occurred overnight. For them, the change seemed so sudden. Their view reflects an approach to change that human development theorists refer to as ________ development. nature continuous nurture discontinuous In order to gain an in-depth understanding of the physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development of a child who was raised in isolation without contact with same-age peers until age 10, a researcher would be likely to use which research method? Case study Content analysis Observational study Survey Claire feels certain that people exercise more during the spring than during the rest of the year. She surveys 30 people at her gym and concludes that her observation was correct. Claire's research is: Biased Scientific research an organized, objective, controlled, qualitative or quantitative empirical analysis of one or more variables Quantitative Research structured responses that can be statistically tested to confirm insights and hypotheses generated via qualitative research or secondary data Children who are seriously reflecting on the future, imagining what they want to be when they grow up and planning what it might take to get there have reached Piaget's ________ stage of cognitive development. preoperational formal operational concrete operational sensorimotor A student is bullied at school and now associates school with fear. According to Pavlov's classical conditioning paradigm, the fear, anxiety, and nervousness this student experiences when approaching school is a(n) ________. unconditioned response conditioned response conditioned stimulus unconditioned stimulus A store clerk witnesses the following exchange that she has seen numerous times between a parent and child who are regular customers: The child asks for a toy. The parent refuses to get it. The child throws a temper tantrum. The parent puts the toy in the shopping basket. The child stops crying. The store clerk thinks, "Behavior is controlled by its consequences." The clerk's reasoning coincides with the concept of: classical conditioning operant conditioning a Skinner Box observational learning A(n)________ approach to development has been criticized for equating the mind to a computer and for not taking into account the social context in which development takes place. theory-of-mind Piagetian information processing social cognitive theory A shy student, Lila, shows up for her first day at a new school. She would prefer to slip to the back of the class unnoticed. Instead, a friendly, outgoing student, Alex, approaches Lila and invites her to sit at the same table together. Throughout that day, Lila was much more engaged with other students than she would normally have been. Which aspect of Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory does this demonstrate? Motivation Reciprocal Determinism Initiation Attention A researcher studies how children make sense of new information either by making it fit into known information (e.g., calling all round objects "ball") or by modifying their thinking (e.g., learning new words for various round objects). This researcher's work is grounded in Piaget's ________. Classical Conditioning Social Cognitive Theory Theory of Cognitive Development Operant Conditioning A researcher states, "In order to understand human development, we must consider how our genetic inheritance determines behavior and personality and seek to understand which traits became adaptive through a process of natural selection." This researcher is a proponent of which perspective? The ecological perspective The exosystem perspective The ethology perspective The evolutionary perspective A person seeks psychotherapy because of difficulty in establishing and maintaining emotionally satisfying relationships. The therapist's approach is grounded in humanistic psychology, and the therapist conceptualizes that the client's behavior is motivated by a need for ________. love and belonging esteem self-actualization safety Social cognitive theory (social learning theory) proposes that ________, whereas Piaget's theory of cognitive development proposes that ________. development is more influenced by nature more than nurture; development is more influenced by nurture more than nature there are distinct stages of development; learning is unique to each person learning is unique to each person; there are distinct stages of development learning is universal for everyone; development follows many courses When lifespan development researchers use ________, they draw on several perspectives simultaneously because they recognize that the same developmental phenomenon can be viewed from a number of angles. an eclectic approach an ecological approach an evolutionary approach a macrosystems approach A teacher uses a kind of guided assistance to model problem-solving and provide levels of support as needed, which enables children to understand concepts and gain more language skills. What term would Vygotsky use to describe this? Information processing Formal operations Scaffolding Zone of proximal development A child therapist believes that it is important to understand all the forces that shape and impact children's lives: individual, family, neighborhood, society, and culture. This therapist subscribes to which approach to development? Rogers' humanistic theory Vygotsky's sociocultural theory Maslow's hierarchy of needs Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems model In describing his approach to psychotherapy, a therapist whose approach is informed by Carl Rogers' work, tells new clients, "I help clients achieve ________. I help clients to become more open to life experiences, to live each moment fully, and to be more creative in dealing with life's challenges." congruence a positive self-concept the good life unconditional positive regard School administrators and teachers meet yearly to review the school philosophy, daily routines, assessment methods, and other elements of the school system because they know these factors can affect a child's self-image, learning, and sense of accomplishment. These educators and their concerns represent which element of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems model? Mesosystem Microsystem Exosystem Macrosystem Which two approaches to lifespan development have the following in common: development is continuous, there are many courses of development, and development is more influenced by nurture than nature? Humanistic theory and sociocultural theory Classical conditioning and operant conditioning Social cognitive theory and Piaget's theory of cognitive development Psychosexual theory and psychosocial theory A person seeks psychotherapy because of difficulty in establishing and maintaining emotionally satisfying relationships. The therapist's approach is grounded in humanistic psychology, and the therapist conceptualizes that the client's behavior is motivated by a need for ________. esteem love and belonging safety self-actualization What do adoption studies compare? behavioral traits between biological relatives and adopted relatives behavioral traits between identical twins only behavioral traits between identical twins and fraternal twins behavioral traits between non-related individuals in different environments What causes the most common chromosomal abnormality, called Trisomy 21? An extra Y chromosome only on #21 A missing chromosome on #21 [Show More]

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