SFL 331 Final Exam | Answered with complete solutions

SFL 331 Final Exam | Answered with complete solutions As the discipline of child development emerged in the United States during the twentieth century child research institutes were established at a number of prominent ...

SFL 331 Final Exam | Answered with complete solutions As the discipline of child development emerged in the United States during the twentieth century child research institutes were established at a number of prominent universities. Which of these pioneers in child development minimized the importance of innate biological factors and maturation while asserting a primary role for experience? John B. Watson and Luther Emmett All of the following were themes of development discussed in the text except whether development is a closed or open system. Which pioneer in child development is most likely to have uttered this statement? "The best thing that parents can do is to follow their child's own natural impulses and rich imagination." G. Stanley Hall All of the following statements are correct except the first Mexican American families and families of Spanish descent came to the United States in the early twentieth century. Which of the following best reflects current thinking about the influence of the environment on infants' development? Environmental influences can be both direct and indirect, involving environments in which infants never spend any time. For Puritans in the New World, which statement appears to reflect their views about infants? "They are innocent vipers, ignorant but inherently sinful." In the early and mid-twentieth century, changes in societal attitudes toward children and their development supported the passage of the Social Security Act. James Mark Baldwin's inclusion of research on animals in his studies of the development of human infants' hand preference reflected the influence of theories of evolution on studies of human behavior and development. As an increasingly romantic view of childhood emerged in the United States during the nineteenth century mothers' role as moral guardian was emphasized. In medieval Europe, a new form of infant abandonment was introduced, in which an infant or very young child was permanently "donated" to a monastery. This practice was known as oblation. In the early nineteenth century United States, the widely held belief that children as young as 18 months could and should be educated was known as the infant school movement. All of the following statements support the notion that nature and nurture work together except all infants who inherit a gene for a disease develop that disease, regardless of differences in their nutrition and caregiving experience All of the following are reasons cited in the text to study infants except the effects of adversity that occurs before the age of three are less permanent than adversity that occurs at later ages. In ancient Greece and Rome, the concept of citizenship included producing healthy offspring to serve the state. Which of the following discoveries is most closely related to the Human Genome Project? Dietary regulation can alter the effects of phenylketonuria (PKU). Which person is best known for studying "little Albert"? John B. Watson Which person first became aware of child psychology while studying in Germany and has been described as having done more than any other founder to develop child psychology? G. Stanley Hall Which answer would John B. Watson most likely have given as his reason for choosing to study infants? "I think that later behavior and personality are simply the result of emotional responses that are conditioned early in life." According to the chronology shown in table 1-1 in your textbook, in what order did these events occur? Inoculation for smallpox is introduced, pediatrics emerges as a medical specialty, the polio vaccine is developed, the first "test-tube" baby is born. When a research team selected participants for a study of mother-infant play, they chose a socioeconomically and racially/ ethnically diverse sample. By doing this, the researchers will increase their study's external validity. A study that compared developmental outcomes between infants reared in intact families and infants reared in an orphanage is an example of which research methodology? quasi-experimental design When researchers study the same sample over a long period of time, as was done in a number of longitudinal studies that were launched in the 1920s and 1930s, their results may be limited by all of the following phenomena except lack of continuity. All of the following describe microgenetic research designs except they are ideal for showing long-term effects of interventions. When infants look longer at "impossible" events than at "possible" events some researchers believe that infants are displaying surprise. Why do researchers use random assignment to place participants into one of two or more groups? to randomly distribute the presence of potentially influential differences between groups and increase the chance of drawing a causal inference All of the following statements comparing naturalistic and laboratory studies are true except laboratory studies are less ideal for investigating behaviors that occur infrequently in everyday settings. Which of the following statements best describes a common challenge to studying infants? Infants change behavioral states rapidly. It is important for researchers to have a clear verbal description of behaviors of interest so that they can be measured accurately. This description is known as a(n) operational definition. "An observational study that follows a sample of 95 infants at 3-, 6-, 9- and 12-months of age to examine the emergence of emotional regulation." This is an example of what type of research design? Longitudinal "An observational study that follows a sample of 95 infants at 3-, 6-, 9- and 12-months of age to