PSYC 3364 Final Exam | Questions with Verified Answers

PSYC 3364 Final Exam | Questions with Verified Answers Mark Smith, PhD, studies the feeding patterns of insects. His findings are often used to determine the cause of death in murder investigations. Dr. Smith would be ...

PSYC 3364 Final Exam | Questions with Verified Answers Mark Smith, PhD, studies the feeding patterns of insects. His findings are often used to determine the cause of death in murder investigations. Dr. Smith would be considered a(n) ______. forensic entomologist What do forensic psychology, forensic linguistics, and forensic archaeology all have in common? They are based on scientific principles. Dr. Roy is a forensic psychologist who is conducting a child custody evaluation in a divorce case. Dr. Roy is practicing the forensic psychology subspecialty of ______. legal psychology What is the common link between the broad and narrow definitions of forensic psychology? the legal system The text adopts a(n) ______ definition of forensic psychology. Broad What are the five subspecialties of forensic psychology? Police and Public Safety Psychology Legal Psychology Psychology of Crime and Delinquency Victimology and Victim Services Correctional Psychology What supports the idea that courts often lean toward a medical model approach to mental disorder? Many judges prefer the involvement of psychiatrists for insanity determinations. A forensic psychologist who specializes in victimology would most likely perform which of the following tasks? - train police officers on how to deal with mentally ill citizens - testify at a trial in which the defendant has pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity - conduct research on the development of psychopathy - assess, support, and counsel those who provide death notification services Where would a forensic psychologist find the principles and standards for ethical practices? The APA's Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct Jan is a second-year college student who is interested in becoming a police psychologist. What path would you suggest that she take in order to reach her goals? encourage her to earn a doctorate in psychology and gain ample exposure to police culture Fitness for duty evaluations are to __________ psychology as child custody evaluations are to __________ psychology. police; legal Psychologists who use valid and reliable methods are engaging in ______. evidence-based practice Which ethical issue would a psychologist be least likely to address? - answering the ultimate issue in a child custody evaluation - determining the correct medication dosage for a psychotic prisoner - conducting a risk assessment for a death penalty case - participating in a military interrogation The American Psychological Association accepted forensic psychology as a specialization in the year ______. 2001 Dr. Brown is using an empirically supported intervention called cognitive-behavioral therapy with a group of unmotivated criminal justice clients. Dr. Brown is using a(n) ______ approach. evidence-based What is the difference between standards and guidelines? Psychologists are expected to adhere to standards; guidelines are aspirational. The rules, attitudes, beliefs, and practices that are thought to be accepted among law enforcement officers as an occupational group are known as ______. police culture Imagine you are a psychologist who has been asked to complete a fitness-for-duty evaluation. What is the first step you would take? conduct a job analysis A psychologist who participates in the selection and training of hostage negotiation teams is conducting a ______ evaluation. special unit Which test has been found to be the most valid for the selection of law enforcement personnel? the MMPI-2 Why is it so difficult to predict success or failure in law enforcement work? Law enforcement activities are broad and heterogeneous. Who owns a law enforcement fitness-for-duty evaluation report? the agency that requested the report What type of occupational stressor is often the most prevalent and frustrating for law enforcement personnel? organizational stressors Which source of stress would be considered an external stressor - excessive shift work - negative police-citizen interactions - exposure to death - substance abuse Officer Ludden is a 36-year-old father of twin girls who is called to the scene of an auto accident in which a drunk driver has killed a 4-year-old girl. Despite his anger and sadness, Officer Ludden stoically informs the child's father that his daughter has died. The officer is likely experiencing ______. emotional dissonance Which program is often considered a form of racial/ethnic profiling? Stop and Frisk Research suggest that the overwhelming reason for most police suicides appears to be ______. difficulties in intimate partner relationships The majority of all hostage situations ______. are relationship-driven Which category of hostage taker often requires the involvement of federal officials and is considered the most difficult for police officers? political terrorists Which of the following statements about diversity in law enforcement is correct? The ethnic and racial makeup of a police department rarely reflects the makeup of the community it serves. As a group, female officers are more likely than men to ______. possess better communication skills Tragedies, death, serious injuries, and life-threatening situations that police officers encounter are