PSYC 349 Midterm Exam | Questions and Answers (Complete Solutions)

PSYC 349 Midterm Exam | Questions and Answers (Complete Solutions) Studies of "affective forecasting" as conducted by Wilson and Gilbert in 2003, required participants to predict their future: A) school performance B) ...

PSYC 349 Midterm Exam | Questions and Answers (Complete Solutions) Studies of "affective forecasting" as conducted by Wilson and Gilbert in 2003, required participants to predict their future: A) school performance B) emotions C) thoughts D) family situation Identify a characteristic of collectivist cultures A) collectivist cultures disapprove of conformity B) identity is social and defined by connections with others C) the illustrative motto is "to thine own self be true" d) collectivist cultures approve of egotism Values enter social psychology when researchers: A) present the results of their experiments B) summarize their studies C) collect data for their studies D) choose topics of their studies People with low self-esteem are more likely than people with high self-esteem to: A) have an inflated sense of self B) take a negative view of everything C) believe that their partners like them D) be satisfied with their relationships Laboratory research is an example of research in a: A) field setting B) common environment C) correlation context D) controlled situation Who among the following in the United States achieve the most academically as students and earn the highest median income as adults, yet have the lowest self-esteem? A) Asian-American B) Native Americans C) Latin Americans D) African-Americans The fact that we usually attribute more responsibility to our partners than to ourselves when problems arise in a relationship is an example of how: A) social relationships help define our self B) self-concern motivates our social behavior C) self-interest colors our social judgement D) social surroundings affect our self-awareness Identify a true statement about social psychology A) Compared to sociology, social psychology focuses more on individuals B) Compared with personality psychology, social psychology focuses more on the difference between individuals C) Compared with sociology, social psychology performs less experiments D) Compared with personality psychology, social psychology focuses less on how people view and affect one another Self-serving bias can be adaptive in that it: A) allows us to savor the good things that happen in our lives B) decreases our vulnerability through illusory correlation C) prevents us from blaming others when things go wrong D) enables us to exhibit realistic optimism about our futures The experimental factor that a researcher manipulates in a study is called the ________ variable A) independent B) dependent C) control D) correlation The false uniqueness effect is: A) the anticipation of problems to motivate effective action B) the tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's abilities C) the unrealistic optimism about future life events D) the tendency to see oneself as superior to others Research done in natural, real-life settings outside the laboratory is referred to as: A) correlation research B) experimental research C) qualitative research D) field research Research on the wording of survey questions suggests that: A) how the questions are framed can influence how they are answered B) how the questions are framed has very little influence on how they are answered C) wording is an unimportant element of survey research D) framing the questions differently will not influence the survey results The tendency to perceive oneself favorably is referred to as: A) self-deprecating bias B) impact bias C) self-serving bias D) in-group bias Theories formed from testable predication are called: A) values B) ideologies C) hypotheses D) assumptions Social psychology is defined as the scientific study of how people: A) conform, help, and form attitudes about one another B) think about, influence, and relate to one another C) manipulate, use, and betray one another D) motivate, persuade, and interact with one another The enduring behaviors, ideas, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next is referred to as: A) nationality B) race C) religion D) culture The belief that others are paying more attention to one's appearance and behavior than they actually are is referred to as the _________ effect A) transparency B) spotlight C) halo D) audience Random assignment helps researchers __________. A) develop correlations B) infer cause and effect C) collect large amounts of data D) generalize to a population The extent to which one evaluates one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others is called: A) social comparison B) competitive comparison C) social ranking D) comparative analysis Which of the following is one of the purposes of hypotheses? A) Hypotheses prove theories B) Hypotheses provide explanations for research results C) Hypotheses allow us to test a theory D) Hypotheses communicate the results of research studies When examining topics such as dating rituals and mating behaviors, evolutionary psychologists ask how natural selection might: A) account for similarities in our behaviors B) shape our actions C) change our attitudes D) reinforce our attitudes A society's widely held ideas and values, including assumptions and cultural ideologies, are known as: A) general moralities B) national diversities C) social representations D) racial inclinations Experimental laboratory research findings in social psychology: A) are specific to the research only B) should cautiously be generalized to everyday life C) cannot ever be generalized to everyday life D) can easily be generalized to everyday life occurrences Repeating a research study, often with different participants in different settings, to determine whether a finding could be reproduced is known as: A) randomization B) replication C) framing D) debriefing Correlation research allows us to: A) roughly predict one variable's effects on another variable B) infer cause and effect C) control variables D) uncover independent variables In the context of correlation and causation, the relationship between self-esteem and academic achievement concludes that: A) self-esteem is negatively correlated with academic achievement B) though self-esteem and academic achievement are both positively correlated, the relationship is likely explained by one or more additional values C) academic achievement causes self-esteem D) uncover independent variables Which of the following is an example of how our attitudes and behavior are shaped by external social forces? A) our political attitudes influence our voting behaviors B) our standards regarding promptness, openness, and clothing vary across different cultures C) our personality disposition affects our choices D) our inherited human nature predisposes us to react in certain ways An example of how social comparisons can actually breed misery, rather than satisfaction, is