examine the emergence of emotional regulation." What is one of the strengths of this particular research method? It can address issues of individual stability. A research assistant helping out with a study of 3-month-old infants notices that a particular infant responds much more slowly in the laboratory procedure than other infants she has seen in a month of working on the study. According to research ethics guidelines, the research assistant should discuss the infant's performance with the principal researcher but say nothing to the parent because the laboratory procedure is not a recognized developmental assessment and the research assistant lacks expertise in infant assessment. All of the following research measures would be good choices for studying 1-month-old infants except conditioned head turning. If you wanted to know on average when infants begin to use a particular self-regulating strategy (e.g., looking away to calm down), which of the following approaches would you use? an age-held-constant design Researchers working with young infants need to keep all of the following in mind except infants' tendency not to change states during a laboratory task or procedure. If I were to measure mothers' level of depression and infants' exploratory behaviors at three months of age and found a strong negative correlation between the two, which of the following could I accurately conclude? Lower maternal depression is associated with increases in infants' exploratory behavior When a measure captures what it intends to measure it is said to have high Validity Werner Leopold's study of his daughter's bilingual development is an example of which type of research design? case study The most optimal behavioral state for most research with infants is awake/alert. The method used most commonly in studies of infant cognition and perception, in which a stimulus is presented repeatedly until the infant loses interest in it, is known as habituation. All of the following statements about mitosis are correct except it occurs only during the prenatal period. A couple who have not been able to become pregnant despite trying for 12 months without using any contraception might consider using assisted reproductive technology (ART). All of the following are considered ART procedures except intrauterine insemination (IUI). Which of the following hormone byproducts is used to detect pregnancy with a home pregnancy test? human chorionic gonadatropin hormone Which of following hormones ripens the egg for ovulation? follicular stimulating hormone All of the following statements about twins are correct except monozygotic twins can be the same sex (two boys or two girls) or different sexes (one boy and one girl). The initial union of male and female gametes is called the Zygote Male spermatozoa are stored in which structure of reproductive tract prior to ejaculation? Epididymis The interior lining of the uterus is called the Endometrium A genetic counselor is meeting with a couple considering trying to become pregnant. One of the prospective parents tells the counselor that her father has Huntington's disease. The counselor will probably tell this couple that any biological children they have will develop Huntington's if they receive even one mutant HD gene. Angela, still early in her first pregnancy, is surprised to see in an ultrasound image that her fetus's feet are the same size as its head. The ultrasound technician tells Angela that this is an example of the proximodistal principle of development. Approximately how many sperm are produced each second by a physically mature male? 1000 Approximately what percentage of all conceptuses are spontaneously aborted or miscarried? 50% During which prenatal stage does exposure to teratogens pose the greatest risk to the development of major organ systems and structures? Embryonic Autosomes are a set of 22 pairs of chromosomes other than the sex-determining chromosomes. The portion of the male spermatozoa responsible for releasing enzymes to break down the zona pellucida of the female ovum is called the acrosome. Which of the following hormones is produced by a ruptured follicle following ovulation? Progesterone The outer layer of the ovum that must be "hatched" prior to implantation is called the zona pellucida. Which order of prenatal events is correct? implantation occurs, the ectoderm forms, the heart begins beating, bone cells appear Marcus and Tonya's baby was born with significant respiratory and digestive tract problems. This suggests that there may have been a problem during the development of the Endoderm Prior to conception, the sex cells of the egg divide through the process of meiosis. Women are recommended to consume approximately ________ of folic acid a day in the months before and during pregnancy. 400 micrograms If Lisette consumes adequate amounts of iodine while pregnant, her baby is unlikely to develop hypothyroidism. The procedure in which blastocysts resulting from in vitro fertilization are biopsied in order to determine whether they are carriers of a known hereditary disease is preimplantation genetic diagnosis During a routine prenatal checkup, Sarah learned that her blood pressure was elevated and that she had protein in her urine. This condition is called preeclampsia. Which of the following prenatal diagnostic tests is routinely used at the earliest point in pregnancy? Ultrasound According to the 2006 study in The Journal of the American Medical Association, the optimal spacing between birth and conception of another child is 18 to 24 months When a pregnancy ends spontaneously after 20 weeks, it is referred to as a stillbirth Which of the following lists different forms of prenatal diagnosis from least to most risky? ultrasound, maternal serum alpha fetoprotein test, amniocentesis Which of the following is not a preexisting chronic health condition that may affect a fetus's development