called ______. critical incidents Psychologists in the 20th century provided service to police agencies primarily in what area? cognitive and aptitude testing Excessive force is defined as ______. a level of force that exceeds what is justifiable under the circumstances Which statement is the most accurate? - Psychological evaluations of potential law enforcement officers are required by the U.S. Constitution. - Psychological evaluations of potential law enforcement officers are required in the majority of states. - Psychological evaluations cannot be required if a law enforcement candidate refuses to participate. - Psychological evaluations of potential law enforcement candidates have no validity. Which type of validity is the most desirable yet most difficult to achieve? predictive validity Why do many professionals prefer the term behavioral analysis to profiling? Behavioral analysis is considered a more scientific activity than profiling. While crime scene profiling is based on a(n) ______ individual; psychological autopsy is based on a(n) ______ individual. unknown; known Which statement most accurately summarizes crime scene profiling? - It involves entering the evil mind of a serial killer. - It involves predictions about the offender's personality. - It involves discovering how victims are selected. - It involves identifying a perpetrator beyond a reasonable doubt. All of the following are profiling types discussed in the chapter except ______. - crime scene profiling - geographical profiling - juvenile analysis - psychological autopsy A method of identifying crimes that are likely to have been committed by the same offender because of similarities across the crimes is referred to as ______. linkage analysis Devin is a 16-year-old who confessed to burglary because he just wanted to go home after a long interrogation. Devin is displaying ______. reward sensitivity Racial profiling is an example of ______. suspect-based profiling Jacob was a 23-year-old male with a history of depression who died after jumping from the third floor of the Pine Hills indoor mall. The death occurred on a Saturday morning and many shoppers witnessed the entire incident. Which type of psychological autopsy will most likely be performed on Jacob? suicide psychological autopsy Which type of profiling is often performed for insurance purposes? psychological autopsy The actions and procedures an offender uses to commit a crime successfully are called a ______. modus operandi Which answer choice illustrates a flaw in profiling? - the assumption that human behavior is consistent across time and place - the belief that context influences behavior - the focus on victim rather than offender characteristics - the tendency to overestimate the intelligence of the offender Risk assessment instruments are largely based on ______ prediction. Actuarial Which statement about hypnosis is correct? - Hypnosis is usually established by an induction procedure. - Hypnosis causes people to lose control over their behavior. - Hypnosis is an ineffective and outdated investigative technique. - Hypnosis often successfully unlocks one's unconscious memories. Kim Rossmo developed a program that attempts to pinpoint the location of an offender's residence and/or base of operations. This program is called ______. Criminal Geographic Targeting The term ______ refers to the tendency of investigators to prefer information that supports their own perspective, while ignoring other aspects that may not fit. confirmation bias For unconscious transfer to occur, previous encounters with the innocent person must have been ______. Brief Which polygraph test is viewed the most favorably by researchers? Guilty Knowledge Test What hypothesis is a possible explanation for own-race bias? differential experience hypothesis Before viewing a lineup, it is important that a witness be told that ______. the suspect may not be in the lineup In order to be legal in the United States, a show-up must ______. occur immediately after the offense Asking questions that the suspect does not anticipate, or asking for more detail, is an example of ______. cognitive lie detection Which two adjectives most accurately describe the process of eyewitness identification? complex and error-ridden Which federal case was instrumental in allowing psychologists to serve as expert witnesses in matters involving criminal responsibility? Jenkins v. U.S. Most cases that reach the courts are ______ rather than ______. civil; criminal The four stages of the judicial process are ______. pretrial, trial, disposition, and appeals In criminal law, a plea of nolo contendere is equivalent to a(n) ______. guilty plea All courts have subject matter and ______ jurisdiction. Geographical Which is the intention of the dual-court system? to recognize the unity of the nation and the sovereignty of individual states What is the primary distinction between civil and criminal courts? the type of case being heard A family dispute involving end-of-life issues will likely be considered a ______ case. Civil Depositions are part of the ______. discovery process What is the most common role of a forensic psychologist at the appellate stage? filing amicus curiae briefs The central issue in Atkins v. Virginia involved ______. execution of intellectually disabled individuals A lawyer who strikes a potential juror due to a gut feeling that the person will not be sympathetic to a client is utilizing a(n) ______ challenge. Peremptory