PSYCH 311 Final Exam | Questions and Answers

PSYCH 311 Final Exam | Questions and Answers One implication of Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory is that to understand development, one must: Consider the individual and the different levels of sociocultural con ...

PSYCH 311 Final Exam | Questions and Answers One implication of Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory is that to understand development, one must: Consider the individual and the different levels of sociocultural contexts with which he or she interacts. Development includes: Growth and decline. Name one advantage and one disadvantage of using surveys as a way to collect data. Surveys can be used to study a wide range of topics and can collect data from a large number of people. Surveys can be conducted in person, over the telephone, or on the Internet. A disadvantage to survey research is that people sometimes respond in ways that they think is socially acceptable rather than to say what they honestly think and believe. A way of measuring age that is defined as the number of years that have elapsed since birth. chronological age The developmental issue (controversy) over whether development is influenced by biology or environment. nature-nurture issue The developmental issue (controversy) over the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist throughout life or change. stability-change issue The macrosystem is defined as the culture in which an individual lives. Which of the following would NOT be included in one's culture? eye color Professor Weinstein teaches his life-span psychology students that each stage of development from birth to old age involves significant changes. Professor Weinstein is taking a(n): __________ approach. life-span According to Jean Piaget, this stage is marked by the development of logical, organized reasoning skills. formal operational A person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics. socioeconomic status Lynn Hasher and her colleagues (2001) found that age-related memory differences declined when __________ was taken into consideration. time of day A researcher is interested in the effect of exercise on stamina in elderly patients. The patients are randomly assigned to be in a high-exercise or low-exercise training program for 8 weeks. At the end of the program, their stamina is measured by seeing how long they can walk comfortably on a treadmill. In this study, the dependent variable is: number of minutes on the treadmill Thomas Hess and his colleagues (2003) found that age-related memory differences declined when __________ was taken into consideration. relevance of material The concept of continuity is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT: qualitative change. Turner syndrome occurs in approximately ________ live births. 1 in 2,500 Robert Plomin argues that nonshared environmental influences produce different personalities among siblings. Which of the following would be considered a nonshared environmental influence? peer groups This is a prenatal medical procedure where high-frequency sound waves are directed into the women's abdomen. ultrasound sonography Shakena is a 38-year-old single woman who works as a pharmaceutical representative. Although she would like to be married, there is no special person in her life right now. She would like to adopt a child. Recent changes in adoption regulations would mean that: she would be considered as a candidate for adopting a child. For eyes, brown color is dominant and blue color is recessive. Maria carries two genes for brown eyes, and John carries two genes for blue eyes. Their child will have a: 100% chance of having brown eyes. Don and Ellie are trying to conceive a baby. How long should they wait before they suspect infertility? 12 months As the benefits of evolution decrease, the need for culture increases. Which of the following is NOT a culture-based resource for older adults? social support, medical technology, cognitive training and support By definition, evolutionary psychology emphasizes the importance of: adaptive behavior. Evolution takes place: over many generations. A recessive gene can only assert itself when: both genes in a pair are recessive. A psychological perspective that emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" in shaping behavior. evolutionary psychology All of a person's genetic makeup. Genotype A prenatal test designed to assess whether a fetus is developing normally. With this procedure, high-frequency sound waves are directed into the women's abdomen. The echo from the sounds is transformed into a visual representation of the fetus's inner structures. ultrasound or ultrasound sonography While Sally's mother was pregnant with her, she smoked and drank alcohol which adversely effected Sally's lung development. After Sally was born, she was placed into an environment with two parents who smoked. As Sally continued to develop, she was diagnosed with asthma, a breathing disorder. The development of this disorder could be explained by the concept of: the epigenetic view. Sandra excels in reading and spelling but struggles with mathematics. She is shorter than her peers and was born without ovaries. Sandra most likely has: Turner syndrome. Don and Ellie are trying to conceive a baby. How long should they wait before they suspect infertility? 12 months Maternal contraction of rubella (German measles) can lead to all of the following EXCEPT: autism. The innovative prenatal care program Centering Pregnancy: provides prenatal care in group settings. Which of the following statements about prenatal care is TRUE? Prenatal care includes classes and educational programs about pregnancy, Prenatal care may include information on breast feeding and bottle feeding, Prenatal care may include information on preparing for birth and infant care The Apgar Scale uses which of the following measures? newborn's heart rate Research suggests that mothers who drink more than 300 milligrams of caffeine a day increase their unborn baby's risk of: fetal death Annabel drinks about two cups of brewed coffee a day. Her baby has an increased risk of: a low birth weight. Giovanna was found to be Rh incompatible with her first child. To prevent her body from producing antibodies that will attack any future Rh-incompatible fetuses, her doctor gave her: RhoGAM. Before delivery of her baby, Jawhara experiences several traumatic life changes. She separates from her husband, discovers that her mother is seriously ill, and begins a more stressful job. Will Jawhara's baby be significantly affected by all the stress in Jawhara's life? Yes, the baby will be at risk for ADHD and language delays Linda's baby is about to be born. The baby's head is at the top of the uterus, and the baby's lower extremities are on the cervix. This situation is: called a breech position. The second stage of childbirth begins with the _______ and ends with the _______. emergence of the child's head; delivery of the child out of the mother The lack of ______ in maternal nutrition has been associated with neural tube defects in offspring. folic acid Angelo is 7 years old and has been diagnosed with a learning disability. In addition, he often seems highly excitable and is impulsive. It is possible that Angelo's mother used _______ while