and health? gestational diabetes (GD) Moderate consumption of caffeine has been found to be related to serious birth defects and central nervous system dysfunction. False Folic acid is thought to reduce which of the following pregnancy complications? neural tube defects The leading preventable cause of birth defects, mental retardation, and neurodevelopmental disorders is prenatal exposure to alcohol Chronic stress during pregnancy is related to elevated levels of which of the following hormones? Cortisol Heidi contracted German measles (rubella) during the first trimester of pregnancy, putting her baby at risk of having a(n) congenital heart defect. Women's nutrition status as early as two to three years before pregnancy can affect the outcomes of a pregnancy. True Spina bifida, anencephaly, encephalocele, and hydranencephaly are different forms of neural tube defects. Children with fetal alcohol syndrome often have mental retardation. How many additional calories a day should a woman consume during pregnancy? 200-300 Which of the following is not something a woman can control during pregnancy? incompatible Rh blood factor What options are currently available if a defect is detected during the fetal stage? Surgery may be performed, with the fetus remaining connected to the placenta and being returned to the uterus for the remainder of the pregnancy. The highest rate of low birth weight is found among African Americans Sam was born 30 weeks post-conception. Compared with babies born full term, he faces an increased risk for all of the following except reactive attachment disorder. Carmen wants to reduce feelings of pain during childbirth without losing the ability to feel or move her legs. She will probably choose analgesic medication. All of the following statements about neonatal intensive care are correct except it has lowered the rate of preterm birth. All of the following are considered safe childbirth options for low-risk pregnancies and deliveries except giving birth while submerged. For the mother, the most painful stage of childbirth is usually the first stage—active phase. The first stage of labor is triggered by hormones produced by the placenta. Which of the following has changed the most since the 1970s? the rate of births of twins and other multiples All of the following rates have increased since the 1980s except episiotomy. A birth that occurs before 37 weeks gestation is referred to as Preterm If Maria's delivery proceeds normally her baby will be born in the head-first vertex position. During which stage of labor is the baby actually born? Second stage The pituitary hormone ________ helps produce muscular contractions at the beginning of labor. Oxytocin Low birth weight refers to infants who are born less than 2,500 grams. All of the following statements about birth weight in the United States are correct except macrosomic births are those involving newborns who weigh less than 1,500 grams (3.25 pounds). Worldwide, which of the following conditions poses the most serious health risk for infants and young children? protein-energy malnutrition Much of what infants learn about objects, people, and their own abilities appears to be acquired during which state? quiet alert If Tamika's newborn son is like most other neonates, when a bell is rung repeatedly during the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale, he will startle at first but then continue sleeping as he learns to ignore the bell's sound. All of the following characteristics are true of healthy newborns except they develop reflexes after approximately 3 months of age. The majority of newborn state behavior is initially organized around active sleep In the ________, the newborn's color, heart rate, reflex irritability, muscle tone, and breathing are each checked and rated from 0 to 2. Apgar score Infants who are deprived of normal physical and social contact and who grow slowly even if they are fed an adequate diet may have a condition known as failure to thrive Children under the age of 2 years need more fat in their diets than any other age group. Which statement is most compatible with the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative? "Breast-feeding is a skill that must be learned and practiced." Until they are about ________ old, infants can get all of the nutrients they need from breast milk or infant formula. 4 to 6 months The ________ is a structured interactive examination that is used with infants until the end of the second month of life. Brazelton neonatal behavioral assessment scale Which of the following would be considered an approach reflex? Rooting The nurse examining newborn Lincoln at his first well-baby check-up holds him upright and places his feet on the surface of the examination table. If Lincoln is like most other healthy newborns, this will elicit the stepping reflex. According to available statistics, who is most likely to breast-feed her infant for the longest period of time? Siri, who grew up in Norway and moved to the United States just before her son was born. Stimulation of the top of a newborn's palm near the base of his or her fingers will elicit the ________ reflex, while similar stimulation at the base of a newborn's toes will elicit the ________ reflex. palmer and plantar Which of the following is not linked to brain dysfunction/damage during infancy? all of these can lead ingestion institutionalization Event Related Potentials (ERPs) are changes in electrical activity measured on the scalp that are associated with the presentation of a target stimulus. True The component of the nervous system that is responsible for physiological calming is the parasympathtic nervous system Which of the following brain development processes is associated with the loss of neurons? Apoptosis The dense, fatty sheath that enhances the speed with which electrical messages can be sent between neurons is known as myelin