AC-HPAT Prep: Biology | 138 Actual Questions and Answers 100% Correct| Latest Update 2024

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Most of the cell membrane's specific functions are controlled by: ✔✔Proteins Alcoholic Fermentation is a form of: ✔✔Anaerobic Respiration Phagocytosis is a form of: ✔✔Endocytosis What i... s a pyruvate? ✔✔Pyruvate is an important chemical compound in biochemistry. It is the output of the metabolism of glucose known as glycolysis. One molecule of glucose breaks down into two molecules of pyruvate, which are then used to provide further energy, in one of two ways. What are the small spherical bodies within a cell where proteins are assembled according to genetic instructions? ✔✔Ribosomes What is the structural and functional unit of life? ✔✔The cell What is a prokaryotic cell? ✔✔A cell that lacks a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles What is a eukaryotic cell? ✔✔A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles What is cellular respiration? ✔✔A catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which sometimes oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with an organic fuel. At times, the process proceeds without oxygen, but this is less efficient. What is anaerobic respiration? ✔✔A form of cellular respiration that does not involve oxygen.What is aerobic respiration? ✔✔Form of cellular respiration which requires oxygen to generate energy. Name the four types of transport that allow small molecules to move across the cell membrane: ✔✔Diffusion, Osmosis, Active Transport, and Passive Transport. Prokaryotes often reproduce by: ✔✔Binary Fission What is binary fission? ✔✔A form of asexual reproduction in which the parent divides into two identical halves. What is cytokinesis? ✔✔The division of cytoplasm into two identical daughter cells, which occurs during the telophase stage of mitosis. What is a haploid cell? ✔✔A cell that contains one set of chromosomes What is a diploid cell? ✔✔A cell that contains two sets of chromosomes What is chromatin? ✔✔The substance of which eukaryotic chromosomes are composed, consisting of mostly proteins, DNA, and RNA. What is a centriole? ✔✔a cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division. What is a chromosome? ✔✔A structure carrying genes is a linear sequence, found in the nucleus, consisting of DNA and protein. What is DNA? ✔✔A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins. It makes up the genetic material of most living organisms and plays a role in determining heredity.What is RNA? ✔✔A single-stranded nucleic acid molecule involved in protein synthesis. It is responsible for carrying the genetic code transcribed for DNA to specialized sites within the cell where the information is translated into protein composition. What is a nucleotide? ✔✔A nucleotide is the basic building block of nucleic acids. RNA and DNA are polymers made of long chains of nucleotides. A nucleotide consists of a sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogencontaining base. What is transcription? ✔✔Transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). ... This complex initiates transcription, and the RNA polymerase begins mRNA synthesis by matching complementary bases to the original DNA strand. What is translation? ✔✔Translation is the process by which a protein is synthesized from the information contained in a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). Translation occurs in a structure called the ribosome, which is a factory for the synthesis of proteins What is endocytosis and exocytosis? ✔✔Endocytosis is the process of capturing a substance or particle from outside the cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane, and bringing it into the cell. Exocytosis describes the process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the outside of the cell What is a chromotid? ✔✔each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division. Each contains a double helix of DNA. What is an allele? ✔✔An alternative version of a gene; one from each parent. What is a phenotype? ✔✔An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits. What is a genotype? ✔✔An organism's genetic makeup.When a red snapdragon is crossed with a white one, all the F1 hybrids have pink flowers. This is an example of: ✔✔Incomplete dominance Traits that are alternatives to the wild type (for example, white eyes in a fruit fly as opposed to the usual red) are called: ✔✔Mutant phenotypes Lethal recessive mutations are perpetuated by the reproduction of carriers with normal: ✔✔Phenotypes What is the function of the circulatory system? ✔✔To distrubute blood and associated chemicals through the body. What is the function of the respiratory system? ✔✔To take in oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide. What is the function of the digestive system? ✔✔To break down food for energy, reabsorb water and nutrients, and eliminate waste. What is a virus? ✔✔A virus is a parasite that can only produce within a living host cell. What are the two cycles of viral reproduction? ✔✔The Lytic Cycle and Lysogenic Cycle. What is the lytic cycle? ✔✔The reprodyuctive cycle of viruses that end in the death of the host. What is the lysogenic cycle? ✔✔The reproductive cycle of a virus, which coexists with the host rather than killing it. What are the three categories of symbiotic relationships? ✔✔Mutualism, Commensalism, and ParasitismDestruction of bacteria by a lytic agent is called: ✔✔A bacteriophagia. What is photosynthesis? ✔✔The process by which light energy, captured by the chloroplasts of plants, is converted to chemical energy. What is the ploem? ✔✔A vascular tissue that transports sugars from leaves throughout the rest of the plant. What is the xylem? ✔✔A vascular tissue that transports water and dissolved mineral nutrients from the roots to other parts of the plant. What is a gymnosperm? ✔✔A plant that produces unprotected seeds. What is an angiosperm? ✔✔A type of flowering plant. The sticky tip of the carpel of a flower, which receives the pollen, is called the: ✔✔Stigma The major sites of photosynthesis in most plants are the: ✔✔Leaves Name the 6 kingdoms of living entities. ✔✔1. Archaebacteria 2. Eubacteria 3. Protista 4. Fungi 5. Plantae 6. Animalia. The majority of primary producers in an ecosystem are: ✔✔AutotrophsThe aorta is indicated