when we: A) raise the standards by which we evaluate our own attainments B) perceive other competitors to be at a disadvantage C) underestimate others' appraisal against our own D) stop comparing ourselves with other doing even better The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others is referred to as the illusion of: A) knowledge B) awareness C) transparency D) self-efficacy In the context of ways in which one's behaviors affect one's attitudes, multiple studies in the text stated that: A) people adjust their message towards their listener's views B) people believe what they say when there is no compelling external explanation for their words C) people doubt or are skeptical of what they say unless they are briber or coerced into doing so D) people are quicker to share bad news rather than good The tendency to judge something by intuitively comparing it to our mental representation of a category is to use the _____ heuristic A) matching B) vividness C) availability D) representative Attributing behavior to a person's traits is called a(n) _____ attribution A) motivational B) dispositional C) situational D) epigenetic The perception of a relationship where none exists, or the perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists, is called: A) the availability heuristic B) the overconfidence phenomenon C) the representative heuristic D) an illusory correlation A set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave is what social psychologist call a: A) stereotype B) guideline C) role D) benchmark Counterfactual thinking occurs when: A) an event is insignificant B) we are not expecting a favorable outcome C) we are surprised by favorable results D) we can easily picture an alternative outcome The tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs is called to: A) correspondence bias B) perseverance bias C) overconfidence bias D) fundamental attributional error After much deliberation, you select a college to enroll yourself. After you have made your decision, you can reduce dissonance by ____ the chosen university and ______ the unchosen universities. A) emphasizing; revamping B) revamping; emphasizing C) upgrading; downgrading D) downgrading; upgrading The fundamental attribution error is the tendency for observers to _______ situational influences and _____ dispositional influences upon others' behaviors A) underestimate; overestimate B) underestimate; ignore C) overestimate; ignore Research indicates that harming an innocent victim, especially voluntarily, leads one to: A) feel increasingly guilty B) act kindly towards others C) become highly aggressive towards others D) disparage the victim to justify one's cruel behavior Which of the following theories assumes that to reduce discomfort we justify our actions to ourselves? A) self-presentation B) terror management theory C) self-consistency theory D) cognitive dissonance theory When we are eager to seek information that verifies our beliefs but less inclined to seek evidence that might disprove our beliefs, the _______ has occurred. A) fundamental attribution error B) hindsight bias C) self-fulfilling policy D) confirmation bias Which of the following strategies might be helpful in reducing the overconfidence bias? A) tell people that there is no remedy fir the overconfidence bias B) delay feedback regarding the accuracy of people's judgments C) get people to think of one good reason why their judgement might be wrong D) inform people about the overconfidence bias Incorporating inaccurate information into one's memory of an event after witnessing the event and receiving misleading information about it is called the: A) confirmation bias B) information processing fallacy C) misinformation effect D) priming effect A belief that leads to its own accomplishment is called: A) a self-fulfilling prophecy B) behavioral preserver C) a belief confirmation D) self-confirming bias Although travelers in the United States are more likely to die in an automobile crash than on a commercial flight covering the same distance, people often assume that flying is more dangerous than driving. What type of heuristic are people using when they make this assumption? A) the vividness heuristic B) the representativeness heuristic C) the availability heuristic D) the matching heuristic The tendency to seek information and media that agree with one's views and to avoid dissonance information is called __________ A) selective exposure B) hindsight bias C) defensive pessimism D) impact bias In the context of dual processing, automatic thinking is ______ A) implicit B) conscious C) deliberate D) controlled The attitudes that best predict behavior are: A) readily accessible and stable B) generic rather than specific C) less enduring to guide actions than other attitudes D) particularly formed by hearsay When social psychologists try to measure attitudes of people, they: A) end up measuring expressed attitudes B) easily obtain attitudinal changes by controlling all external social influences C) get a direct reading of their behaviors D) predominantly avoid recording and evaluating implicit and explicit attitudes "Explicit" thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious is called: A) automatic processing B) external processing C) intentional processing D) controlled processing When people are bribed to do what they already like doing, they may see their actions as being externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing. This behavior is best explained by: A) self-presentation theory B) the insufficient justification effect C) the over justification effect D) emotional contagion theory The attitudes-follow-behavior effect is strongest when: A) people's actions have no foreseeable consequences B) people feel that they have some choice on their behavior C) people feel that they have no other choice in their behavior D) people are rewarded for their behavior Activating particular associations in memory us called: A) initiation B)galvanization C) priming D) triggering Sometimes the basis for one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives. Social psychologists refer to this as: A) cognitive dissonance B) rationalization C) belief preserverence D) attitude consistency Which of the following theories states that when we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them by looking at our behaviors and the circumstance under which it occurs? A) self-consistency theory B) self-presentation theory C) self-perception theory D) cognitive dissonance theory Attributing behavior to a person's environment is called a _____ attribution A) motivational B) dispositional C) genetic D) situational In the context of the dual processing capacity of human beings, unlike automatic thinking, controlled thinking is: A) deliberate B) habitual C) implicit D) effortless "Implicit" thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness is called: A) internal processing B) controlled processing C) intentional processing D) automatic processing