pregnant. cocaine Yan Yan is 17, a moderate drinker, and pregnant. Research would suggest that her child may: have a preterm birth. The process by which the uterus returns to its prepregnant size 5 to 6 weeks after birth. Involution This French obstetrician developed the prepared childbirth method. Ferdinand Lamaze This is one of the life-support systems of the embryo. It is a bag or envelope that contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats. Amnion Sarah is a 20-year-old college student who is paralyzed from her waist down. She can walk with difficulty with crutches but prefers her wheelchair. Sarah tells you that her condition is due to a birth defect. Which of the following birth defects did Sarah MOST likely have? spina bifida Sylvia has severe cystic acne and is taking Accutane, a drug prescribed by her doctor. She has just discovered that she is pregnant. Her doctor told her that she should: stop taking Accutane immediately. Sidney is expecting her first child. She has just recently begun to feel kicking movements. Sidney is most likely in the ________ month of her pregnancy. 4th According to a recent study of more than 3,000 4- to 24-month-olds, which of the following statements about the nutritional status of babies in the United States is TRUE? By 15 months, French fries were the most common vegetable that babies ate. At birth, the newborn's brain is about __________ of its adult weight. 25% A decreased responsiveness to a stimulus that has been repeatedly presented. Habituation The acronym "SIDS" stands for: sudden infant death syndrome. The receiving of information from the surrounding environment is called __________. Sensation The theory that states that we directly perceive information that exists in the world around us is __________. ecological Which of the following statements is TRUE? Following birth, some synaptic connections become strengthened and survive, whereas unused ones are replaced by other pathways or disappear. Which of the following statements about infants and REM sleep is TRUE? REM sleep may promote the brain's development in infancy. The experience of our world as a smooth episode is made possible by: intermodal perception. Which of the following statements is TRUE about the hemispheric specialization of speech in the cerebral cortex of the brain? For most people, speech and grammar is localized in the left hemisphere, and the use of metaphor and humor is localized in the right hemisphere. Briefly explain the cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns of development. The cephalocaudal pattern is the sequence in which the greatest growth always occurs at the top—the head—with physical growth in size, weight, and feature differentiation gradually working its way down from top to bottom. The proximodistal pattern is the sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities. Marty is developing rapidly in her size and abilities to sit and stand. Many of the reflexes with which she was born are fading, but she is not yet able to climb or ride on riding toys. Marty is probably in the __________ of life. first year Kai is 2 years old and weighs 30 pounds. She is __________ for her age. within the normal range The cerebral cortex has two __________, and each half is further divided into the four __________. hemispheres; lobes You are visiting Chile on your vacation. While you are there, you see a child on the side of the street begging for money and holding a sign that reads "Need money for food—malnourished." You look at the child and think that he looks normal; then you suddenly remember what you learned in a life-span development class and conclude that the child must have: kwashiorkor. The ways that words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences in a language. Syntax Behaviorists believe that language is: learned through reinforcement. Ben's grandmother gives him a shirt that she knows he has been admiring. When he opens her gift, he smiles and says, "This is so sick; thanks Gram!!" Ben's grandmother does not know what he means by "sick." Obviously Ben and his grandmother do not share the same ideas about __________. Semantics "House tree could be learn fat left grass," Mary said. Mary has likely received brain damage to: Wernike's area. Define Phonology. Rules governing the sound system of language, including the sounds that are used and how they may be combined. Define Morphology. Rules governing the units of meaning involved in word formation Define Syntax. Rules governing the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences. Define Semantics. Rules governing the meaning of words and sentences. Define pragmatics. Rules governing the appropriate use of language in different contexts. According to Jean Piaget, this is the second substage of sensorimotor thought. This substage is apparent in children between about 1 month to 4 months of age. Two primary schemes are apparent. First, the infant repeats an action that was once associated with a reflex, but is now completely separated from its eliciting stimulus (e.g., sucking when no bottle or nipples are present). Second, after accidentally causing an interesting event with one's own body (e.g., kicking feet), the infant repeats the action many times. first habits and primary circular reactions Which of the following statements regarding first words is NOT correct? Infants recognize their name by age 3 months. List (in order) Jean Piaget's six substages of sensorimotor thought 1. Simple Reflexes. 2. First habits and primary circular reactions. 3. Secondary Circular Reactions. 4. Coordination of secondary circular reactions. 5. Tertiary circular reactions, novelty, curiosity. 6. Internalization of schemes. Antonio swings his arms while lying in his crib. One of his arms accidentally hits the mobile hanging above him. This causes the mobile to begin to move. Antonio continues to swing his arms but is unable to strike the mobile again. This is an example of a: primary circular reaction Jean Piaget used detailed observation of his own children to develop his theory of: cognitive development. Which of the following has been associated with children's vocabulary development? All of these. Jean Piaget's concept of grouping isolated behaviors into a higher-order cognitive system. Organization According to Jean Piaget, a scheme that is characterized by the infant attempting to reproduce a bodily event (e.g., kicking own feet) that initially occurred by chance. Primary circular reaction A _______ is an internal sensory image or word that represents an event. Symbol Phonology is to __________ as morphology is to __________. sound; meaning According to Jerome Kagan (2002, 2003), temperament: is the result of inherited physiological characteristics; however, temperament can be modified to some degree by the environment. This theorist was interested in individual differences in attachment and developed the observational measure called the Strange Situation in order to formulate and test his/her theories. Mary Ainsworth Jerome Kagan's way of classifying temperament that focuses on the differences between a shy, timid child and a sociable, extraverted child. inhibition to the unfamiliar Socialization that is bidirectional; that is, children socialize parents just as parents socialize children. reciprocal socialization