by number: ✔✔7 pulmonary artery ✔✔8 Inferior Vena Cava ✔✔4 pulmonary valve is indicated by number: ✔✔5 Tricuspid Valve ✔✔3 The superior vena cava is indicated by number: ✔✔1 Aorta ✔✔7 The right atrium is indicated by number: ✔✔2 Right ventricle ✔✔6 Left atrium ✔✔9 Pulmonary vein ✔✔10 Bicuspid/Mitral Valve ✔✔11 Left Ventricle ✔✔12Aortic Valve ✔✔13 How many chambers does the human heart have? ✔✔Four Which blood vessel provides oxygenated blood? ✔✔The aorta. Which type of vessel contains valves? ✔✔Veins What is the function of a valve in a vein? ✔✔To prevent reverse bloodflow Which vessels supply the heart with blood? ✔✔The coronary arteries Which type of cell carries oxygen around the body? ✔✔Red blood cells. What is the function of white blood cells? ✔✔To act as part of the immune system Which type of vessel needs to withstand high blood pressure? ✔✔An artery. What does the pulse represent? ✔✔The heartbeat. A blood clot in the brain can cause which event? ✔✔A stroke. Why is blood clotting essential? ✔✔To reduce blood loss. Which vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the heart? ✔✔The pulmonary artery. Where does the right ventricle pump blood to? ✔✔The lungsWhat is it called when plaque builds up in the arteries? ✔✔Artheriosclerosis. What is plasma? ✔✔The liquid component of blood. What does the pulmonary vein supply the heart with? ✔✔Oxigenated blood from the lungs. Which component of blood is crucial to clotting? ✔✔The platelets. What shape are red blood cells? ✔✔Biconcave disks. What heart chamber does the vena cava empty into? ✔✔The right atrium. The plasma membrane provides the outer boundary of: ✔✔The cell. The cell membrane is made (mostly) from a double layer of: ✔✔Phospholipids. Which organelle digests other, worn-out organelles, as well as food particles and engulfed viruses and bacteria? ✔✔Lysosomes. Where are the cell's chromosomes stored? ✔✔The nucleus. Which organelle is particularly important for the synthesis, folding, modification, and transport of proteins within the cell? ✔✔The endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following has ribosomes attached to its surface? ✔✔The rough endoplasmic reticulum.After transporting and modifying proteins and lipids, the Golgi apparatus packages them into: ✔✔Vesicles. Which organelle acts as an assembly line where proteins are synthesised from RNA? ✔✔Ribosomes. Which organelle generates energy for the cell? ✔✔Mitochondria. Which of the following organelles could be described as 'a compartment filled with water containing inorganic and organic molecules'? ✔✔Vacuole. Carbon dioxide and oxygen move across the plasma membrane by the process of: ✔✔Diffusion. What is the name for the process whereby the membrane of a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, allowing it's contents to be released from the cell? ✔✔Exocytosis. Genetic information is carried out of the nucleus and to the sites of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm by: ✔✔mRNA The site of ribosome synthesis and assembly within the cell is: ✔✔The nucleolus. DNA replication takes place in the: ✔✔Nucleus. Lysosomes are known to contain more than 60 different enzymes. Where are they synthesised? ✔✔The rough endoplasmic reticulum Which of the following is associated with the production and metabolism of fats and steroid hormones within the cell? ✔✔The smooth endoplasmic reticulum.Processing and packaging macromolecules, such as proteins and lipids, is the primary function of which of the following organelles? ✔✔The Golgi apparatus. Which of the following is involved in the production and folding of proteins? ✔✔The endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes link amino acids together to form polypeptide chains according to instructions from ✔✔The mRNA. The energy generated by the mitochondria is carried to where it's required within the cell by molecules of: ✔✔ATP Which type of organelle is used within the cell to ingest extracellular fluid and and molecules? ✔✔Pinocytosis Vesicles. Saliva contains the enzyme amylase, which breaks down which compound? ✔✔Starch. The gallbladder releases which substance? ✔✔Bile At what pH range is gastric acid maintained? ✔✔1-3 What is the name of the muscular process for moving food down the oesophagus? ✔✔Peristalsis. Where does the absorption of water occur? ✔✔In the large intestine. Proteins are degraded by which enzyme? ✔✔Pepsin Where in the gastrointestinal tract does pancreatic juice drain into? ✔✔The small intestine.Lipase degrades which group of compounds? ✔✔Fats. Where does protein degradation take place? ✔✔In the stomach. What is the oesophagus made of? ✔✔Smooth cartilidge. What gas is a waste product of respiration? ✔✔Carbon dioxide. How is waste carbon dioxide expelled from the body? ✔✔Through expiration. Which substance is another by-product of cellular respiration? ✔✔Water. What is the correct branching order into the lungs? ✔✔Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles. What is the main purpose of respiration? ✔✔To sustain life. What are cilia? ✔✔Hair-like projections on cell surfaces. What are alveoli? ✔✔Air sacs in the lungs. What substance builds up in muscle during anaerobic exercise? ✔✔Lactic acid. Which of these is a substrate for cellular respiration? ✔✔Glucose. What is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere? ✔✔Nitrogen. Which gas is crucial to all the body's cells? ✔✔Oxygen.Contraction of the diaphragm causes which action to take place? ✔✔Inspiration. Which compound in the blood carries oxygen around the body? ✔✔Haemoglobin. Which structures ensures that the trachea is kept open? ✔✔Cartilaginous rings. What is the function of the cilia in the trachea? ✔✔To waft foreign particles up the windpipe. What causes hiccups? ✔✔Spasms in the diaphragm. What function does the mucus in the trachea serve? ✔✔To trap foreign particles. Why is the trachea made of incomplete rings of cartilage? ✔✔To allow food to go down the oesophagus. What is the function of the epiglottis? ✔✔To prevent food from going down the trachea. After full inspiration, the 'forced vital capacity' is a measure of? ✔✔The volume of air forcibly blown out. What does the pressure in the lungs do during expiration? ✔✔It increases. What causes an oxygen debt in the body? ✔✔Anaerobic exercise. [Show More]

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