All of the following are concerns with actuarial instruments except they ______. - may include legally unacceptable risk factors - often have a restricted definition of violence - focus on a small number of factors - are too generalizable to other contexts Substance abuse and unemployment are examples of ______ risk factors. Dynamic Which of the following is an example of an acute dynamic risk factor? - parental criminality - association with deviant peers - anger - education What violence risk assessment instrument is an actuarial measure designed for adult male sex offenders? Static-99 The empirical literature has consistently supported the superiority of ______ data over ______ data. actuarial; clinical What term is often preferred by forensic psychologists who are involved in predicting violent behavior? assessment of dangerousness potential In which situation would expert witness testimony be most influential? a pretrial hearing involving competency to stand trial Witness education, attorney education, and modification of testimony delivery are components of ______. witness preparation Which three significant Supreme Court decisions comprise the Daubert standard? Daubert v. Merrill Dow Pharmaceuticals General Electric Co. v. Joiner Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael In federal courts, the Daubert standard for the admission of expert testimony has replaced the ______ standard. Frye George is a 60-year-old male who has been a psychotherapy patient of Dr. Wood for 2 years. Which of the following scenarios would be most likely to cause Dr. Wood to break client/patient confidentiality? - George states he obsessively thinks about quitting his job. - George threatens to kill his ex-wife's boyfriend. - George reports that he has a history of sleeping with prostitutes. - George acknowledges that he was institutionalized at age 20 for severe depression. Duty to warn is to ______ as the general acceptance rule is to ______. the Tarasoff requirement; the Frye standard What is the American Psychological Association's stance on ultimate issue testimony? The APA has not taken a stance on the matter of ultimate issue testimony. The term shadow jury refers to ______. a group of people similar in demographics to persons on the actual jury The term bench trial is synonymous with the term ______. court trial The text divides the judicial process into ______ stages. Four What is the role of an expert witness? to help the judge or jury make decisions that are beyond knowledge of the typical layperson Which forensic psychology practice has increased as a direct result of concerns about workplace and school violence? risk assessment The majority of trial consultants are ______. Psychologists Who is the client when the court asks a clinician to evaluate a defendant? the court Which is a primary difference between a lay witness and an expert witness? An expert witness can offer an opinion, whereas a lay witness cannot. When do judges typically apply the Daubert standard? when an attorney challenges the introduction of evidence When preparing to testify in court, it is important that an expert witness ______. maintain composure True or False - According to the Tarasoff requirement, patient-therapist confidentiality may be broken if a patient sues a therapist. False True or False - All states have trial and appellate courts. True True or False - Mental health court is a type of specialty court. True True or False - A well-trained psychologist can accurately predict whether or not an individual will be dangerous in all situations. False Competency to stand trial and competency to plea bargain are examples of ______ competencies. Adjudicative What term is synonymous with sanity evaluation? criminal responsibility evaluation The two-pronged Dusky standard specifies that a defendant must not only understand what is happening but also be ______. able to assist in his or her own defense Which high-profile defendant suffered from a paranoid personality disorder, was competent to stand trial, and had a trial considered an embarrassment to the justice system? Colin Ferguson According to the text, outpatient ______ is more common than outpatient ______. evaluation; treatment Which standard of proof is required in all criminal proceedings? beyond a reasonable doubt Which disorder is the predominant diagnosis of individuals found incompetent to stand trial? Schizophrenia Restoration to competency for an individual found incompetent to stand trial should focus not only on decisional capacities but also on ______. education about the legal system Which statement is true about the insanity defense? - It is allowed in all 50 states. - It is allowed in a majority of states. - It is allowed in two states. - It is not allowed in the United States. Sanity refers to mental state ______, whereas competency refers to mental state ______. at the time of crime; at the time of criminal justice proceedings Research has shown that defendants who plead not guilty by reason of insanity comprise ______ of criminal cases. 1-3% Some states allow judge and jurors an alternative to NGRI. This middle ground verdict is called ______. guilty but mentally ill The R-CRAS is a forensic instrument used for assessing ______. criminal responsibility The law states that an individual found NGRI cannot be held solely based on dangerousness if there is no longer evidence of mental illness. Which group is the exception? sexually violent predators